1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验饲料
表1 试验饲料组成及营养水平Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| IC0 | IC2 | IC6 | |
| 原料(风干基础) Ingredients (air-dry basis) | |||
| 鱼粉 Fish meal | 40.00 | 40.00 | 40.00 |
| 蝉花菌质 Isaria cicadae spent mushroom substrate | 2.00 | 6.00 | |
| 谷朊粉 Wheat gluten | 12.00 | 12.00 | 12.00 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 14.70 | 14.70 | 14.70 |
| 小麦淀粉 Wheat starch | 13.00 | 13.00 | 13.00 |
| 鱼油 Fish oil | 2.43 | 2.42 | 2.40 |
| 大豆油 Soybean oil | 2.43 | 2.42 | 2.40 |
| 大豆卵磷脂 Soybean lecithin | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 |
| 维生素预混料 Vitamin premix1) | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
| 矿物质预混料 Mineral premix2) | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
| 磷酸二氢钙 Ca(H2PO4)2 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 |
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 纤维素 Cellulose | 7.14 | 5.16 | 1.20 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平(干物质基础) Nutrient levels (DM basis)3) | |||
| 粗蛋白质 Crude protein | 44.16 | 44.45 | 45.08 |
| 粗脂肪 Crude lipid | 10.24 | 10.28 | 10.35 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 10.48 | 10.54 | 10.44 |
1)维生素预混料为每千克饲料提供Vitamin premix provided the following per kg of diets:维生素A乙酸酯 vitamin A acetate 4.5 mg,VD3 1.875 mg,DL-α-生育酚乙酸酯 DL-α-tocopheryl acetate 3.8 mg,亚硫酸氢烟酰胺甲萘醌 nicotinamide bisulfite menadione 0.25 mg,VB1 0.38 mg,VB2 0.7 mg,VB6 0.5 mg,VB12 0.004 mg,肌醇 inositol 4 mg,L-抗坏血酸-2-磷酸酯 L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate 5.5 mg,烟酰胺 niacinamide 3.7 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 1.6 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.08 mg,生物素 biotin 0.04 mg,乙氧基喹啉 ethoxyquin 2.3 mg,二丁基羟基甲苯 dibutylhydroxytoluene 0.75 mg。 2)矿物质预混料为每千克饲料提供Mineral premix provided the following per kg of diets:C4H8CuN2O4 0.2 mg,FeSO4·H2O 1.8 mg,MnSO4·H2O 0.55 mg,ZnSO4·H2O 4.5 mg,Ca(IO3)2 0.1 mg,CoSO4·H2O 0.05 mg,Na2SeO3 0.015 mg,沸石粉 zeolite powder 8.45 g。 3)营养水平为测定值。Nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.3 试验设计与饲养管理
1.4 样品采集
1.5 指标测定
1.5.1 生长性能计算
1.5.2 营养成分分析
1.5.3 肝脏抗氧化指标和血清免疫指标测定
1.5.4 肠道形态观察
1.5.5 肠道菌群测定
1.6 数据处理与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 蝉花菌质对大黄鱼生长性能的影响
表2 蝉花菌质对大黄鱼生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of Isaria cicadae spent mushroom substrate on growth performances of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IC0 | IC2 | IC6 | ||
| 初始体重 IBW/g | 272.05±14.33 | 272.93±16.00 | 274.22±14.49 | 0.728 |
| 终末体重 FBW/g | 326.63±29.81b | 336.96±33.65ab | 345.28±34.01a | 0.011 |
| 存活率 SR/% | 93.33±7.64 | 93.33±2.89 | 95.00±5.00 | 0.914 |
| 增重率 WGR/% | 20.06±10.96b | 23.46±12.33ab | 25.91±12.40a | 0.035 |
| 特定生长率 SGR/(%/d) | 0.32±0.16b | 0.37±0.17ab | 0.40±0.17a | 0.030 |
| 饲料效率 FE | 0.35±0.03b | 0.42±0.06ab | 0.46±0.04a | 0.024 |
