1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content |
|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | |
| 象草 Pennisetum purpureum | 35.00 |
| 玉米 Corn | 40.89 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 13.98 |
| 麸皮 Wheat bran | 7.15 |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.65 |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 0.84 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 0.84 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 0.65 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |
| 干物质 Dry matte | 88.86 |
| 代谢能 Metabolic energy/(MJ/kg) | 10.43 |
| 粗蛋白质 Crude protein | 12.06 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber | 30.06 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber | 16.39 |
| 钙 Calcium | 0.76 |
| 磷 Phosphorus | 0.54 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet: VA 8 000 IU,VD 2 000 IU,VE 40 IU,Cu 12 mg,Fe 70 mg,Mn 50 mg,Zn 80 mg,I 1.0 mg,Se 0.27 mg,Co 0.3 mg。 2)代谢能为计算值,其他为实测值。Metabolic energy was a calculated value, while the others were measured values. |
1.3 样品采集和指标检测
1.3.1 样品的采集与制备
1.3.2 瘤胃液总菌DNA提取及Illumina Novaseq测序与分析
1.3.3 瘤胃液中pH及挥发性脂肪酸含量的检测
1.3.4 瘤胃液代谢组学分析
表2 色谱梯度洗脱程序Table 2 Chromatographic conditions for gradient elution% |
| 时间 Time/min | 流动相A Mobile phase A | 流动相B Mobile phase B |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 98 | 2 |
| 1.5 | 98 | 2 |
| 12.0 | 0 | 85 |
| 14.0 | 0 | 100 |
| 14.1 | 98 | 2 |
| 17.0 | 98 | 2 |
1.4 数据统计与分析
2 结果
2.1 岩藻多糖对断奶羔羊生长性能的影响
表3 岩藻多糖对断奶羔羊生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of fucoidan on growth performance of weaned lambs |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | F1 | F2 | F3 | |||
| 初重 IBW/kg | 12.20 | 11.38 | 12.27 | 12.97 | 0.99 | 0.25 |
| 末重 FBW/kg | 12.85a | 12.88a | 15.28b | 15.12b | 1.09 | 0.02 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 45.00c | 50.06c | 100.33a | 72.01b | 9.71 | <0.01 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 501.09b | 525.09b | 597.01a | 565.02a | 22.71 | 0.01 |
| 料重比 F/G | 11.25a | 10.60b | 6.05c | 8.25c | 1.08 | 0.01 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 岩藻多糖对断奶羔羊瘤胃pH和挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响
表4 岩藻多糖对断奶羔羊瘤胃液pH和挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响Table 4 Effects of fucoidan on rumen pH and volatile fatty acid contents of weaned lambs |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | F1 | F2 | F3 | |||
| pH | 6.63b | 6.89a | 6.85a | 6.86a | 0.05 | 0.04 |
| 乙酸 Acetic acid/(mmol/L) | 43.16d | 50.42c | 60.06b | 61.07a | 8.16 | <0.01 |
| 丙酸 Propionic acid/(mmol/L) | 14.53c | 14.53c | 14.83b | 18.28a | 1.36 | <0.01 |
| 丁酸 Butyric acid/(mmol/L) | 12.13d | 12.26c | 12.37b | 13.29a | 0.82 | <0.01 |
| 异丁酸 Isobutyric acid/(mmol/L) | 0.23d | 0.27c | 0.34b | 0.45a | 0.30 | <0.01 |
