1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计及基础饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Corn | 8.00 | ||
| 小麦麸Wheat bran | 33.00 | ||
| 米糠Rice bran | 5.00 | ||
| 大豆粕Soybean meal | 11.00 | ||
| 花生秧Peanut vine | 15.00 | ||
| 花生壳Peanut shell | 12.50 | ||
| 艾叶粉Artemisia argyi powder | 8.00 | ||
| 次粉Wheat middlings | 4.00 | ||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 0.50 | ||
| 石粉Limestone | 1.05 | ||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.50 | ||
| L-赖氨酸硫酸盐L-lysine sulfate | 0.30 | ||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.15 | ||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 消化能DE/(MJ/kg) | 9.47 | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 16.77 | ||
| 粗纤维CF | 15.71 | ||
| 中洗洗涤纤维NDF | 38.55 | ||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 20.78 | ||
| 酸性洗涤木质素ADL | 6.03 | ||
| 粗脂肪EE | 2.75 | ||
| 钙Ca | 1.43 | ||
| 总磷TP | 0.73 | ||
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.81 | ||
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.60 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Cu (as copper sulfate) 20 mg,Fe (as ferric sulfate) 70 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 70 mg,Se (as sodium sulfate) 0.25 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 10 mg,Co 0.15 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.2 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 6 mg,VB5 50 mg,VB6 2 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,VB3 50 mg,胆碱 choline 1 000 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,VA 10 000 IU,VD 900 IU,VE 50 mg,VK 2 mg。 2)营养水平均为实测值。Nutrient levels were all measured values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 检测指标与方法
1.4.1 肠道通透性测定
1.4.2 肠道形态测定
1.4.3 肠道pH测定
1.4.4 盲肠挥发性脂肪酸浓度测定
1.4.5 盲肠微生物多样性测定
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 酵母菌-凝结芽孢杆菌联合发酵培养物对獭兔肠道形态的影响
表2 酵母菌-凝结芽孢杆菌联合发酵培养物对獭兔肠道形态的影响Table 2 Effects of combined yeast and Bacillus coagulans fermentation culture on intestinal morphology of Rex rabbits (n=8) |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 0.01%添加组 0.01% added group | 0.02%添加组 0.02% added group | 0.04%添加组 0.04% added group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 空肠Jejunum | |||||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/μm | 729.97±33.99 | 736.78±35.83 | 730.76±49.68 | 692.15±20.26 | 0.812 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 142.97±13.23a | 124.30±9.49ab | 96.86±4.27b | 105.41±8.94b | 0.012 |
| 绒隐比V/C | 5.23±0.41b | 6.14±0.64ab | 7.58±0.49a | 6.73±0.39ab | 0.029 |
| 回肠Ileum | |||||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/μm | 609.74±11.94b | 631.87±9.57ab | 612.66±16.80b | 675.04±17.53a | 0.014 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 98.55±9.36 | 100.97±6.97 | 102.71±7.63 | 95.30±4.85 | 0.889 |
| 绒隐比V/C | 6.43±0.52 | 6.52±0.49 | 6.22±0.55 | 7.20±0.38 | 0.524 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),无字母或有相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 酵母菌-凝结芽孢杆菌联合发酵培养物对獭兔肠道通透性的影响
表3 酵母菌-凝结芽孢杆菌联合发酵培养物对獭兔肠道通透性的影响Table 3 Effects of combined yeast and Bacillus coagulans fermentation culture on intestinal permeability of Rex rabbits (n=8) |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 0.01%添加组 0.01% added group | 0.02%添加组 0.02% added group | 0.04%添加组 0.04% added group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 二胺氧化酶DAO/(U/mL) | 38.92±1.06a | 28.30±3.71b | 27.37±0.47b | 35.65±2.95ab | 0.026 |
| D-乳酸D-LA/(nmol/L) | 127.35±2.89 | 114.99±9.62 | 106.24±7.41 | 125.22±9.92 | 0.255 |
2.3 酵母菌-凝结芽孢杆菌联合发酵培养物对獭兔肠道pH的影响
