研究论文

复合有机酸对泌乳奶牛生产性能、养分表观消化率和消化生理的影响

  • 袁芳 , 1 ,
  • 邓好好 2 ,
  • 刘宁 1 ,
  • 王建平 , 1, *
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  • 1 河南科技大学大学动物科技学院,洛阳 471000
  • 2 洛阳生生乳业有限公司,洛阳 471100
*王建平,教授,硕士生导师,E-mail:

袁 芳(1997—),女,河南信阳人,硕士研究生,农艺与种业专业。E-mail:

Copy editor: 菅景颖

收稿日期: 2022-09-28

  网络出版日期: 2023-04-12

基金资助

河南省科技厅自然科学基金“基于抗氧化损伤的甘草酸单铵盐预防奶牛脂肪肝病作用及其机制”(182300410087)

Effects of Complex Organic Acids on Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility and Digestive Physiology of Lactating Dairy Cows

  • YUAN Fang , 1 ,
  • DENG Haohao 2 ,
  • LIU Ning 1 ,
  • WANG Jianping , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
  • 2 Luoyang Shengsheng Dairy Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471100, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-09-28

  Online published: 2023-04-12

摘要

本试验旨在研究复合有机酸对泌乳奶牛生产性能、养分表观消化率和消化生理的影响。选择388头泌乳奶牛,根据体重、产奶量、泌乳天数相近原则,按照随机区组设计分为2组,即对照组和试验组,每组194头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中每头每天添加48 g复合有机酸。试验期共40 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期30 d。结果显示:与对照组相比,饲粮中添加复合有机酸可显著提高泌乳奶牛的干物质采食量、产奶量、乳脂率、4%乳脂校正产量以及钙的表观消化率(P<0.05),对乳蛋白率、体细胞数、体细胞评分以及干物质、粗蛋白质、粗灰分、磷的表观消化率没有显著影响(P>0.05);饲粮中添加复合有机酸显著增加了泌乳奶牛的采食时长(P<0.05),但未显著影响躺卧时长、咀嚼次数、肢蹄评分、瘤胃充盈度评分、粪便评分、体表清洁度评分(P>0.05)。由此可见,添加复合有机酸能够提高泌乳奶牛的生产性能、钙表观消化率及采食时长。

本文引用格式

袁芳 , 邓好好 , 刘宁 , 王建平 . 复合有机酸对泌乳奶牛生产性能、养分表观消化率和消化生理的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023 , 35(4) : 2361 -2368 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.222

Abstract

This experiment was conduct to study the effects of complex organic acids on performance,nutrient apparent digestibility and digestive physiology of lactating dairy cows. Three hundred eighty-eight Chinese Holstein cows were divided into two groups (control group and experimental group) according to random block design with similar milk yield, day in milking and parity, and each group had 194 cows. The cows were fed a basic diet without complex organic acids (control group) or with 48 g complex organic acids compound per cow per day (experimental group). The trial period was 40 days, including 10 days of pre-trial and 30 days of formal trial. The results showed as follows: compared with the control group, dietary supplemented with complex organic acids could significantly increase the dry matter intake, milk yield, milk fat percentage, the 4% milk fat corrected milk (4% FCM) yield and the apparent digestibility of calcium (P<0.05), but has no significant effects on milk protein percentage, somatic cell count, somatic cell score and the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ash and phosphorus (P>0.05); dietary supplemented with complex organic acids could significantly increase the eating time (P<0.05), but had no significant effect on the lying time, chewing number, limb score, rumen fullness score, feces score and body surface cleanliness score (P>0.05). It is concluded that supplementation of complex organic acids can improve the performance, increase the calcium apparent digestibility and the eating time of dairy cows.