| 乙酸/丙酸 Acetic acid/propionic acid | 2.97d | 3.47b | 4.05a | 3.34c | 0.04 | <0.01 |
2.3 岩藻多糖对断奶羔羊瘤胃菌群丰富度和多样性的影响
表5 瘤胃菌群丰富度和多样性指数Table 5 Rumen flora richness and diversity index |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | F1 | F2 | F3 | |||
| 观测物种数 Observed-species | 1 454.00 | 1 381.33 | 1 330.67 | 1 243.00 | 129.12 | 0.46 |
| Chao1指数 Chao1 index | 1 472.71 | 1 401.78 | 1 344.63 | 1 254.19 | 129.33 | 0.43 |
| Faith指数 Faith index | 84.81 | 75.68 | 86.34 | 71.35 | 8.54 | 0.31 |
| Shannon指数 Shannon index | 8.97 | 8.61 | 8.66 | 8.64 | 0.37 | 0.75 |
| Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0.68 |
2.4 岩藻多糖对断奶羔羊瘤胃微生物门、属水平相对丰度的影响
图2 瘤胃门水平微生物相对丰度Bacteroidetes:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Actinobacteria:放线菌门;Euryarchaeota:广古菌门;Verrucomicrobia:疣微菌门;Unspecified_Bacteria:未分类的细菌;Fibrobacteres:纤维杆菌门;Tenericutes:厚壁菌门;Lentisphaerae:黏胶球形菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝菌门;Other:其他;Elusimicrobia:迷踪菌门;Synergistetes:互养菌门。 Fig.2 Rumen microbial relative abundance at phylum level |
表6 瘤胃门水平微生物相对丰度(前15)Table 6 Rumen microbial relative abundance at phylum level (top 15)% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | F1 | F2 | F3 | |||
| 拟杆菌门 Bacteroidetes | 48.24c | 67.76a | 50.09c | 64.79ab | 0.11 | 0.03 |
| 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes | 32.93 | 21.55 | 24.40 | 23.66 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| TM7 | 4.90 | 0.49 | 1.71 | 0.65 | 0.02 | 0.09 |
| 变形菌门 Proteobacteria | 4.85 | 6.13 | 7.54 | 5.19 | 0.02 | 0.25 |
| 放线菌门 Actinobacteria | 2.28a | 0.41b | 1.24ab | 0.65b | 0.01 | 0.04 |
| 互养菌门 Synergistetes | 1.70 | 0.04 | 7.66 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.49 |
| 广古菌门 Euryarchaeota | 1.21a | 0.00c | 1.17b | 0.02c | 0.24 | 0.02 |
| 厚壁菌门 Tenericutes | 1.01 | 0.57 | 0.80 | 0.93 | 0.24 | 0.12 |
| 纤维杆菌门Fibrobacteres | 0.67 | 0.59 | 1.19 | 0.88 | 0.63 | 0.78 |
| 疣微菌门Verrucomicrobia | 0.50c | 1.14b | 1.49a | 1.01b | 0.67 | 0.04 |
| 蓝菌门 Cyanobacteria | 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.63 | 0.88 | 0.31 | 0.53 |
| 未分类的细菌Unspecified_Bacteria | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.85 | 0.50 | 0.27 | 0.11 |
| 螺旋菌门 Spirochaetes | 0.32a | 0.08b | 0.35a | 0.08b | 0.08 | 0.02 |
| SR1 | 0.31 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.13 |
| 迷踪菌门 Elusimicrobia | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.20 |
表7 瘤胃属水平微生物丰度(前15)Table 7 Rumen microbial relative abundance at genus levels (top 15)% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | F1 | F2 | F3 | |||
| 普雷沃菌属 Prevotella | 23.12 | 14.46 | 23.41 | 18.26 | 3.42 | 0.25 |
| 未明确分类的拟杆菌目 Unspecified_Bacteroidales | 17.48 | 11.79 | 18.39 | 13.86 | 5.13 | 0.93 |
| 未明确分类的BS11属Unspecified_BS11 | 5.97b | 17.36a | 5.87b | 16.98a | 4.53 | 0.04 |
