1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 基础精料和发酵精料质量分析(风干基础)Table 1 Quality analysis of basal concentrate and fermented concentrate (air-dry basis) |
| 项目 Items | 基础精料 Basal concentrate | 发酵精料 Fermented concentrate |
|---|---|---|
| 干物质DM/% | 90.80 | 91.20 |
| 粗蛋白质CP/% | 22.19 | 23.75 |
| 酸溶蛋白Acid-soluble protein/% | 1.97 | 7.13 |
| 酸溶蛋白/粗蛋白质Acid-soluble protein/CP/% | 8.88 | 30.02 |
| pH | 6.08 | 4.25 |
| 乳酸Lactic acid/(g/kg) | 1.70 | 20.65 |
| 粗纤维CF/% | 9.50 | 8.00 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF/% | 21.14 | 18.39 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF/% | 12.56 | 9.67 |
| 乳酸菌LAB/(CFU/g) | 8.83×103 | 6.03×106 |
| 酵母菌Yeast/(CFU/g) | 1.36×104 | 1.38×105 |
| 芽孢杆菌Bacillus/(CFU/g) | 9.78×103 | 1.82×105 |
1.2 试验设计与饲养管理
1.3 饲粮配制
表2 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | 5% FC | 10% FC | 15% FC | |
| 原料Ingredients | ||||
| 玉米Corn | 10.00 | 8.75 | 7.50 | 6.25 |
| 次粉Secondary powder | 20.00 | 17.50 | 15.00 | 12.50 |
| 大豆粕Soybean meal | 10.00 | 8.75 | 7.50 | 6.25 |
| 发酵精料Fermented concentrate | 5.00 | 10.00 | 15.00 | |
| 苜蓿草粉Alfalfa meal | 27.00 | 27.00 | 27.00 | 27.00 |
| 大豆皮Soybean hull | 27.00 | 27.00 | 27.00 | 27.00 |
| L-赖氨酸硫酸盐L-lysine sulfate | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 3.55 | 3.55 | 3.55 | 3.55 |
| 豆油Soybean oil | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 膨润土Bentonite | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||||
| 干物质DM | 91.50 | 92.17 | 92.22 | 92.88 |
| 消化能DE/(MJ/kg) | 9.28 | 9.48 | 10.05 | 9.96 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 18.69 | 19.13 | 19.32 | 19.24 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 3.37 | 3.27 | 3.91 | 3.84 |
| 粗纤维CF | 16.13 | 16.06 | 15.98 | 15.91 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 37.74 | 36.89 | 36.04 | 35.19 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 21.23 | 21.02 | 20.82 | 20.61 |
| 酸性洗涤木质素ADL | 5.47 | 5.40 | 5.30 | 5.25 |
| 钙Ca | 1.33 | 1.53 | 1.35 | 1.36 |
| 磷P | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.57 | 0.62 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.81 |
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:CaHPO4 500 mg,石粉 limestone 1 050 mg,NaCl 500 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 20 mg,Fe (as ferric sulfate) 70 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 70 mg,Se (as sodium sulfate) 0.25 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 10 mg,Co 0.15 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.2 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB26 mg,VB5 50 mg,VB6 2 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,VB3 50 mg,胆碱 choline 1 000 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,VA 10 000 IU,VD 900 IU,VE 50 mg,VK 2 mg。 2)营养水平均为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.4 测定指标及方法
1.4.1 精料发酵质量指标
1.4.2 生长性能
1.4.3 屠宰性能
1.4.4 肉品质
1.4.5 抗氧化指标测定
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 发酵精料对肉兔生长性能的影响
表3 发酵精料对肉兔生长性能影响Table 3 Effects of fermented concentrate on growth performance of meat rabbits |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照Control | 5% FC | 10% FC | 15% FC | ||