在奶牛生产中,改善饲料利用率和提高奶牛生产性能一直是研究的重点。有机酸是一类天然、无毒酸性有机化合物,包括甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、辛酸、癸酸等中短链脂肪酸[1]。有机酸目前主要用作青贮调节剂,可降低青贮料的pH、提高有氧稳定性、抑制真蛋白质降解、降低非蛋白氮(NPN)含量、减少可溶性碳水化合物和能量流失,进而提高反刍动物的生产性能等[2]。亦有研究结果表明,有机酸还可直接应用于反刍动物精料,具有促进奶牛消化、增强奶牛抵抗力与抗应激能力等作用[3]。添加不同的有机酸(如乙酸、苹果酸、延胡索酸、富马酸等)能提高反刍动物瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和丙酸产量[4],降低乙酸与丙酸比值,提高pH,降低乳酸产量和甲烷合成[5],提高饲粮干物质、有机物和酸性洗涤纤维的消化率[6]。El-Zaiat等[7]报道,有机酸能够提高奶牛的产奶量,增加养分表观消化率。Urrutia等[8]在奶牛饲粮中添加乙酸使干物质采食量(DMI)增加2.7 kg/d,乳脂产量提高90 g/d,乳脂率提高0.2个百分点。Gheller等[9]在饲粮中添加甲酸、丙酸及复合有机酸,发现甲酸能够显著改善奶牛干物质采食量,复合有机酸显著提高了4%乳脂校正乳(4%FCM)产量,但对奶牛养分表观消化率和产奶量没有显著影响。Maxin等[10]报道,给奶牛瘤胃灌注乙酸,乳脂率提高了6.5%。Sniffen等[11]研究发现,在泌乳中期奶牛饲粮中添加苹果酸盐可减少亚临床瘤胃酸中毒的发生率。目前,有关复合有机酸在奶牛生产中应用的试验数据较少。本研究在饲粮中添加复合有机酸,探讨其对泌乳奶牛生产性能、养分表观消化率和消化生理的影响,以期为复合有机酸在奶牛生产中应用及其作用机理研究提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

选择怀孕前不超过6个月的泌乳母牛388头,根据体重、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的原则,按照随机区组设计分为2组,即对照组和试验组,具体分组情况见表1。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中每头每天添加48 g复合有机酸。试验所用复合有机酸制剂由加拿大某公司提供,主要成分包括铝硅酸盐、二氧化硅、丙酸、乙酸、苯甲酸、甲酸等。试验于2021年10月10日到2021年11月19号在洛阳生生乳业有限公司牧场进行。试验期共40 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期30 d。
表1 试验牛分组情况

Table 1 Grouping of experimental dairy cattle

项目Items 对照组Control group 试验组Experimental group
奶牛头数Number of dairy cows 194 194
胎次Parity 2.39±0.81 2.16±1.17
泌乳天数Lactation days/d 190.7±104.9 185.9±124.4
平均产奶量Average milk yield/(kg/d) 31.31±6.78 31.16±6.65

1.2 基础饲粮

试验用基础饲粮根据奶牛的营养需求,参照NRC(2001)推荐标准配制,其组成及营养水平见表2
表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
全株玉米青贮Whole corn silage 25.99
苜蓿干草Alfalfa hay 11.52
燕麦干草Oat grass hay 6.24
精补料1700
Concentrate supplement 17001)
35.58
压片玉米Corn tablet 9.33
豆粕Soybean meal 6.88
糖蜜Molasses 2.31
玉米干酒糟及其可溶物Corn DDGS 0.65
小苏打NaHCO3 0.64
美加力Mecalix2) 0.43
酵母Yeast 0.43
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels3)
泌乳净能能NEL/(MJ/kg) 7.32
粗蛋白质CP 16.59
可利用粗蛋白质UCP/(g/kg) 83.85
瘤胃降解蛋白RDP/(g/kg) 60.90
中性洗涤纤维NDF 32.25
项目Items 含量Content
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 18.11
无氮浸出物NFE 25.96
粗脂肪EE 3.50
粗灰分Ash 3.90
钙Ca 0.34
磷P 0.18

1)精补料1700为商品饲料,经第三方检测养分含量为:干物质88%、粗蛋白质21.3%、可溶性蛋白4.3%、酸性洗涤不溶蛋白1.19%、中性洗涤不溶蛋白1.86%、酸性洗涤纤维11.3%、中性洗涤纤维29.7%、木质素3.53%、淀粉26.5%。The concentrate supplement 1700 is a commercial feed, and the nutrient contents are tested by a third party as follows: 88% dry matter, 21.3% crude protein, 4.3% soluble protein, 1.19% acid detergent insoluble protein, 1.86% neutral detergent insoluble protein, 11.3% acid detergent fiber, 29.7% neutral detergent fiber, 3.53% lignin and 26.5% starch.

2)美加力主要成分为脂肪酸钙盐。The main component of Mecalix is fatty acid calcium salt.

