1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 发酵前后蚕沙营养水平对比Table 1 Comparison of nutrient levels of silkworm excrement before and after fermentation |
| 项目 Items | 发酵前 Before fermentation | 发酵后 After fermentation |
|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质 Crude protein/% | 14.77 | 15.87 |
| 粗脂肪 Ether extract/% | 1.94 | 3.52 |
| 粗灰分 Ash/% | 15.13 | 14.09 |
| 粗纤维 Crude fiber/% | 17.36 | 16.21 |
| 总能 Gross energy/(MJ/kg) | 15.11 | 16.44 |
| 亚硝酸盐 Nitrite/(mg/kg) | 17.52 | |
| 单宁 Tannins/(mg/g) | 9.67 | 6.32 |
| 植酸 Phytic acid/(mg/g) | 25.45 | 20.76 |
1.2 试验设计与饲养管理
表2 试验饲料组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 发酵蚕沙添加水平 Fermented silkworm excrement supplemental level/% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | |
| 原料 Ingredients | |||||
| 鱼粉 Fish meal | 12.00 | 12.00 | 12.00 | 12.00 | 12.00 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 25.00 | 24.30 | 23.60 | 22.90 | 22.20 |
| 菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 |
| 面粉 Wheat flour | 30.00 | 26.50 | 23.00 | 19.50 | 16.00 |
| 玉米淀粉 Corn starch | 8.50 | 7.70 | 6.90 | 6.10 | 5.30 |
| 发酵蚕沙 Fermented silkworm excrement | 5.00 | 10.00 | 15.00 | 20.00 | |
| 豆油 Soybean oil | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
| 磷酸二氢钙 Ca(H2PO4)2 | 1.46 | 1.46 | 1.46 | 1.46 | 1.46 |
| 维生素预混料 Vitamin premix1) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 矿物质预混料 Mineral premix2) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 防霉剂 Mould inhibitor | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 抗氧化剂 Antioxidant | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels3) | |||||
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 32.91 | 33.02 | 33.31 | 33.11 | 33.29 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 5.71 | 5.28 | 5.56 | 5.27 | 5.64 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 6.15 | 7.22 | 8.05 | 8.85 | 9.70 |
| 粗纤维 CF | 5.41 | 6.61 | 7.77 | 8.52 | 9.89 |
| 总能 GE/(MJ/kg) | 16.58 | 16.50 | 16.47 | 16.17 | 16.25 |
| 水分 Moisture | 9.82 | 9.87 | 9.84 | 9.91 | 9.79 |
1)每千克维生素预混料含有 One kilogram of vitamin premix contained the following: VA 6 000 IU,VD3 1 600 000 IU,VE 50 mg,VK3 5 mg,VB1 15 mg,VB2 20 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 50 mg,叶酸 folic acid 5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.1 mg,肌醇 inositol 100 mg。 2)每千克矿物质预混料含有 One kilogram of mineral premix contained the following: FeSO4·H2O 300 mg,CuSO4·5H2O 20 mg,ZnSO4·H2O 400 mg,MnSO4·H2O 150 mg,MgSO4·H2O 2 000 mg,KCl 200 mg。 3)营养水平为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.3 样品采集与指标测定
1.3.1 全鱼体成分
1.3.2 生长指标
1.3.3 形体指标
1.3.4 血清生化、免疫指标和肠道消化酶活性
1.3.5 肠道炎症相关基因表达
表3 实时荧光定量PCR引物序列Table 3 Primer sequences for quantitative real-time PCR |
| 基因 Genes | 上游引物 Forward primer | 下游引物 Reverse primer | 退火温度 Tm/℃ |
|---|---|---|---|
| β-肌动蛋白 β-actin | TTGACTTCGAGCAGGAGAT | GGCACCTGAACCTCTCATT | 58.2 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | AACCAGGACCAGGCTTTCTC | GCATAACTGCGTGGCTCATA | 58.1 |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β | ACTTTTGAATCCGTTAAATATCCTG | TGTGAAGTCTGTGATTCGGCTA | 58.4 |
1.4 数据统计与分析
2 结果
2.1 饲料中添加发酵蚕沙对草鱼生长性能、形体指标和体成分的影响
表4 饲料中添加发酵蚕沙对草鱼生长性能的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary fermented silkworm excrement on growth performance of grass carp |
| 项目 Items | 发酵蚕沙添加水平 Fermented silkworm excrement supplemental level/% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | |
| 初始均重 IBW/g | 44.31±0.35 | 44.18±0.27 | 44.34±0.41 | 44.21±0.39 | 44.28±0.45 |
| 终末均重 FBW/g | 115.93±0.82b | 116.57±1.16b | 120.65±2.19b | 102.43±2.01a | 104.75±1.95a |