| 初始体重IBW/kg | 1.31±0.02 | 1.31±0.01 | 1.30±0.02 | 1.31±0.02 | 0.949 |
| 终末体重FBW/kg | 2.42±0.02ab | 2.44±0.02a | 2.37±0.02b | 2.37±0.01b | 0.021 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 38.46±0.99 | 40.25±0.62 | 37.69±0.72 | 38.40±0.64 | 0.124 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 152.64±2.70ab | 157.17±2.14a | 145.91±2.64b | 153.86±2.59a | 0.017 |
| 料重比F/G | 3.99±0.06 | 3.95±0.05 | 3.89±0.04 | 4.03±0.10 | 0.459 |
| 腹泻频率Diarrhea rate/% | 2.41 | 1.34 | 1.43 | 2.50 | 0.502 |
| 死亡率Mortality rate/% | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.000 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 发酵精料对肉兔屠宰性能的影响
表4 发酵精料对肉兔屠宰性能的影响Table 4 Effects of fermented concentrate on slaughter performance of meat rabbits |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照Control | 5% FC | 10% FC | 15% FC | ||
| 宰前活重Live weight before slaughter/g | 2 250.0±31.1a | 2 246.3±18.3a | 2 160.0±27.5b | 2 176.3±24.6ab | 0.036 |
| 半净膛重Half eviscerated weight/g | 1 299.4±26.3 | 1 320.2±11.4 | 1 271.4±36.6 | 1 257.9±12.5 | 0.193 |
| 全净膛重All eviscerated weight/g | 1 145.3±21.5 | 1 152.8±10.8 | 1 094.9±30.0 | 1 107.9±10.8 | 0.216 |
| 半净膛屠宰率 Half eviscerated dressing percentage/% | 57.75±0.52 | 58.77±0.55 | 58.86±1.83 | 57.80±0.55 | 0.751 |
| 全净膛屠宰率 All eviscerated dressing percentage/% | 50.90±0.42 | 51.32±0.37 | 50.69±0.49 | 50.91±0.55 | 0.795 |
2.3 发酵精料对肉兔肉品质的影响
表5 发酵精料对肉兔肉品质的影响Table 5 Effects of fermented concentrate on meat quality of meat rabbits |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照Control | 5% FC | 10% FC | 15% FC | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP/% | 22.76±0.09 | 23.01±0.10 | 22.90±0.11 | 22.85±0.12 | 0.392 |
| 肌内脂肪IMF/% | 0.68±0.04 | 0.62±0.03 | 0.62±0.08 | 0.79±0.03 | 0.095 |
| pH45 min | 7.05±0.05 | 6.89±0.07 | 7.03±0.06 | 6.97±0.08 | 0.388 |
| pH24 h | 5.76±0.04 | 5.78±0.04 | 5.77±0.04 | 5.80±0.05 | 0.942 |
| 亮度L* | 25.07±0.80 | 24.34±0.67 | 22.82±0.78 | 24.10±0.54 | 0.180 |
| 红度a* | 7.26±1.58 | 6.02±1.10 | 6.83±1.36 | 5.84±0.78 | 0.830 |
| 黄度b* | 9.96±1.27 | 8.63±0.94 | 9.11±0.98 | 8.66±0.59 | 0.754 |
| 蒸煮损失Cooking loss/% | 32.06±0.53 | 32.14±0.89 | 33.95±0.54 | 31.68±0.92 | 0.167 |
| 24 h滴水损失24 h drip loss/% | 3.52±0.49 | 2.62±0.34 | 3.57±0.49 | 2.65±0.44 | 0.281 |
| 48 h滴水损失48 h drip loss/% | 2.49±0.31 | 2.42±0.79 | 2.63±0.33 | 1.87±0.25 | 0.691 |
| 剪切力Shear force/N | 37.87±4.12 | 41.55±3.26 | 38.83±2.06 | 41.24±2.10 | 0.804 |
| 肌纤维直径Muscle fiber diameter/μm | 39.67±0.79 | 40.55±1.92 | 37.68±2.58 | 39.23±1.93 | 0.761 |
| 肌纤维面积Muscle fiber area/μm2 | 1 604.24±59.19 | 1 694.72±167.08 | 1 465.83±174.30 | 1 605.59±16.39 | 0.735 |
| 肌纤维数量 Muscle fiber number/(根/μm2) | 24.60±2.86 | 24.47±3.29 | 28.60±5.73 | 22.66±1.70 | 0.715 |
2.4 发酵精料对肉兔背最长肌中氨基酸含量的影响
表6 发酵精料对肉兔背最长肌中氨基酸含量的影响Table 6 Effects of fermented concentrate on amino acid contents in longissimus dorsi of meat rabbits % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照Control | 5% FC | 10% FC | 15% FC | ||
| 天门冬氨酸Asp | 2.05±0.02 | 2.11±0.01 | 2.11±0.02 | 2.12±0.03 | 0.085 |
| 谷氨酸Glu | 3.57±0.05 | 3.62±0.01 | 3.65±0.02 | 3.67±0.02 | 0.130 |