| 肝体比 HSI/% | 1.72±0.36b | 2.03±0.32a | 1.37±0.33c | <0.001 |
| 脏体比 VSI/% | 10.14±0.78b | 11.49±2.10a | 9.52±1.12b | 0.007 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 蝉花菌质对大黄鱼肌肉和全鱼营养成分含量的影响
表3 蝉花菌质对大黄鱼肌肉和全鱼营养成分含量的影响(湿重基础)Table 3 Effects of Isaria cicadae spent mushroom substrate on nutrient contents in muscle and whole fish of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) (wet weight basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IC0 | IC2 | IC6 | ||
| 肌肉 Muscle | ||||
| 粗蛋白质 Crude protein | 14.52±0.53 | 14.42±0.71 | 14.53±0.46 | 0.906 |
| 粗脂肪 Crude lipid | 8.78±0.20b | 12.67±0.19a | 6.09±0.46c | <0.001 |
| 水分 Moisture | 74.23±0.22b | 70.53±0.79c | 76.87±0.14a | <0.001 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 1.36±0.15 | 1.32±0.08 | 1.30±0.07 | 0.423 |
| 全鱼 Whole fish | ||||
| 粗蛋白质 Crude protein | 14.87±0.28 | 15.12±0.46 | 14.83±0.50 | 0.311 |
| 粗脂肪 Crude lipid | 8.42±2.18b | 10.22±0.69a | 6.27±1.15c | <0.001 |
| 水分 Moisture | 74.14±1.08b | 73.40±0.43b | 76.27±0.92a | <0.001 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 3.17±0.50 | 3.06±0.55 | 3.30±0.28 | 0.545 |
2.3 蝉花菌质对大黄鱼肝脏抗氧化指标的影响
表4 蝉花菌质对大黄鱼肝脏抗氧化指标的影响Table 4 Effects of Isaria cicadae spent mushroom substrate on liver antioxidant indices of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IC0 | IC2 | IC6 | ||
| 总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mg prot) | 19.92±2.03b | 18.48±1.90b | 22.16±1.40a | <0.001 |
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 1.37±0.55 | 1.45±0.36 | 1.68±0.45 | 0.238 |
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mg prot) | 11.99±0.45c | 13.11±0.50b | 14.58±0.29a | <0.001 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mg prot) | 63.76±6.00a | 51.61±5.85b | 66.84±6.28a | <0.001 |
2.4 蝉花菌质对大黄鱼血清免疫指标的影响
表5 蝉花菌质对大黄鱼血清免疫指标的影响Table 5 Effects of Isaria cicadae spent mushroom substrate on serum immune indices of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IC0 | IC2 | IC6 | ||
| 补体3 C3/(g/L) | 0.01±0.00 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.01±0.01 | 0.213 |
| 补体4 C4/(g/L) | 0.04±0.01 | 0.04±0.02 | 0.04±0.01 | 0.878 |
| 溶菌酶 LZM/(U/mL) | 5.05±0.41 | 4.84±0.43 | 4.95±0.43 | 0.513 |
| 谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) | 4.54±1.48 | 5.17±1.16 | 4.47±0.66 | 0.274 |
| 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 28.22±4.15 | 30.02±3.87 | 27.00±4.97 | 0.246 |
2.5 蝉花菌质对大黄鱼肠道形态的影响
表6 蝉花菌质对大黄鱼肠道形态的影响Table 6 Effects of Isaria cicadae spent mushroom substrate on intestinal morphology of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IC0 | IC2 | IC6 | ||
| 单根绒毛杯状细胞数量 Gobletcell quantity per villi/个 | 17.45±5.20b | 10.57±8.05b | 27.90±9.94a | <0.001 |
| 黏膜厚度 Mucosa thickness/μm | 75.55±42.89 | 77.79±37.66 | 87.41±24.09 | 0.417 |
| 皱褶高度 Mucosa fold height/μm | 547.02±149.06 | 585.24±196.47 | 598.26±96.13 | 0.503 |