| 存活率 SR/% | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| 增重率 WGR/% | 161.12±5.41b | 163.85±2.43b | 172.32±4.32b | 131.35±4.73a | 136.27±2.94a |
| 特定生长率 SGR/(%/d) | 1.71±0.08b | 1.73±0.01b | 1.79±0.09b | 1.50±0.09a | 1.53±0.07a |
| 摄食率 FR/(%/d) | 1.88±0.01 | 1.86±0.05 | 1.94±0.07 | 1.91±0.09 | 1.96±0.10 |
| 饲料系数 FCR | 1.16±0.05a | 1.15±0.05a | 1.24±0.02ab | 1.31±0.06b | 1.37±0.07b |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
表5 饲料中添加发酵蚕沙对草鱼形体指标的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary fermented silkworm excrement on body index of grass carp |
| 项目 Items | 发酵蚕沙添加水平 Fermented silkworm excrement supplemental level/% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | |
| 肥满度 CF/(g/cm3) | 1.86±0.13 | 1.94±0.12 | 1.91±0.08 | 1.99±0.12 | 1.97±0.11 |
| 肝体比 HSI/% | 1.75±0.08b | 1.85±0.16b | 1.46±0.13a | 1.39±0.16a | 1.51±0.15a |
| 脏体比 VSI/% | 15.94±1.49b | 15.61±1.18b | 13.49±1.27a | 13.81±1.03a | 13.99±0.93a |
| 肠体比 IWI/% | 2.27±0.09a | 2.31±0.24a | 2.47±0.29ab | 3.09±0.15c | 2.94±0.34bc |
| 肠长比 ISI | 1.83±0.13 | 1.88±0.14 | 1.95±0.07 | 1.94±0.08 | 1.90±0.14 |
表6 饲料中添加发酵蚕沙对草鱼体成分的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary fermented silkworm excrement on body composition of grass carp% |
| 项目 Items | 发酵蚕沙添加水平 Fermented silkworm excrement supplemental level/% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 13.65±0.16a | 13.86±0.22ab | 14.23±0.20c | 14.01±0.15bc | 14.03±0.16bc |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 5.54±0.78 | 6.17±0.38 | 5.70±0.97 | 6.54±0.99 | 6.01±0.98 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 1.76±0.46a | 2.15±0.49ab | 2.10±0.33ab | 1.72±0.21a | 2.32±0.17b |
| 水分 Moisture | 75.22±0.69 | 75.04±1.02 | 75.47±1.38 | 74.40±0.87 | 75.22±0.65 |
2.2 饲料中添加发酵蚕沙对草鱼肠道消化酶活性、血清生化和免疫指标的影响
表7 饲料中添加发酵蚕沙对草鱼肠道消化酶活性的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary fermented silkworm excrement on intestinal digestive enzyme activities of grass carpU/g prot |
| 项目 Items | 发酵蚕沙添加水平 Fermented silkworm excrement supplemental level/% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | |
| α-淀粉酶AMS | 485.83±37.12b | 370.29±31.31ab | 345.78±24.13ab | 466.55±40.52b | 311.80±26.57a |
| 脂肪酶 LPS | 601.45±53.49c | 336.17±27.10b | 400.21±43.54b | 228.49±22.19a | 336.09±27.43b |
| 胰蛋白酶 TPS | 5.25±0.67b | 2.28±0.38a | 2.44±0.26a | 2.17±0.24a | 1.64±0.23a |
表8 饲料中添加发酵蚕沙对草鱼血清生化和免疫指标的影响Table 8 Effects of dietary fermented silkworm excrement on serum biochemical and immune indexes of grass carp |
| 项目 Items | 发酵蚕沙添加水平 Fermented silkworm excrement supplemental levels/% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | |
| 补体3 C3/(μg/mL) | 21.35±2.86a | 25.40±4.57a | 23.69±3.13a | 35.14±6.01b | 22.94±4.03a |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) | 10.04±1.59b | 8.46±1.33ab | 10.40±1.25b | 13.62±1.64c | 6.83±0.87a |
| 谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/mL) | 58.46±6.36b | 60.33±9.40b | 59.44±5.45b | 43.29±5.62ab | 33.78±3.25a |
| 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/mL) | 32.72±3.02 | 32.81±2.87 | 34.90±3.86 | 32.34±3.53 | 31.01±2.79 |
| 溶菌酶 LZM/(μg/mL) | 1.02±0.15ab | 0.72±0.12a | 1.18±0.21b | 1.26±0.25b | 1.65±0.24c |
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) | 15.34±0.89b | 14.12±1.01b | 13.01±0.43a | 12.36±0.76a | 12.13±0.48a |
2.3 饲料中添加发酵蚕沙对草鱼肠道促炎因子mRNA相对表达量的影响
图2 饲料中添加发酵蚕沙对草鱼肠道促炎因子mRNA相对表达量的影响数据柱标相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 Fig.2 Effects of dietary fermented silkworm excrement on mRNA relative expression levels of proinflammatory factors in intestine of grass carp Value columns with the same small letters mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). |

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