1 材料与方法
1.1 试验动物及基础饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age | 22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||||
| 玉米Corn | 53.84 | 58.37 | |||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 32.56 | 27.03 | |||
| 进口鱼粉Imported fish meal | 2.00 | 2.00 | |||
| 次粉Wheat middling | 3.00 | 4.00 | |||
| 豆油Soybean oil | 3.00 | 3.50 | |||
| 石粉Limestone | 1.50 | 1.20 | |||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.70 | 1.50 | |||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.24 | 0.24 | |||
| 多维Multi-vitamin1) | 0.06 | 0.06 | |||
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride (50%) | 0.10 | 0.10 | |||
| 预混料Premix2) | 2.00 | 2.00 | |||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels3) | |||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.22 | 12.55 | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 21.00 | 19.11 | |||
| 粗纤维CF | 2.61 | 2.41 | |||
| 粗脂肪EE | 5.59 | 6.21 | |||
| 粗灰分Ash | 6.06 | 5.35 | |||
| 钙Ca | 1.13 | 0.95 | |||
| 总磷TP | 0.70 | 0.66 | |||
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.70 | 0.65 | |||
| 项目 Items | 1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age | 22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age | |||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.13 | 1.00 | |||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 |
1)每千克多维含有 Per kg multi-vitamin contained the following:VA 3 000 000 IU,VD3 1 000 000 IU,VE 5 000 mg,VK3 2 000 mg,VB1 1 500 mg,VB2 3 000 mg,VB6 3 000 mg,VB12 10 mg,烟酰胺 niacinamide 5 000 mg,D-泛酸钙 D-pantothenic acid calcium 5 000 mg。 2)每千克预混料含有 Per kg premix contained the following:VA 200 000 IU,VD3 100 000 IU,VE 300 mg,VK3 100 mg,VB2 110 mg,VB6 70 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 600 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 220 mg,VB12 0.2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 16 mg,生物素 biotin 1.3 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 400 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 3 000 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 2 400 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 3 000 mg。 3)代谢能、氨基酸为计算值,其余为实测值。ME and amino acids were calculated values, while the others were measured values. |
1.2 主要仪器
表2 PEN3型便携式电子鼻传感器性能描述Table 2 PEN3 type portable electronic nose sensor performance description |
| 阵列序号Array serial number | 传感器Sensors | 性能描述Performance description |
|---|---|---|
| R1 | W1C | 芳香成分苯类 |
| R2 | W5S | 灵敏度大,对氮氧化合物灵敏 |
| R3 | W3C | 氨类,对芳香成分灵敏 |
| R4 | W6S | 主要对氢化物有选择性 |
| R5 | W5C | 烷烃芳香成分 |
| R6 | W1S | 对甲烷等短链烷烃灵敏 |
| R7 | W1W | 对无机硫化物灵敏 |
| R8 | W2S | 对醇类、醛酮灵敏 |
| R9 | W2W | 芳香成分,对有机硫化物灵敏 |
| R10 | W3S | 对长链烷烃灵敏 |
1.3 GPW与添加方式
1.4 动物试验
1.5 测定指标
1.5.1 生长性能测定
1.5.2 屠宰性能测定
1.5.3 肉品质测定
1.5.4 电子鼻测定
1.6 数据处理
2 结果与分析
2.1 GPW对科宝肉鸡生长性能的影响
表3 绞股蓝水提物对科宝肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum aqueous extract on growth performance of Cobb broilers |
