1 材料与方法
1.1 试验时间和地点
1.2 试验设计
1.3 试验动物及饲养管理
1.4 试验饲粮
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 中性洗涤纤维水平NDF level/% | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 47 | 42 | 37 | 32 | 27 | |||||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||||||
| 棉子壳Cottonseed hull | 20.5 | 25.8 | 23.2 | 22.0 | 14.8 | ||||||
| 苜蓿干草Alfalfa hay | 39.4 | 21.6 | 23.5 | 13.0 | 7.5 | ||||||
| 杨树叶Poplar leaves | 20.1 | 22.9 | 18.1 | 15.0 | 17.7 | ||||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 10.7 | 7.5 | 8.1 | 5.1 | 4.9 | ||||||
| 玉米粉Corn flour | 4.8 | 10.2 | 11.4 | 22.0 | 18.4 | ||||||
| 小麦麸Wheat bran | 3.0 | 5.2 | 8.1 | 12.5 | 20.1 | ||||||
| 棉籽粕Cottonseed meal | 5.3 | 6.1 | 8.9 | 15.1 | |||||||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | ||||||
| 项目 Items | 中性洗涤纤维水平NDF level/% | ||||||||||
| 47 | 42 | 37 | 32 | 27 | |||||||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
| 合计Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||||||||
| 干物质采食量DMI/(kg/d) | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | ||||||
| 消化能DE/(MJ/d) | 36.5 | 36.5 | 36.5 | 36.5 | 36.5 | ||||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 14.31 | 14.31 | 14.31 | 14.31 | 14.31 | ||||||
| 钙Ca | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 | ||||||
| 磷P | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | ||||||
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Premix provides the following per kg of diets:VA 940 IU,VE 20 IU,S 200 mg,Fe 24 mg,Cu 8 mg,Mn 40 mg,Zn 40 mg,I 0.3 mg,Se 0.2 mg,Co 0.1 mg。 2)鹿用饲料缺失消化能数据,配方中参照了羊用饲料消化能。The deer feed lacks the data of digestive energy, and the formula refers to the digestive energy of sheep feed. |
1.5 样品采集及处理
1.5.1 瘤胃内容物样品采集及处理
1.5.2 血样采集及处理
1.6 测定指标及方法
1.6.1 瘤胃发酵参数测定
1.6.2 血清生化指标测定
1.6.3 瘤胃食糜外流速度测定
1.6.3.1 铬标记饲料的制备与饲喂
1.6.3.2 铬标记饲料的投喂及粪样收集
1.6.3.3 铬标准曲线制作
1.6.3.4 Cr2O3浓度的测定
1.6.3.5 食糜外流速度的计算
1.6.4 采食反刍规律测定
表2 采食反刍规律及观察指标Table 2 Feeding ruminant rhythm and observation indexes |
| 项目Items | 观察方法Observation method |
|---|---|
| 采食时间Feeding time/(min/d) | 试验期内,每天早、晚饲喂后和采食结束前,秒表准确记录起止时间 |
| 反刍时间Rumination time/(min/d) | 试验期内,饲喂结束后用秒表记录每个反刍周期的起止时间, 再累加每个反刍周期所用时间之和 |
| 反刍周期Rumination cycle/(次/d) | 连续反刍20~50 min后,有一个停止反刍的间隔,根据此间隔确定 |
| 反刍周期食团数 Number of food bolus during rumination cycle/个 | 用记数器记载每个试验动物每个 反刍周期反刍食团数,最后计算平均值 |
| 每个食团咀嚼次数 Chew number for per food bolus/次 | 对每个试验动物每周期反刍的食团数采取间隔 记载的方法,每周期记载10个食团咀嚼次数,最后计算平均值 |
| 每个食团咀嚼时间 Chew time for per food bolus/s | 用秒表记录,方法同每个食团咀嚼次数 |
| 2个食团吞咽逆呕间隔 Interval between two food boluses swallowing and reversing vomiting/s | 用秒表记录,方法同每个食团咀嚼次数 |
1.7 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 饲粮NDF水平对塔里木马鹿瘤胃发酵参数的影响
表3 饲粮NDF水平对塔里木马鹿瘤胃发酵参数的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary NDF level on rumen fermentation parameters of Tarim wapiti |
| 项目 Items | 中性洗涤纤维水平NDF level/% | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 47 | 42 | 37 | 32 | 27 | |||