3)泌乳净能为计算值[参照NRC(2001)],其余营养水平均为实测值。NEL is a calculated value according to NRC(2001), while the other nutrient levels are measured values.

1.3 复合有机酸添加方法

计算每天复合有机酸在试验组饲粮中的添加量,将所需添加的复合有机酸与20 kg玉米粉进行预混合均匀,加入搅拌车与其他饲料原料进行混合。

1.4 饲养管理

试验牛散栏饲养于双列头对头牛舍,自由采食、自由饮水,日挤奶3次。饲粮每天于05:30、12:30、19:30分3次饲喂,保证有3%~5%的剩料。

1.5 采食量、产奶量及乳成分测定

试验期间每天分别称量试验组、对照组前1天所剩饲粮,通过给料量减去剩料量,计算各组的平均日采食量。试验期间每10 d于奶牛信息管理系统中记录每头牛的产奶量1次,并计算4%乳脂校正乳(FCM)产量。试验第30天按早中晚4∶3∶3的体积比采集50 mL混合乳样(加入重铬酸钾30 mg),送至河南省奶牛生产性能测定中心测定乳脂率、乳蛋白率、脂蛋比(乳脂率/乳蛋白率)、体细胞数、体细胞评分、乳尿素氮含量。

1.6 养分表观消化率测定

试验结束前1周采集饲粮样品,测定粗脂肪、干物质、粗蛋白质、粗灰分、钙和磷含量,同时分别随机抽取试验组和对照组各18头供试奶牛,每头采集200 g粪样,加入10%酒石酸进行固氮,混合后于-20 ℃保存。粪样测定前,在65 ℃鼓风机干燥箱中烘48 h,再放在空气中回潮24 h,粉碎后过40目筛,测定养分含量。采用酸不溶灰分(AIA)作为内源指示剂[12]测定养分表观消化率。计算公式如下:
某养分表观消化率(%)=100×[1-(A×D)/(B×C)]。
式中:A为饲粮中AIA含量(g/kg);B为饲粮中该养分含量(g/kg);C为粪中AIA含量(g/kg);D为粪中该养分含量(g/kg)。

1.7 消化生理指标测定

试验期间每10 d每组随机选择20头奶牛,从奶牛信息收集系统(科湃腾-HeatWatch)统计连续3 d的采食时长与休息时长数据;在早上奶牛进食结束后,安静状态或休息状态时,观察记录反刍时食团的咀嚼次数,每头牛连续观察记录3个食团;依据赵成莹等[13]评分标准进行肢蹄评分、瘤胃充盈度评分;依据Panivivat等[14]评分标准进行牛体表清洁度评分;参照Lee等[15]的方法进行奶牛粪便评分。

1.8 数据统计分析

试验数据采用SAS 9.0软件的MIXED程序进行统计分析,以试验周为重复效应,个体牛为随机效应,试验处理为固定效应,用Tukey法进行多重比较,显著水平为P<0.05。

2 结果

2.1 复合有机酸对泌乳奶牛生产性能和乳品质的影响

表3可知,与对照组相比,试验组的干物质采食量提高了3.8%(P<0.05),产奶量提高了1.2 kg/d(P<0.05)。试验组的4% FCM产量和乳脂率较对照组分别增加6.8%、4.8%(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加复合有机酸对乳蛋白率、脂蛋比、体细胞数、体细胞评分、乳尿素氮含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表3 复合有机酸对泌乳奶牛生产性能和乳品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of complex organic acids on performance and milk quality of lactating dairy cows

项目
Items
对照
Control group
试验组
Experimental group
SEM PP-value
干物质采食量DMI/(kg/d) 21.87 22.71 0.37 0.048
产奶量Milk yield/(kg/d) 32.21 33.31 0.26 0.020
4%乳脂校正乳产量4% FCM yield/(kg/d) 35.28 37.67 0.84 0.047
乳脂率Milk fat percentage/% 4.15 4.35 0.11 0.032
乳蛋白率Milk protein percentage/% 3.46 3.49 0.39 0.337
脂蛋比Fat/protein ratio 1.20 1.25 0.16 0.062
体细胞数SCC/(×104个/mL) 11.23 14.67 0.87 0.255
体细胞评分SCS 2.28 2.12 0.49 0.280
乳尿素氮含量MUN content/(mg/dL) 15.66 16.02 0.18 0.080