| 项目 Items | CT组 Control group | 0.5% GPW组 0.5% GPW group | 1.0% GPW组 1.0% GPW group | 2.0% GPW组 2.0% GPW group | 4.0% GPW组 4.0% GPW group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 初始体重IBW/g | 42.92±1.93 | 42.91±2.10 | 43.17±2.10 | 42.99±2.26 | 43.09±2.27 | 0.953 |
| 终末体重FBW/g | 2 106.15±147.76 | 2 146.91±178.76 | 2 143.29±143.45 | 2 179.59±182.03 | 2 106.58±172.54 | 0.386 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 49.12±1.56 | 50.09±0.76 | 50.01±1.58 | 50.71±1.78 | 49.12±1.42 | 0.294 |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 91.24±3.04bc | 93.12±3.04b | 87.94±3.04ac | 87.23±3.04a | 92.33±3.04c | 0.007 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.86±0.09b | 1.86±0.07b | 1.76±0.05a | 1.72±0.09a | 1.88±0.07b | 0.004 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 GPW对科宝肉鸡屠宰性能的影响
表4 绞股蓝水提物对科宝肉鸡屠宰性能的影响Table 4 Effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum aqueous extract on slaughter performance of Cobb broilers % |
| 项目 Items | CT组 Control group | 0.5% GPW组 0.5% GPW group | 1.0%GPW组 1.0% GPW group | 2.0% GPW组 2.0% GPW group | 4.0% GPW组 4.0% GPW group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 屠宰率 Dressing percentage | 85.97±3.54 | 87.84±6.04 | 89.84±2.55 | 89.56±0.96 | 88.84±3.49 | 0.391 |
| 半净膛率 Semi-eviscerated percentage | 78.49±2.82 | 81.06±5.20 | 81.43±2.65 | 81.65±1.82 | 81.17±4.01 | 0.533 |
| 全净膛率 Eviscerated percentage | 73.03±2.28 | 75.01±5.09 | 76.56±3.50 | 76.06±1.73 | 76.02±3.14 | 0.400 |
| 胸肌率 Breast muscle percentage | 22.87±1.25 | 23.17±1.61 | 23.16±1.23 | 22.68±4.36 | 22.64±0.40 | 0.989 |
| 腿肌率 Leg muscle percentage | 17.38±1.34 | 17.55±1.03 | 17.58±0.97 | 18.04±1.21 | 17.98±1.06 | 0.814 |
| 腹脂率 Abdomen fat percentage | 2.59±0.57 | 2.45±0.62 | 2.27±0.28 | 1.89±0.57 | 1.76±0.56 | 0.060 |
2.3 GPW对科宝肉鸡肉品质的影响
表5 绞股蓝水提物对科宝肉鸡胸肌肉品质的影响Table 5 Effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum aqueous extract on breast muscle quality of Cobb broilers |
| 项目 Items | CT组 Control group | 0.5% GPW组 0.5% GPW group | 1.0%GPW组 1.0% GPW group | 2.0% GPW组 2.0% GPW group | 4.0% GPW组 4.0% GPW group | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 肉色 Muscle color | 亮度L* | 49.26±1.30 | 49.81±1.84 | 50.84±4.06 | 50.51±3.57 | 47.83±1.05 | 0.337 |
| 红度a* | 0.85±0.15a | 0.55±0.10b | 0.44±0.09b | 0.49±0.09b | 0.48±0.09b | <0.001 | |
| 黄度b* | 12.72±1.14 | 12.93±2.14 | 14.18±2.01 | 13.24±1.93 | 13.17±1.25 | 0.652 | |
| pH45 min | 6.21±0.15 | 6.15±0.14 | 6.24±0.17 | 6.31±0.28 | 6.32±0.15 | 0.514 | |
| pH24 h | 5.80±0.17 | 5.85±0.16 | 5.73±0.09 | 5.83±0.14 | 5.86±0.06 | 0.420 | |
| 滴水损失率Drip loss rate/% | 1.68±0.17 | 1.61±0.32 | 1.78±0.32 | 1.77±0.28 | 1.88±0.19 | 0.469 | |
| 蒸煮损失率Cooking loss rate/% | 21.13±3.90 | 21.35±2.56 | 18.91±3.42 | 18.68±3.24 | 18.54±2.33 | 0.345 | |
| 剪切力Shear force/N | 48.93±4.85 | 51.10±3.92 | 55.32±6.78 | 47.02±7.20 | 47.78±7.83 | 0.186 | |
表6 绞股蓝水提物对科宝肉鸡腿肌肉品质的影响Table 6 Effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum aqueous extract on thigh muscle quality of Cobb broilers |