| pH | 6.10a | 5.98a | 5.90a | 5.55ab | 5.39b | 0.36 | 0.045 |
| 氨态氮NH3-N/(mg/dL) | 13.17b | 13.51b | 13.79b | 14.28ab | 15.41a | 0.44 | 0.040 |
| 微生物蛋白MCP/(mg/dL) | 136.12 | 137.14 | 138.98 | 138.78 | 136.21 | 0.39 | 0.089 |
| 乙酸Acetic acid/(mmol/L) | 49.41Aa | 46.99Aa | 44.64ABab | 42.85ABab | 41.14Bb | 0.91 | <0.001 |
| 丙酸Propionic acid/(mmol/L) | 23.22Bb | 30.33Aa | 34.84Aa | 37.41Aa | 39.12Aa | 1.39 | <0.001 |
| 异丁酸Isobutyric acid/(mmol/L) | 1.77 | 1.06 | 1.01 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.44 | 0.069 |
| 丁酸Butyric acid/(mmol/L) | 23.41 | 22.97 | 21.82 | 20.95 | 20.11 | 0.73 | 0.061 |
| 异戊酸Isovaleric acid/(mmol/L) | 1.32 | 1.02 | 1.41 | 1.24 | 1.81 | 0.07 | 0.076 |
| 戊酸Valeric acid/(mmol/L) | 1.36 | 2.61 | 2.04 | 1.14 | 1.85 | 0.03 | 0.082 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA/(mmol/L) | 100.49b | 104.98a | 105.76a | 104.56a | 105.06a | 1.01 | 0.041 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),相同小写字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01), while with the same small letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮NDF水平对塔里木马鹿瘤胃食糜外流速度的影响
2.2.1 各时间点粪样中Cr2O3含量
2.2.2 食糜外流速度
2.3 饲粮NDF水平对塔里木马鹿血清生化指标的影响
表4 饲粮NDF水平对塔里木马鹿血清生化指标的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary NDF level on serum biochemical indexes of Tarim wapiti |
| 项目 Items | 中性洗涤纤维水平NDF level/% | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 47 | 42 | 37 | 32 | 27 | |||
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 8.15b | 8.05b | 8.59ab | 9.11a | 9.89a | 0.33 | 0.039 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 12.21b | 13.59b | 14.87ab | 15.42a | 15.81a | 0.31 | 0.029 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 40.49 | 41.84 | 42.98 | 42.88 | 43.01 | 0.45 | 0.081 |
| 球蛋白GLB/(g/L) | 22.41 | 22.91 | 23.14 | 23.25 | 22.99 | 0.91 | 0.097 |
2.4 饲粮NDF水平对塔里木马鹿采食反刍规律的影响
表5 饲粮NDF水平对塔里木马鹿采食反刍规律的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary NDF level on feeding and rumination law of Tarim wapiti |
| 项目 Items | 中性洗涤纤维水平NDF level/% | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 47 | 42 | 37 | 32 | 27 | |||
| 采食时间Feeding time/(min/d) | 110 | 108 | 107 | 110 | 115 | 0.89 | 0.061 |
| 反刍时间Rumination time/(min/d) | 451a | 441a | 421ab | 412ab | 408b | 6.58 | 0.044 |
| 反刍周期Rumination cycle/(次/d) | 14.3a | 14.0ab | 14.0ab | 14.0ab | 13.0b | 0.18 | 0.027 |
| 反刍周期食团数 Number of food bolus during rumination cycle/个 | 29.9a | 27.3a | 26.8ab | 24.3ab | 22.1b | 0.21 | 0.033 |
| 每个食团咀嚼次数 Chew number for per food bolus/次 | 70.9Aa | 67.3Aa | 66.6Aa | 61.1Bb | 59.3Bb | 0.29 | <0.001 |
| 每个食团咀嚼时间 Chew time for per food bolus/s | 68.9a | 66.1a | 63.3ab | 60.1ab | 58.9b | 0.45 | 0.048 |
| 2个食团吞咽逆呕间隔 Interval between two food boluses swallowing and reversing vomiting/s | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 0.10 | 0.088 |

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