2.2 复合有机酸对泌乳奶牛养分表观消化率的影响

表4可知,对照组与试验组奶牛干物质、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质、粗灰分和磷的表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组奶牛钙的表观消化率提高了7.9%(P<0.05)。
表4 复合有机酸对泌乳奶牛养分表观消化率的影响

Table 4 Effects of complex organic acids on nutrient apparent digestibility of lactating dairy cows %

项目
Items
对照组
Control group
试验组
Experimental group
SEM P
P-value
干物质DM 64.96 68.64 1.17 0.071
粗脂肪EE 80.45 82.22 1.55 0.503
粗蛋白质CP 75.93 79.44 1.27 0.104
粗灰分Ash 47.89 50.17 0.68 0.061
钙Ca 67.89 73.26 1.43 0.040
磷P 48.18 51.03 1.04 0.104

2.3 复合有机酸对泌乳奶牛消化生理的影响

表5可知,试验组奶牛采食时长较对照组增加了0.9 h/d(P<0.05),而躺卧时长、咀嚼次数、肢蹄评分、瘤胃充盈度评分、粪便评分、体表清洁度评分与对照组均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5 复合有机酸对泌乳奶牛消化生理的影响

Table 5 Effects of complex organic acids on digestive physiology of lactating dairy cows

项目
Items
对照组
Control group
试验组
Experimental group
SEM P
P-value
采食时长Eating time/(h/d) 3.60 4.50 0.09 <0.010
躺卧时长Lying time/(h/d) 5.90 5.79 0.29 0.847
咀嚼次数Chewing number/次 62.22 62.13 0.79 0.953
肢蹄评分Limb score 1.31 1.34 0.04 0.740
瘤胃充盈度评分Rumen fullness score 3.42 3.51 0.06 0.490
粪便评分Feces score 2.37 2.49 0.04 0.111
体表清洁度评分Body surface cleanliness score 3.78 3.61 0.06 0.182

3 讨论

3.1 复合有机酸对泌乳奶牛生产性能和乳品质的影响

关于有机酸对奶牛生产性能影响的研究结论并不相同,可能是由于有机酸的种类、添加剂量和添加方式不同所导致。Da Silva Dias等[16]在全混合日粮(TMR)中添加丙酸显著增加了泌乳奶牛的产奶量、乳糖产量、乳蛋白产量以及3.5%FCM产量,对干物质采食量及乳脂率无显著影响。Kung等[17]研究表明,苹果酸可使奶牛的干物质采食量下降,乳脂率显著增加。Daniel等[18]向饲粮中加入高浓度的乙酸降低了试验后1周的奶牛干物质采食量,并且在4周或更长时间后恢复到正常水平。Khan等[19]在热应激期间向奶牛的饮用水中添加0.5 mL/L以柠檬酸为主的复合有机酸,结果显示采食量与产奶量分别提升了13.1%和13.5%,乳脂产量和乳蛋白产量分别提升了1.1%和1.0%,且随着复合有机酸浓度的增加生产性能进一步增加。Urrutia等[8]报道,在饲粮中加入乙酸,奶牛干物质采食量增加了2.7 kg/d,乳脂产量增加了90 g/d,对产奶量无显著影响。Matamoros等[20]研究表明,乙酸能显著提升奶牛的干物质采食量,增加乳脂产量,本试验结果与此研究结果一致。但有研究表明,添加有机酸对奶牛生产性能及乳成分无显著影响[21]。此外,有研究认为有机酸对生产性能的影响依赖于基础饲粮的组成,在高精料水平的饲粮中添加有机酸,奶牛生产性能有明显提高[11]。有机酸对奶牛生产性能具有积极作用可能是有机酸降低了饲粮中微生物的活性,减少了饲粮的二次发酵[22],增加了饲粮的有氧稳定性[18]
本研究发现复合有机酸能显著提高奶牛的生产性能和乳脂率,可能是由于有机酸提升了瘤胃内脂肪酸的浓度,改变了瘤胃的发酵模式[5,9]。Gheller等[9]研究发现,在TMR中添加复合有机酸能使瘤胃内丙酸浓度升高,乙酸与丙酸比值下降。瘤胃中的乙酸是合成乳脂的重要前体物,丙酸作为糖异生的主要底物通过肝脏参与乳中乳糖的合成,同时乙酸和丙酸的比值与产奶量和乳脂产量呈显著负相关[23]。崔海等[24]研究表明,乙酸等用于从头合成的乳脂前体物对乳脂的合成有直接的影响,饲粮中增加短链有机酸的供给可以减少用于从头合成的短链脂肪酸,提高乳脂产量。Purdie等[25]向奶牛阴外动脉灌注乙酸时,瘤胃内脂肪酸浓度发生变化,乙酸浓度增加,提升了奶牛的生产性能及乳脂产量。复合有机酸对奶牛生产性能的提升可能是因为有机酸在提供能量的同时降低了甲烷产量,提高了饲粮能量水平并减少了能量浪费[26]。Kirchgessner等[27]研究表明,短链脂肪酸通过肠道黏膜被机体吸收后参与三羧酸循环产生ATP为奶牛生产提供能量。谢欣梅等[28]研究表明,苹果酸可以作为电子的受体,与甲烷产生菌竞争氢气(H2),能够使瘤胃内形成甲烷的氢气减少44%,从而使甲烷生成量下降。能量摄入量是提升产奶量的主要限因,饲粮能量水平与奶牛干物质采食量决定了奶牛机体是否能摄入足够的能量[29]。在饲粮能量充足的情况下,随着干物质采食量的增加,奶牛泌乳所需要的能量随之升高继而提升产奶量,同时4%FCM产量也会随着能量摄入的增加而增加[30]。因此,复合有机酸提高泌乳奶牛的产奶量,可能与复合有机酸的能量贡献有关。