| 固有膜宽度 Lamina propria/μm | 38.20±7.23 | 37.51±6.24 | 36.20±6.13 | 0.535 |
2.6 蝉花菌质对大黄鱼肠道菌群alpha多样性和beta多样性的影响
2.6.1 特征值(feature)分布Venn图
2.6.2 alpha多样性
表7 蝉花菌质对大黄鱼肠道菌群alhpa多样性的影响Table 7 Effects of Isaria cicadae spent mushroom substrate on alpha diversity of intestinal microflora of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IC0 | IC2 | IC6 | ||
| Chao1指数 Chao1 index | 1 101.99±40.92 | 1 051.45±48.74 | 1 038.03±12.37 | 0.168 |
| Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.98±0.00b | 0.99±0.00ab | 0.99±0.01a | 0.025 |
| Shannon指数 Shannon index | 7.09±0.10b | 8.33±0.03a | 8.23±0.21a | <0.001 |
2.6.3 beta多样性
2.7 蝉花菌质对大黄鱼肠道菌群组成的影响
2.7.1 门水平菌群相对丰度差异分析
表8 蝉花菌质对大黄鱼肠道菌群门水平组成的影响Table 8 Effects of Isaria cicadae spent mushroom substrate on intestinal microflora composition at phylum level of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IC0 | IC2 | IC6 | ||
| 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes | 42.82±1.37 | 38.04±1.27 | 37.68±10.70 | 0.565 |
| 变形菌门 Proteobacteria | 10.23±0.54b | 23.31±1.62a | 22.95±4.38a | 0.002 |
| 拟杆菌门 Bacteroidota | 23.47±0.82a | 16.99±0.90b | 15.22±1.62b | <0.001 |
| 脱硫杆菌门 Desulfobacterota | 7.65±0.20a | 2.98±0.75b | 1.19±0.65c | <0.001 |
| 放线菌门 Actinobacteriota | 1.71±0.23b | 3.82±0.51a | 4.48±0.58a | 0.001 |
| 梭杆菌门 Fusobacteriota | 0.22±0.06 | 1.69±0.36 | 5.97±7.25 | 0.291 |
| 互养菌门 Synergistota | 5.43±0.26a | 1.54±0.55b | 0.24±0.39c | <0.001 |
| 未分类菌门 Unclassified_Bacteria | 1.09±0.12c | 3.74±0.51a | 2.31±0.92b | 0.005 |
| 酸杆菌门 Acidobacteriota | 0.29±0.01b | 1.36±0.16b | 3.29±1.38a | 0.011 |
| 绿弯菌门 Chloroflexi | 2.00±0.17a | 1.15±0.01b | 1.10±0.35b | 0.005 |
| 其他 Others | 5.09±0.18b | 5.37±0.20ab | 5.57±0.27a | 0.037 |
2.7.2 属水平菌群相对丰度差异分析
表9 蝉花菌质对大黄鱼肠道菌群属水平组成的影响Table 9 Effects of Isaria cicadae spent mushroom substrate on intestinal microflora composition at genus level of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IC0 | IC2 | IC6 | ||
| 毛螺菌科未分类属 Unclassified_Lachnospiraceae | 4.90±0.30 | 4.60±0.58 | 3.13±1.65 | 0.158 |
| 瘤胃杆菌属 Ruminofilibacter | 6.39±0.15a | 1.97±0.56b | 0.42±0.42c | <0.001 |
| 拟杆菌属 Bacteroides | 0.89±0.11b | 3.09±0.26ab | 4.65±2.01a | 0.021 |
| 鼠杆菌科未分类属Unclassified_Muribaculaceae | 1.14±0.16b | 2.84±0.13a | 4.14±1.19a | 0.006 |
| 拟杆菌目UCG001未分类属 Unclassified_Bacteroidales UCG001 | 5.60±0.34a | 1.73±0.44b | 0.40±0.38c | <0.001 |
| 脱硫微菌属 Desulfomicrobium | 5.46±0.10a | 1.59±0.74b | 0.27±0.25c | <0.001 |
| 未分类菌属 Unclassified_Bacteria | 1.09±0.12c | 3.74±0.51a | 2.31±0.92b | 0.005 |
| 克雷伯氏菌属 Klebsiella | 0.44±0.12b | 3.90±0.56a | 1.86±1.25ab | 0.045 |
| 氨基杆菌属 Aminobacterium | 4.66±0.23a | 1.34±0.51b | 0.21±0.35c | <0.001 |
| Dubosiella | 1.91±0.08 | 1.55±0.14 | 2.23±1.44 | 0.853 |
| 其他 Others | 67.52±0.24c | 73.65±1.31b | 80.39±4.74a | 0.004 |

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