| 未明确分类的梭菌目 Unspecified_Clostridiales | 5.00 | 3.21 | 3.38 | 3.06 | 1.11 | 0.33 |
| 未明确分类的瘤胃球菌科 Unspecified_Ruminococcaceae | 5.00 | 4.31 | 6.13 | 3.98 | 1.08 | 0.27 |
| 未明确分类的F16属Unspecified_F16 | 4.90 | 0.49 | 1.71 | 0.65 | 1.83 | 0.13 |
| 未明确分类的毛螺菌科 Unspecified_Lachnospiraceae | 3.29a | 0.99b | 2.12ab | 0.63b | 0.78 | 0.03 |
| 瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus | 2.76 | 1.76 | 1.75 | 1.55 | 0.49 | 0.14 |
| 颤螺菌属 Oscillospira | 2.15 | 2.99 | 1.92 | 2.63 | 0.71 | 0.48 |
| 未明确分类的RF16属Unspecified_RF16 | 2.09b | 6.51a | 3.07ab | 5.04a | 1.63 | 0.04 |
| CF231 | 2.02 | 2.29 | 1.65 | 2.24 | 0.75 | 0.82 |
| 未明确分类的韦荣式球菌科 Unspecified_Veillonellaceae | 1.86a | 0.33b | 1.11ab | 0.43b | 0.57 | 0.03 |
| TG5 | 1.70b | 0.03b | 7.64a | 0.02b | 4.76 | <0.01 |
| 未明确分类的S24_7属 Unspecified_S24_7 | 1.57b | 6.56a | 2.10b | 5.10a | 0.75 | <0.01 |
| 梭状芽孢杆菌属Clostridium | 1.44ab | 1.29ab | 1.05b | 1.67a | 0.18 | 0.04 |
2.5 瘤胃微生物功能预测
图3 瘤胃微生物功能分析Valin, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis:缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的生物合成;D-Alanine metabolism:D-丙氨酸的代谢;D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism:D-谷氨酰胺和D-谷氨酸代谢;Biosynthesis of amino acids:氨基酸的生物合成;Mismatch repair:异源双链修复;Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis:氨基酸-tRNA生物合成;Ribosome:核糖体;Streptomycin biosynthesis:链霉素的生物合成;Peptidoglycan biosynthesis:肽聚生物合成;Fatty acid biosynthesis:脂肪酸的生物合成;Biotin metabolism:生物素的代谢;Bacterial chemotaxis:细菌耐药性;Cell cycle-Caulobacter:细胞周期-茎秆菌;Protein export:蛋白质输出;One carbon pool by folate:一个叶酸碳库;Pantothenate and COA biosynthesis:泛酸和辅酶A生物合成;Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms:光合生物的碳固定;Thiamine metabolism:硫胺素的代谢;Vancomycin resistance:万古霉素耐药性;Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism:丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸的代谢;Metabolism:新陈代谢;Genetic information processing:遗传信息处理;Cellular processes:细胞过程;Human diseases:人类疾病;Organismal systems:有机系统;Environmental information processing:环境信息处理;Other:其他。 Fig.3 Analysis of microbial function in rumen |
2.6 岩藻多糖对断奶羔羊瘤胃代谢物的影响
图4 正、负离子模式下瘤胃代谢物组成分析A:正离子模式 positive ion mode;B:负离子模式 negative ion mode。Hormones and transmitters:激素和递质类;Carbohydrates:碳水化合物类;Steroids:固醇类;Organic acids:有机酸类;Lipids:脂类;Nucleic acids:核酸类;Vitamins and cofactors:维生素和辅助因子类;Peptides:肽类。 Fig.4 Analysis of rumen metabolites composition in positive and negative ion mode |
表8 正离子模式下组间差异代谢物对比分析(前15)Table 8 Comparative analysis of differential metabolites between groups in positive ion mode (top 15)% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | 变量投影 重要性 VIP | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | F1 | F2 | F3 | |||
| 碳水化合物类 Carbohydrates | ||||||
| 麦芽四糖 Maltotetraose | 0.62a | 0.29b | 0.13c | 0.07c | 2.31 | <0.01 |