3.2 复合有机酸对泌乳奶牛养分表观消化率的影响

养分表观消化率可以综合反映动物对饲粮中养分的消化及利用效率。有研究报道显示,饲粮中添加适量的复合有机酸可以提高饲粮中养分的消化率[31-33]。Castillo等[34]认为苹果酸盐和延胡索酸盐可通过降低甲烷的产生和肠壁上有害菌的数量而提高能量效率和粗蛋白质、钙、磷的消化率。李卓卿[35]在奶牛饲粮中添加复合有机酸后,中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和脂肪的消化率显著增加。但是也有研究得出相反的结论,认为有机酸并不能提高饲粮利用率[17,21,32,36]。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加复合有机酸显著提高了奶牛对钙的表观消化率。这可能是由于有机酸在降低胃肠道中pH的同时,还能与饲粮中一些在碱性环境中易形成不溶性或难溶性盐的矿物质形成一种生物学效价较高的螯合物,如与钙发生螯合作用,从而提高消化道对其的吸收和存留[3]。钙是奶牛需要量最大的矿物元素,随着产奶量的提高,钙为奶牛泌乳提供所需要的能量基础。有研究表明,复合有机酸对奶牛养分表观消化率的促进作用是由于复合有机酸改变了瘤胃微生物的数量或活性[11,37-38]

3.3 复合有机酸对泌乳奶牛消化生理的影响

奶牛的生理状态与其生产性能息息相关,奶牛躺卧时长与产奶量呈正相关,奶牛每增加1 h的躺卧时间,产奶量增加1.7 kg[39]。同时,躺卧时间长的奶牛往往有更高的采食量。反刍是重要的消化特征,瘤胃充盈度也是反映奶牛个体采食量与能量摄入状态的直观指标[39]。Da Silva Dias等[16]在TMR中添加丙酸可使奶牛采食及饮水时间延长,对躺卧时长、反刍等生理状态没有显著影响,本试验与此研究结果一致。而Daniel等[18]研究显示,乙酸减少了奶牛的采食时间,对奶牛反刍食团咀嚼次数无显著影响。Gualdrón-Duarte等[40]向瘤胃灌注乙酸降低了奶牛的进餐频率,同时减少了饮水量,但未影响奶牛的生产性能及生理状态。Gheller等[9]研究显示,丙酸可以通过增加奶牛对8~19 mm颗粒饲料的采食量来刺激反刍,提高奶牛对反刍食团的咀嚼次数,并延长奶牛的躺卧及休息时长。关于有机酸对奶牛生理状态影响的研究较早,结论并不相同,需做进一步研究验证。

4 结论

饲粮中添加复合有机酸能够提高泌乳奶牛的生产性能、养分表观消化率及采食时长,并且不会对奶牛的消化生理产生不良影响。
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