1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
1.3 基础饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Corn | 61.38 | ||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 31.00 | ||
| 鱼粉Fish meal | 2.00 | ||
| 豆油Soybean oil | 2.00 | ||
| 石粉Limestone | 1.50 | ||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.30 | ||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.22 | ||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 | ||
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.20 | ||
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.10 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.47 | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 20.55 | ||
| 粗纤维CF | 4.59 | ||
| 钙Ca | 0.95 | ||
| 有效磷AP | 0.46 | ||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.10 | ||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.55 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 8 000 IU,VB1 4.2 mg,VB2 4 mg,VB6 4.5 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,VD3 3 000 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 2 mg,生物素 biotin 0.15 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.0 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 11 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 10 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 10 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 80 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 75 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.40 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.30 mg。 2)代谢能为计算值,其余为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values. |
1.4 样品采集
1.5 回肠形态分析
1.6 抗氧化指标分析
1.7 盲肠内容物DNA提取及ITS测序
1.8 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲粮添加植物乳杆菌P8对氧化应激肉鸡回肠形态结构的影响
表2 植物乳杆菌P8对氧化应激肉鸡回肠形态结构的影响Table 2 Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P8 on ileal morphological structure of oxidative stressed broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Con | DEX | DEX_P8 | |||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/μm | 650.91 | 642.57 | 643.82 | 4.01 | 0.122 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 116.57 | 118.57 | 115.37 | 1.67 | 0.196 |
| 绒隐比V/C | 5.59 | 5.42 | 5.58 | 0.08 | 0.118 |
同行数据肩标相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮添加植物乳杆菌P8对氧化应激肉鸡血浆和回肠抗氧化指标的影响
表3 植物乳杆菌P8对氧化应激肉鸡血浆和回肠黏膜抗氧化指标的影响Table 3 Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P8 on antioxidant indexes in plasma and ileal mucosa of oxidative stressed broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Con | DEX | DEX_P8 | |||
| 血浆Plasma | |||||
| 核因子E2相关因子2 Nrf2/(pg/mL) | 22.59a | 17.79b | 23.61a | 0.94 | <0.001 |
| 血红素氧合酶-1 HO-1/(pg/mL) | 308.51b | 245.22c | 361.94a | 11.55 | <0.001 |
| 谷胱甘肽GSH/(ng/L) | 786.50a | 660.25b | 770.25a | 17.85 | <0.001 |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mg/mL) | 80.54a | 64.70b | 81.62a | 0.57 | <0.001 |
| 回肠黏膜Ileal mucosa | |||||
| 核因子E2相关因子2 Nrf2/(pg/mg prot) | 2.80a | 1.84b | 3.09a | 0.17 | <0.001 |
| 血红素氧合酶-1 HO-1/(pg/mg prot) | 23.80a | 21.13b | 24.30a | 0.82 | 0.002 |
| 谷胱甘肽GSH/(μg/mg prot) | 71.40a | 64.03b | 75.28a | 2.20 | <0.001 |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/mg prot) | 2.17a | 1.54b | 2.15a | 0.39 | <0.001 |
2.3 饲粮添加植物乳杆菌P8对氧化应激肉鸡盲肠内容物真菌多样性的影响
图3 植物乳杆菌P8对肉鸡盲肠真菌多样性的影响A:以Chao1指数、Goods_coverage、Shannon指数和Simpson指数表示的α-多样性;B:真菌菌落结构的主坐标分析(PCoA)。A: α-diversity, indicated by the Chao1 index, Goods_coverage, Shannon index and Simpson indexe; B: principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of fungal community structures. Fig.3 Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P8 on diversity of cecal fungi of broilers |
2.4 肉鸡盲肠内容物中真菌群及组成
表4 肉鸡盲肠内容物门水平显著差异真菌Table 4 Significantly different fungal at phylum level in cecal contents of broilers |
| 项目 Item | P值 P-value | 调控 Regulation | DEX_P8组 DEX_P8 group | DEX组 DEX group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 接合菌门p_Zygomycota | 0.047 | 下调 | 0.00 | 2.26 |