| D-葡萄糖 D-glucose | 4.95a | 1.83b | 1.08c | 0.73c | 2.10 | 0.02 |
| 核酸类 Nucleic acids | ||||||
| 葡萄糖-1-磷酸 Glucose 1-phosphate | 4.40a | 2.69b | 1.47c | 1.15d | 2.00 | 0.04 |
| D-氨基葡萄糖6-磷酸 D-glucosamine 6-phosphate | 1.62a | 0.93b | 0.54c | 0.41c | 2.27 | <0.01 |
| 维生素和辅助因子类 Vitamins and cofactors | ||||||
| 组氨酸蛋白激酶 HPK | 1.17c | 1.27b | 1.98a | 1.96a | 2.21 | <0.01 |
| 水黄皮 Karanjin | 5.57c | 6.02b | 8.17a | 7.61ab | 1.97 | <0.01 |
| 高良姜素 Galangin | 0.17c | 0.20b | 0.28a | 0.26a | 1.96 | <0.01 |
| 4-吗啉-3-硝基苯-1-磺胺 4-morpholino-3-nitrobenzene- 1-sulfonamide | 0.19c | 0.25b | 0.35a | 0.32a | 2.01 | <0.01 |
| 3-(4-硝基苯基)[1,2,3]三唑 [1,5-α]喹唑林-5-胺 3-4(-nitrophenyl) [1,2,3]triazolo [1,5-α]aquinazolin-5-amine | 0.17c | 0.19b | 0.25a | 0.29a | 2.19 | <0.01 |
| 固醇类 Steroids | ||||||
| 甲睾酮 Methyltestosterone | 0.33c | 0.49b | 0.69b | 1.26a | 2.14 | 0.03 |
| 激素和递质类 Hormones and transmitters | ||||||
| 前列腺素G2 Prostaglandin G2 | 8.49a | 6.82c | 6.79c | 7.71b | 1.99 | <0.01 |
| 肽类 Peptides | ||||||
| 4-氨基-2-(甲基磺胺基)-1,3- 噻唑-5-羧酸乙酯 4-amino-2-(methylsulfanyl)-1,3- thiazole-5-ethyl carboxylate | 29.54a | 21.91b | 8.11c | 4.63d | 2.10 | 0.02 |
| 戊烷-3-甲基-5-[(2-氨基苯甲酰) 氨基]-2-氯-苯酸酯 Pentane-3-methyl-5-[(2-aminobenzoyl) amino]-2-chlorobenzoate | 5.00a | 2.75c | 4.60b | 4.34b | 2.05 | <0.01 |
| 有机酸类 Organic acids | ||||||
| N-乙酰-L-缬氨酸 N-acetyl-L-valine | 0.78c | 0.87b | 0.95a | 1.07a | 2.14 | 0.02 |
| 2-苄基丁二酸 2-benzyl succinic acid | 0.19c | 0.22b | 0.29a | 0.32a | 1.99 | 0.04 |
表9 负离子模式下组间差异代谢物对比分析(前15)Table 9 Comparative analysis of differential metabolites between groups in negative ion mode (top 15)% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | 变量投影 重要性 VIP | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | F1 | F2 | F3 | |||||
| 有机酸类 Organic acids | ||||||||
| 硬脂酸 Stearic acid | 23.12d | 35.01c | 39.17b | 44.98a | 2.24 | <0.01 | ||
| 甘草亭酸 Glycyrrhetinic acid | 0.41c | 0.45c | 0.63ab | 0.77a | 2.23 | <0.01 | ||
| 十五烷酸 Pentadecanoic acid | 1 096.14c | 1 049.39c | 1 300.26b | 1 678.66a | 2.08 | <0.01 | ||
| 十四烷二酸 Tetradecanedioic acid | 1.99d | 5.54c | 15.04a | 9.27b | 1.93 | <0.01 | ||
| 维生素和辅助因子类 Vitamins and cofactors | ||||||||
| 4H-1,2,4-三氮唑4H-1,2,4-triazol | 0.92c | 1.26b | 1.45b | 2.69a | 2.23 | 0.02 | ||
| 4-吡哆酸 4-pyridoxic acid | 0.36c | 2.37b | 3.62a | 3.23ab | 1.56 | 0.02 | ||
| (±)苏式-9,10-二羟基-12(Z)- 十八碳烯酸 (±)-threo-9,10-dihydroxy-12(Z)- octadecenoic acid | 1.48c | 3.13b | 3.77a | 3.06b | 1.31 | <0.01 | ||
| 固醇类 Steroids | ||||||||
| 肌醇 Inositol | 9.60a | 4.66b | 1.57c | 0.87d | 2.16 | 0.03 | ||
| 激素和递质类 Hormones and transmitters | ||||||||
| 肾上腺酸 Adrenic acid | 1.70d | 1.92c | 2.07b | 2.98a | 1.99 | 0.04 | ||
| 前列腺素D1 Prostaglandin D1 | 0.19c | 0.22b | 0.33a | 0.25b | 1.61 | <0.01 | ||
| 前列腺素D2 Prostaglandin D2 | 36.39c | 42.82b | 59.09a | 61.94a | 1.14 | 0.03 | ||