表4 酵母菌-凝结芽孢杆菌联合发酵培养物对獭兔肠道pH的影响Table 4 Effects of combined yeast and Bacillus coagulans fermentation culture on pH in intestine of Rex rabbits (n=8) |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 0.01%添加组 0.01% added group | 0.02%添加组 0.02% added group | 0.04%添加组 0.04% added group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 空肠Jejunum | 6.62±0.07 | 6.58±0.09 | 6.77±0.03 | 6.73±0.03 | 0.281 |
| 回肠Ileum | 6.72±0.08 | 6.78±0.03 | 6.95±0.11 | 6.70±0.12 | 0.277 |
| 盲肠Cecum | 5.88±0.08 | 6.02±0.09 | 5.98±0.09 | 6.22±0.13 | 0.158 |
2.4 酵母菌-凝结芽孢杆菌联合发酵培养物对獭兔盲肠挥发性脂肪酸浓度和比例的影响
表5 酵母菌-凝结芽孢杆菌联合发酵培养物对獭兔盲肠挥发性脂肪酸浓度和比例的影响Table 5 Effects of combined yeast and Bacillus coagulans fermentation culture on volatile fatty acid concentrations and ratios in cecum of Rex rabbits (n=8) |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 0.01%添加组 0.01% added group | 0.02%添加组 0.02% added group | 0.04%添加组 0.04% added group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 浓度Concentration/(mmol/L) | |||||
| 乙酸Acetate | 31.36±2.02 | 33.54±2.41 | 35.95±2.12 | 35.64±1.33 | 0.369 |
| 丙酸Propionate | 5.27±0.32 | 5.63±0.13 | 5.49±0.19 | 6.00±0.13 | 0.131 |
| 丁酸Butyrate | 11.08±0.40 | 10.83±0.57 | 11.50±0.46 | 11.63±0.50 | 0.642 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA | 49.72±1.74 | 50.07±2.69 | 52.94±2.31 | 53.70±1.10 | 0.435 |
| 比例Ratio/% | |||||
| 乙酸Acetate | 63.02±2.95 | 66.72±1.54 | 67.75±1.20 | 66.33±1.64 | 0.378 |
| 丙酸Propionate | 10.60±0.55 | 11.39±0.73 | 10.41±0.39 | 11.18±0.26 | 0.511 |
| 丁酸Butyrate | 22.38±0.97 | 21.73±0.94 | 21.84±1.13 | 21.68±0.95 | 0.956 |
2.5 酵母菌-凝结芽孢杆菌联合发酵培养物对獭兔盲肠微生物区系的影响
2.5.1 微生物试验可行性
2.5.2 特征值分布Venn图
2.5.3 alpha多样性分析
表6 酵母菌-凝结芽孢杆菌联合发酵培养物对獭兔盲肠微生物alpha多样性指数的影响Table 6 Effects of combined yeast and Bacillus coagulans fermentation culture on alpha diversity indexes in cecal microbiota of Rex rabbits (n=5) |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 0.01%添加组 0.01% added group | 0.02%添加组 0.02% added group | 0.04%添加组 0.04% added group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 覆盖度Goods_coverage | 0.99±0.00 | 1.00±0.00 | 1.00±0.00 | 1.00±0.00 | 0.430 |
| 操作分类单元数量指数 OTU number index | 1 455.80±138.77 | 1 192.20±118.84 | 1 247.60±90.68 | 1 162.20±181.94 | 0.537 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 8.23±0.22 | 7.87±0.12 | 8.28±0.08 | 8.11±0.16 | 0.291 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.98±0.00 | 0.98±0.00 | 0.99±0.00 | 0.99±0.00 | 0.068 |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 1 531.15±155.67 | 1 238.20±130.83 | 1 297.84±99.88 | 1 212.13±198.37 | 0.603 |
2.5.4 beta多样性分析
2.5.5 酵母菌-凝结芽孢杆菌联合发酵培养物对獭兔盲肠微生物物种丰度的影响
2.5.5.1 门水平分析
表7 酵母菌-凝结芽孢杆菌联合发酵培养物对獭兔盲肠微生物门水平相对丰度的影响Table 7 Effects of combined yeast and Bacillus coagulans fermentation culture on cecal microflora relative abundance at phylum level of Rex rabbits (n=5) % |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 0.01%添加组 0.01% added group | 0.02%添加组 0.02% added group | 0.04%添加组 0.04% added group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 79.17±1.37 | 76.09±3.81 | 80.90±1.56 | 76.92±3.00 | 0.760 |
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes | 9.82±1.85 | 16.47±4.14 | 9.85±1.62 | 14.06±3.16 | 0.537 |
| 放线菌门Actinobacteria | 4.29±0.52 | 3.05±0.66 | 3.77±0.65 | 2.21±0.27 | 0.115 |
| 疣微菌门Verrucomicrobia | 3.21±1.63 | 0.91±0.20 | 1.19±0.39 | 3.76±0.84 | 0.087 |
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 1.40±0.18 | 1.67±0.44 | 2.01±0.25 | 1.62±0.14 | 0.174 |
| 未分类菌门Unclassified | 0.85±0.18 | 0.87±0.27 | 0.51±0.15 | 0.70±0.11 | 0.428 |