表5 肉鸡盲肠内容物科水平显著差异真菌Table 5 Significantly different fungal at family level in cecal contents of broilers |
| 项目 Items | P值 P-value | 调控 Regulation | Con组 Con group | DEX组 DEX group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 未分类的格孢腔菌科f_Pleosporales_unclassified | 0.014 | 上调 | 15.93 | 0.00 | |||||
| 鬼伞科f_Psathyrellaceae | 0.014 | 上调 | 15.36 | 0.00 | |||||
| 亚隔孢壳科f_Didymellaceae | 0.014 | 上调 | 1.23 | 0.00 | |||||
| 未分类的肉座菌科f_Hypocreales_Incertae_sedis | 0.014 | 上调 | 0.07 | 0.00 | |||||
| 锥毛壳科f_Coniochaetaceae | 0.014 | 上调 | 0.01 | 0.00 | |||||
| 酵母科f_Saccharomycetaceae | 0.038 | 下调 | 0.00 | 28.51 | |||||
| 球盖菌科f_Strophariaceae | 0.038 | 上调 | 0.05 | 0.00 | |||||
| 肉座菌科f_Hypocreaceae | 0.047 | 上调 | 4.92 | 0.00 | |||||
| 未分类的马拉色氏霉菌科f_Malasseziales_Incertae_sedis | 0.047 | 下调 | 0.00 | 1.29 | |||||
| 间座壳科f_Diaporthaceae | 0.047 | 上调 | 1.33 | 0.00 | |||||
| 项目 Items | P值 P-value | 调控 Regulation | DEX-P8组 DEX_P8 group | DEX组 DEX group | |||||
| 酵母科f_Saccharomycetaceae | 0.014 | 下调 | 0.00 | 28.51 | |||||
| 发菌科f_Trichocomaceae | 0.021 | 上调 | 0.33 | 0.02 | |||||
| 被孢霉科f_Mortierellaceae | 0.047 | 下调 | 0.00 | 2.26 | |||||
| 间座壳科f_Diaporthaceae | 0.047 | 上调 | 0.03 | 0.00 | |||||
| 亚隔孢壳科f_Didymellaceae | 0.047 | 上调 | 0.13 | 0.00 | |||||
表6 肉鸡盲肠内容物属水平显著差异真菌Table 6 Significantly different genus at genus level in cecal contents of broilers |
| 项目 Items | P值 P-value | 调控 Regulation | Con组 Con group | DEX组 DEX group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 未分类的格孢腔菌属g_Pleosporales_unclassified | 0.014 | 上调 | 15.93 | 0.00 |
| 鬼伞属g_Coprinellus | 0.014 | 上调 | 15.36 | 0.00 |
| 亚隔孢壳属g_Didymella | 0.014 | 上调 | 1.23 | 0.00 |
| 肉座菌属g_Hypocrea | 0.047 | 上调 | 4.92 | 0.00 |
| 马拉色氏霉菌g_Malassezia | 0.047 | 下调 | 0.00 | 1.29 |
| 拟茎点霉属g_Phomopsis | 0.047 | 上调 | 1.33 | 0.00 |
| 接合酵母菌属g_Zygosaccharomyces | 0.047 | 下调 | 0.00 | 5.35 |
| 锁霉属g_Itersonilia | 0.047 | 上调 | 3.34 | 0.00 |
| 被孢霉属g_Mortierella | 0.047 | 下调 | 0.00 | 2.26 |
| 拟茎点霉属g_Phomopsis | 0.047 | 上调 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| 亚隔孢壳属g_Didymella | 0.047 | 上调 | 0.13 | 0.00 |
表7 肉鸡盲肠内容物种水平显著差异排名前30的真菌Table 7 Top30 significantly different fungal at species level in cecal contents of broilers |
| 项目 Items | P值 P-value | 调控 Regulation | Con组 Con group | DEX组 DEX group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 未分类的格孢腔菌种s_Pleosporales_unclassified | 0.014 | 上调 | 15.93 | 0.00 |
| 未分类的亚隔孢壳种s_Didymella_unclassified | 0.014 | 上调 | 1.23 | 0.00 |
| s_Coprinellus_hiascens | 0.047 | 上调 | 15.34 | 0.00 |
| s_Trichoderma_arundinaceum | 0.047 | 上调 | 4.92 | 0.00 |
| 限制马拉色氏霉菌种s_Malassezia_restricta | 0.047 | 下调 | 0.00 | 1.29 |
| 未分类的拟茎点霉种s_Phomopsis_unclassified | 0.047 | 上调 | 1.33 | 0.00 |
| 未分类的接合酵母菌种s_Zygosaccharomyces_unclassified | 0.047 | 下调 | 0.00 | 5.35 |
| s_Itersonilia_perplexans | 0.047 | 上调 | 3.34 | 0.00 |
| 长枝被孢霉种s_Mortierella_elongata | 0.047 | 下调 | 0.00 | 2.26 |
| 未分类的拟茎点霉种s_Phomopsis_unclassified | 0.047 | 上调 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| 未分类的亚隔孢壳种s_Didymella_unclassified | 0.047 | 上调 | 0.13 | 0.00 |
2.5 抗氧化指数与真菌属相对丰度的相关性分析
表8 真菌属与抗氧化指数相关系数(r)和P值的相关性分析Table 8 Correlation coefficient (r) and P-value for correlation analysis between fungal genus and antioxidant indexes |
| 项目 Items | 属 Genus | 相关系数 r | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 回肠谷胱甘肽Ileum GSH-I | 酵母菌属Saccharomyces | -0.69 | 0.01 |
| 血浆核因子E2相关因子2 Plasma Nrf2 | 锁霉属Itersonilia | 0.66 | 0.02 |
| 血浆核因子E2相关因子2 Plasma Nrf2 | 未分类的伞菌属Agaricomycetes_unclassified | 0.63 | 0.03 |
| 回肠血红素氧合酶-1 Ileum HO-1 | 嗜热子囊菌属Thermoascus | 0.75 | 0.00 |
图5 抗氧化指数与真菌属相对丰度的皮尔逊相关性分析GSH-P:血浆谷胱甘肽 plasma GSH;HO-1-P:血浆血红素氧合酶-1 plasma HO-1;T-AOC-P:血浆总抗氧化能力 plasma T-AOC;GSH-I:回肠谷胱甘肽 ileal GSH;HO-1-I:回肠血红素氧合酶-1 ileal HO-1;Nrf2-P:血浆核因子E2相关因子2 plasma Nrf2;Nrf2-I:回肠核因子E2相关因子2 ileal Nrf2;T-AOC-I:回肠总抗氧化能力ileal T-AOC。 Fig.5 Pearson’s correlation analysis between antioxidant indexes and relative abundance of fungal genus |

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