| 13,14-二氢前列腺素E1 13,14-dihydro prostaglandin E1 | 9.48c | 9.56b | 16.40a | 19.38a | 2.16 | <0.01 | ||
| 磷酸烯醇丙酮酸 Phosphoenol pyruvic acid | 0.16c | 0.94a | 0.79b | 0.92a | 1.84 | 0.02 | ||
| 核酸类 Nucleic acids | ||||||||
| 6-羧基己酸 6-hydroxycaproic acid | 2.46a | 1.21c | 1.57b | 1.06c | 1.61 | 0.03 | ||
| 肽类 Peptides | ||||||||
| 羟基脂肪酸支链脂肪酸酯 Hydroxyl fatty acid branched fatty acid ester | 0.51d | 0.62c | 1.21b | 1.65a | 1.12 | 0.04 | ||
2.7 岩藻多糖对断奶羔羊瘤胃代谢通路分析
图5 正、负离子模式下差异代谢物ORA通路富集A:正离子模式;B:负离子模式。横坐标是富集倍数,表示代谢通路中观测代谢数量/理论代谢物数量。用不同颜色表示P值大小,颜色越深P值越小。 Phenylalanin, tyrosine and tryptophan:苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸;Vitamin B6 metabolism:维生素B6代谢;Tryptophan metabolism:色氨酸代谢;Purine metabolism:嘌呤代谢;Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism:丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸新陈代谢;beta-alanine metabolism:β-丙氨酸代谢;Penlose phosphate pathway:磷酸戊糖途径;Glutathione metabolism:谷胱甘肽代谢;Fatty acid metabolism:花生四烯酸代谢;Arginine and proline metabolism:精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢;Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism:氨基酸和核苷酸代谢;Steroid hormone biosynthesis:类固醇激素生物合成;Citrate cycle (TCA cycle):柠檬酸循环(三羧酸循环);Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism:抗坏血酸和藻酸盐代谢;D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism:D-谷氨酰胺和D-谷氨酸代谢;Glycolysis or gluconeogenesis:糖酵解;Lysine biosynthesis:赖氨酸生物合成;Pyruvate metabolism:丙酮酸代谢;Inositol phosphate metabolism:磷酸肌醇代谢;Butanoate metabolism:丁酸酯代谢;Galactose metabolism:半乳酸代谢;Histidine metabolism:组氨酸代谢;Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism:乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢。 Fig.5 Positive and negative ion mode difference metabolite ORA pathway enrichment A: positive ion mode;B: negative ion mode. The abscissa is the fold enrich, which indicates the observed metabolic quantity/theoretical metabolite quantity in the metabolic pathway. Use different colors to represent the size of P-value, the darker the color, the smaller the P-value. |
表10 代谢物显著差异代谢通路Table 10 Metabolite significantly different pathways |
| 项目 Items | 富集倍数 Fold enrich | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|
| 正离子模式 Positive ion mode | ||
| 苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成 Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis | 9.91 | 0.02 |
| 维生素B6代谢 Vitamin B6 metabolism | 8.36 | 0.02 |
| 负离子模式 Negative ion mode | ||
| 柠檬酸循环(三羧酸循环) Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) | 34.39 | <0.01 |
| 维生素B6代谢 Vitamin B6 metabolism | 21.49 | <0.01 |
| 抗坏血酸和醛酸代谢 Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism | 15.28 | 0.01 |
| D-谷氨酰胺和D-谷氨酸的代谢 D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism | 31.26 | 0.03 |

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