| 丝氨酸Ser | 0.76±0.03 | 0.73±0.02 | 0.72±0.01 | 0.72±0.01 | 0.471 |
| 精氨酸Arg | 1.42±0.03 | 1.48±0.01 | 1.48±0.02 | 1.45±0.01 | 0.078 |
| 甘氨酸Gly | 1.24±0.04 | 1.26±0.02 | 1.24±0.01 | 1.25±0.01 | 0.909 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 1.14±0.01 | 1.10±0.02 | 1.10±0.02 | 1.10±0.01 | 0.317 |
| 脯氨酸Pro | 0.88±0.01 | 0.90±0.02 | 0.90±0.02 | 0.86±0.02 | 0.392 |
| 丙氨酸Ala | 1.38±0.04 | 1.37±0.03 | 1.37±0.02 | 1.37±0.01 | 0.999 |
| 缬氨酸Val | 1.22±0.03 | 1.20±0.03 | 1.20±0.02 | 1.22±0.03 | 0.890 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.64±0.02 | 0.65±0.02 | 0.65±0.01 | 0.66±0.01 | 0.728 |
| 半胱氨酸Cys | 0.31±0.01 | 0.28±0.01 | 0.28±0.01 | 0.28±0.01 | 0.111 |
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 1.15±0.01 | 1.18±0.02 | 1.19±0.02 | 1.17±0.02 | 0.398 |
| 亮氨酸Leu | 1.95±0.05 | 1.94±0.01 | 1.95±0.03 | 2.00±0.03 | 0.517 |
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 1.05±0.03 | 1.04±0.02 | 1.03±0.01 | 1.03±0.01 | 0.694 |
| 组氨酸His | 0.61±0.04 | 0.60±0.02 | 0.56±0.01 | 0.59±0.01 | 0.550 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 2.08±0.02 | 2.09±0.02 | 2.12±0.02 | 2.15±0.02 | 0.110 |
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 0.77±0.01 | 0.79±0.01 | 0.79±0.01 | 0.77±0.02 | 0.559 |
| 必需氨基酸EAA | 9.23±0.13 | 9.20±0.10 | 9.23±0.05 | 9.33±0.06 | 0.764 |
| 氨基酸总量TAA | 22.21±0.28 | 22.32±0.19 | 22.34±0.13 | 22.40±0.07 | 0.907 |
| 必需氨基酸/氨基酸总量EAA/TAA | 41.55±0.14 | 41.22±0.18 | 41.14±0.05 | 41.65±0.16 | 0.146 |
2.5 发酵精料对肉兔血清和背最长肌中抗氧化指标的影响
表7 发酵精料对肉兔血清和背最长肌中抗氧化指标的影响Table 7 Effects of fermented concentrate on antioxidant indexes in serum and longissimus dorsi of meat rabbits |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照Control | 5% FC | 10% FC | 15% FC | ||||||||
| 血清Serum | |||||||||||
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) | 20.55±1.16 | 20.50±0.88 | 17.94±0.98 | 20.18±0.71 | 0.181 | ||||||
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 10.36±0.73 | 10.71±0.70 | 12.49±0.79 | 12.93±0.83 | 0.079 | ||||||
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) | 21.28±0.43 | 21.52±0.47 | 21.38±0.38 | 21.01±0.80 | 0.924 | ||||||
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物GSH-Px/(U/L) | 237.80±16.10b | 242.24±9.37b | 292.15±10.81a | 296.14±6.76a | 0.001 | ||||||
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/L) | 18.67±0.32 | 18.24±0.45 | 19.20±0.38 | 18.52±0.51 | 0.426 | ||||||
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||||||||
| 对照Control | 5% FC | 10% FC | 15% FC | ||||||||
| 背最长肌Longissimus dorsi | |||||||||||
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mg prot) | 12.05±1.83b | 14.41±1.08ab | 17.76±0.94a | 15.89±0.98a | 0.019 | ||||||
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mg prot) | 11.54±0.26a | 11.68±0.48a | 10.58±0.29b | 10.38±0.23b | 0.017 | ||||||
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mg prot) | 27.04±0.99 | 26.27±0.83 | 25.24±1.19 | 24.31±0.91 | 0.284 | ||||||
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/g prot) | 20.22±0.63a | 18.26±0.38b | 17.52±0.53b | 17.17±0.42b | 0.001 | ||||||

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