| 软壁菌门Tenericutes | 0.55±0.15ab | 0.40±0.12b | 1.27±0.34a | 0.37±0.17b | 0.046 |
| 髌骨菌门Patescibacteria | 0.51±0.13 | 0.36±0.06 | 0.37±0.07 | 0.20±0.10 | 0.129 |
| 蓝细菌门Cyanobacteria | 0.09±0.04 | 0.08±0.03 | 0.07±0.02 | 0.04±0.01 | 0.523 |
| 互养菌门Synergistetes | 0.06±0.04 | 0.05±0.03 | 0.00±0.00 | 0.07±0.03 | 0.743 |
2.5.5.2 属水平分析
表8 酵母菌-凝结芽孢杆菌联合发酵培养物对獭兔盲肠微生物属水平相对丰度的影响Table 8 Effects of combined yeast and Bacillus coagulans fermentation culture on cecal microflora relative abundance at genus level of Rex rabbits (n=5) % |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 0.01%添加组 0.01% added group | 0.02%添加组 0.02% added group | 0.04%添加组 0.04% added group | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 瘤胃球菌科_NK4A214_群 Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group | 12.25±1.54 | 12.96±1.29 | 12.81±0.64 | 13.02±2.86 | 0.862 | ||||||
| 厚壁菌门未分类菌属 Firmicutes_unclassified | 10.13±2.42 | 10.07±2.59 | 8.93±1.38 | 10.12±1.68 | 0.988 | ||||||
| 梭菌目_vadinBB60_群未分类菌属 Clostridiales_vadinBB60_group_unclassified | 7.04±1.40 | 5.27±1.60 | 8.42±1.23 | 7.76±1.44 | 0.537 | ||||||
| 克里斯滕森菌科_R-7_群 Christensenellaceae_R-7_group | 8.12±1.29 | 7.38±0.82 | 6.10±1.32 | 5.55±1.04 | 0.374 | ||||||
| 瘤胃球菌科_V9D2013_群 Ruminococcaceae_V9D2013_group | 4.23±2.16 | 6.28±1.47 | 4.96±0.84 | 6.41±1.94 | 0.472 | ||||||
| Muribaculaceae未分类菌属 Muribaculaceae_unclassified | 2.17±0.35 | 6.79±3.09 | 2.17±1.43 | 4.64±2.51 | 0.716 | ||||||
| 瘤胃梭菌属_6 Ruminiclostridium_6 | 4.40±1.59 | 3.19±0.65 | 4.14±0.81 | 4.00±1.15 | 0.854 | ||||||
| 瘤胃球菌科_UCG-013 Ruminococcaceae_UCG-013 | 3.72±0.45 | 3.34±0.36 | 3.07±0.30 | 2.95±0.43 | 0.578 | ||||||
| 瘤胃球菌属_1 Ruminococcus_1 | 3.19±0.41 | 2.52±0.47 | 2.89±0.30 | 2.49±0.47 | 0.774 | ||||||
| 毛螺菌科未分类属 Lachnospiraceae_unclassified | 2.83±0.40 | 2.38±0.39 | 2.57±0.24 | 2.96±0.70 | 0.804 | ||||||
| 红蝽菌科_UCG-002 Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002 | 3.11±0.43 | 2.03±0.51 | 2.54±0.56 | 1.49±0.18 | 0.153 | ||||||
| 瘤胃球菌科_UCG-014 Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 | 2.08±0.23 | 2.01±0.28 | 3.60±0.97 | 1.43±0.16 | 0.091 | ||||||
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 0.01%添加组 0.01% added group | 0.02%添加组 0.02% added group | 0.04%添加组 0.04% added group | P值 P-value | ||||||
| 艾克曼菌属 Akkermansia | 3.21±1.63 | 0.91±0.20 | 1.19±0.39 | 3.76±0.84 | 0.087 | ||||||
| 瘤胃球菌科未分类菌属 Ruminococcaceae_unclassified | 2.52±0.45 | 2.06±0.29 | 1.71±0.15 | 2.54±0.72 | 0.407 | ||||||
| 毛螺菌科_NK4B4_群 Lachnospiraceae_NK4B4_group | 1.84±0.54 | 1.36±0.70 | 2.54±0.81 | 0.92±0.21 | 0.355 | ||||||
| 梭菌属 Clostridium | 1.61±0.30 | 1.27±0.23 | 1.91±0.33 | 1.60±0.19 | 0.721 | ||||||
| 瘤胃球菌科_UCG-010 Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010 | 1.43±0.26 | 1.28±0.19 | 2.03±0.16 | 1.62±0.19 | 0.109 | ||||||
| dgA-11_gut_group | 2.20±1.13 | 0.24±0.08 | 0.95±0.76 | 2.83±1.28 | 0.082 | ||||||
| 巴恩斯氏菌科未分类菌属 Barnesiellaceae_unclassified | 1.42±0.34 | 1.22±0.42 | 1.52±0.65 | 1.67±0.61 | 0.914 | ||||||
| 另支菌属Alistipes | 1.70±0.75 | 1.39±0.42 | 1.51±0.30 | 0.79±0.21 | 0.413 | ||||||
| 拟杆菌属Bacteroides | 0.76±0.15 | 1.43±0.50 | 1.42±0.36 | 1.18±0.32 | 0.641 | ||||||
| 副室杆菌属Paramuribaculum | 0.17±0.15 | 2.26±1.83 | 0.13±0.06 | 1.93±0.97 | 0.050 | ||||||
| 瘤胃球菌科_UCG-005 Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 | 0.83±0.31 | 0.88±0.30 | 1.07±0.33 | 1.06±0.21 | 0.843 | ||||||
| 毛螺菌科_NK4A136_群 Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group | 0.67±0.16 | 1.00±0.31 | 0.48±0.09 | 1.49±0.67 | 0.506 | ||||||
| 罕见小球菌属Subdoligranulum | 1.04±0.31 | 0.61±0.25 | 1.16±0.40 | 0.26±0.05 | 0.091 |

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