| 项目 Items | CT组 Control group | 0.5% GPW组 0.5% GPW group | 1.0% GPW组 1.0% GPW group | 2.0% GPW组 2.0% GPW group | 4.0% GPW组 4.0% GPW group | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 肉色 Muscle color | 亮度L* | 61.56±3.42a | 57.83±2.31b | 58.62±1.21b | 57.15±2.20b | 57.22±1.20b | 0.012 |
| 红度a* | 2.01±0.47 | 2.15±0.32 | 2.19±0.40 | 1.97±0.37 | 1.97±0.36 | 0.761 | |
| 黄度b* | 13.99±1.32 | 15.55±2.52 | 16.04±1.68 | 15.02±2.55 | 15.63±1.36 | 0.444 | |
| pH45 min | 6.44±0.12 | 6.39±0.12 | 6.32±0.12 | 6.43±0.13 | 6.38±0.10 | 0.454 | |
| Ph24 h | 6.14±0.19 | 6.18±0.09 | 6.09±0.05 | 6.12±0.08 | 6.13±0.08 | 0.737 | |
| 滴水损失率Drip loss rate/% | 2.01±0.32 | 1.80±0.39 | 2.08±0.32 | 2.27±0.45 | 2.10±0.35 | 0.295 | |
| 蒸煮损失率Cooking loss rate/% | 31.38±4.23 | 28.57±5.56 | 28.05±1.54 | 32.87±2.51 | 33.29±2.77 | 0.055 | |
| 剪切力Shear force/N | 40.52±5.37a | 27.82±5.01b | 34.20±5.31ab | 31.21±7.46b | 31.67±6.01b | 0.014 | |
2.4 GPW对科宝肉鸡肌肉气味组分的影响
2.4.1 不同GPW添加量下的科宝肉鸡肌肉气味组分的PCA
图1 不同绞股蓝水提物添加量下科宝肉鸡肌肉气味组分的PCAA:胸肌 breast muscles;B:腿肌 thigh muscles。 Fig.1 Principal component analysis of muscle odor components of Cobb broilers at different Gynostemma pentaphyllum aqueous extract additions |
表7 不同绞股蓝水提物添加量下科宝肉鸡胸肌区分度Table 7 Differentiation of Cobb broiler breast muscles at different Gynostemma pentaphyllum aqueous extract additions |
| 项目 Items | CT组 Control group | 0.5% GPW组 0.5% GPW group | 1.0% GPW组 1.0% GPW group | 2.0% GPW组 2.0% GPW group | 4.0% GPW组 4.0% GPW group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CT组Control group | / | 0.016 | 0.046 | 0.161 | 0.168 |
| 0.5% GPW组0.5% GPW group | 0.016 | / | 0.043 | 0.083 | 0.030 |
| 1.0% GPW组1.0% GPW group | 0.046 | 0.043 | / | 0.152 | 0.244 |
| 2.0% GPW组2.0% GPW group | 0.161 | 0.083 | 0.152 | / | 0.384 |
| 4.0% GPW组4.0% GPW group | 0.168 | 0.030 | 0.224 | 0.384 | / |
表8 不同绞股蓝水提物添加量下科宝肉鸡腿肌区分度Table 8 Differentiation of Cobb broiler thigh muscles at different Gynostemma pentaphyllum aqueous extract additions |
| 项目 Items | CT组 Control group | 0.5% GPW组 0.5% GPW group | 1.0% GPW组 1.0% GPW group | 2.0% GPW组 2.0% GPW group | 4.0% GPW组 4.0% GPW group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CT组Control group | / | 0.346 | 0.394 | 0.457 | 0.547 |
| 0.5% GPW组0.5% GPW group | 0.346 | / | 0.473 | 0.040 | 0.386 |
| 1.0% GPW组1.0% GPW group | 0.394 | 0.473 | / | 0.554 | 0.590 |
| 2.0% GPW组2.0% GPW group | 0.457 | 0.040 | 0.554 | / | 0.318 |
| 4.0% GPW组4.0% GPW group | 0.547 | 0.386 | 0.590 | 0.318 | / |
2.4.2 不同GPW添加量下科宝肉鸡肌肉气味组分的传感器Loadings分析
图2 不同绞股蓝水提物添加量下科宝肉鸡肌肉气味组分传感器Loadings分析A~E:胸肌,依次为CT组、0.5% GPW组、1.0% GPW组、2.0% GPW组、4.0% GPW组;F~J:腿肌,依次为CT组、0.5% GPW组、1.0% GPW组、2.0% GPW组、4.0% GPW组。 Fig.2 Sensor Loadings analysis of muscle odor components of Cobb broilers at different Gynostemma pentaphyllum aqueous extract addition A-E: breast muscles,in order of control group, 0.5% GPW group, 1.0% GPW group, 2.0% GPW group, 4.0% GPW group; F-J:high muscles, in order of control group, 0.5% GPW group, 1.0% GPW group, 2.0% GPW group, 4.0% GPW group. |

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