动物营养学报 >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 5: 2956 - 2968

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.276

研究论文

甘草提取物、乳酸菌及其联合添加对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质、营养物质表观代谢率及血清生化指标的影响

  • 李帅兵 , 1 ,
  • 符璐 1 ,
  • 田程程 1 ,
  • 蒋苏苏 1, 2 ,
  • 宋苏堤 1 ,
  • 陈妍 1 ,
  • 张国华 , 1, * ,
  • 卢建雄 , 1, *
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  • 1 西北民族大学生命科学与工程学院,兰州 730124
  • 2 甘肃农业职业技术学院,兰州 730030
*张国华,教授,博士生导师,E-mail: ;
卢建雄,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

李帅兵(1995—),男,河南漯河人,硕士研究生,动物营养与饲料科学专业。E-mail:

Copy editor: 菅景颖

收稿日期: 2022-11-16

  网络出版日期: 2023-05-11

基金资助

甘肃省自然科学基金项目(20JR5RA504)

中央高校专项资助项目“农业、农村、农民”问题研究专项(31920210130)

收起

Effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Extract, Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Combined Supplementation on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Meat Quality, Nutrient Apparent Metabolic Rates and Serum Biochemical Indexes of Broilers

  • LI Shuaibing , 1 ,
  • FU Lu 1 ,
  • TIAN Chengcheng 1 ,
  • JIANG Susu 1, 2 ,
  • SONG Sudi 1 ,
  • CHEN Yan 1 ,
  • ZHANG Guohua , 1, * ,
  • LU Jianxiong , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730124, China
  • 2 Gansu Agriculture Vocational and Technical College, Lanzhou 730030, China
*ZHANG Guohua, professor, E-mail: ;
LU Jianxiong, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-11-16

  Online published: 2023-05-11

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摘要

本试验旨在研究甘草提取物、乳酸菌及其联合添加对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质、营养物质表观代谢率及血清生化指标的影响。选取健康状况良好的1日龄雄性良凤花肉鸡420只,随机分为4组,每组7个重复,每个重复15只。4组试验鸡分别饲喂基础饲粮(对照组)、基础饲粮+0.1%甘草提取物(甘草组)、基础饲粮+4.5×107 CFU/g嗜酸乳杆菌(乳酸菌组)和基础饲粮+0.1%甘草提取物+4.5×107 CFU/g嗜酸乳杆菌(联合组)。试验期84 d。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,甘草组和乳酸菌组肉鸡56和84日龄体重显著增加(P<0.05),57~84日龄平均日增重(ADG)显著提高、料重比(F/G)显著降低(P<0.05);甘草组和联合组肉鸡29~56日龄及57~84日龄平均日采食量(ADFI)显著提高(P<0.05)。联合组肉鸡56和84日龄体重、57~84日龄ADG和ADFI及1~84日龄ADFI显著高于甘草组和乳酸菌组(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,甘草组、乳酸菌组及联合组肉鸡全净膛率显著提高(P<0.05),腹脂率显著降低(P<0.05);联合组腹脂率显著低于甘草组和乳酸菌组(P<0.05)。3)甘草组、乳酸菌组及联合组肉鸡胸肌红度(a*)值显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且甘草组和乳酸菌组显著高于联合组(P<0.05),其他肉质性状指标在各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。4)甘草组、乳酸菌组和联合组肉鸡粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)和粗纤维(CF)表观代谢率较对照组显著提高(P<0.05),且联合组显著高于甘草组和乳酸菌组(P<0.05)。5)28和84日龄肉鸡血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和尿素氮(UN)含量在各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),但甘草组和乳酸菌肉鸡28日龄血清总胆固醇(TC)含量及84日龄血清TC和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);此外,联合组肉鸡28和84日龄血清TC和LDL-C含量均显著低于甘草组和乳酸菌组(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加甘草提取物或乳酸菌可提高育成期和育肥期肉鸡生长性能,提高屠宰性能和营养物质表观代谢率,对肉品质无不良影响,且不损伤肉鸡肝脏功能。与单独添加甘草提取物和乳酸菌相比,甘草提取物与乳酸菌联合添加可协同提高育成期和育肥期肉鸡生长性能及胴体品质和营养物质表观代谢率。

关键词： 甘草提取物; 乳酸菌; 肉鸡; 生长性能; 肉品质; 表观代谢率; 血清生化指标

本文引用格式

李帅兵 , 符璐 , 田程程 , 蒋苏苏 , 宋苏堤 , 陈妍 , 张国华 , 卢建雄 . 甘草提取物、乳酸菌及其联合添加对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质、营养物质表观代谢率及血清生化指标的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023 , 35(5) : 2956 -2968 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.276

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract (GUE), lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and their combined supplementation on growth performance, slaughter performance, meat quality, nutrient apparent metabolic rates and serum biochemical indexes of broilers. A total of 420 one-day-old healthy male Liangfeng broilers were randomly divided into four groups with seven replicates per group and 15 broilers per replicate. They were fed basal diet (control group), basal diet+0.1% GUE (GUE group), basal diet +4.5×107 CFU/g Lactobacillus acidophilus (LAB group), and basal diet+0.1% GUE+4.5×107 CFU/g Lactobacillus acidophilus (GUE+LAB group), respectively. The experiment lasted for 84 d. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the body weight of broilers in the GUE group and LAB group was significantly increased at 56 and 84 days of age (P<0.05), and the average daily gain (ADG) was significantly increased and feed/gain ratio (F/G) was significantly decreased at 57 to 84 days of age (P<0.05); the average daily feed intake (ADFI) was significantly increased at 29 to 56 days of age and 57 to 84 days of age in the GUE group and GUE+LAB group (P<0.05). The body weight at 56 and 84 days of age, the ADG and ADFI at 57 to 84 days of age, and ADFI at 1 to 84 days of age in the GUE+LAB group were significantly higher than those in the GUE group and Lac group (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the eviscerated percentage of broilers was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the abdominal fat percentage was significantly decreased in the GUE group, LAB group and GUE+LAB group (P<0.05). The abdominal fat percentage of broilers in the GUE+LAB group was significantly lower than that in the GUE group and LAB group (P<0.05). 3) The redness (a*) value of breast muscle in the GUE group, LAB group and GUE+LAB group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), and it in the GUE group and LAB group was significantly higher than it in the GUE+LAB group (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in other meat quality traits among groups (P>0.05). 4) The apparent metabolic rates of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and crude fibre (CF) in the GUE group, LAB group and GUE+LAB group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), and they in the GUE+LAB group were significantly higher than those in the GUE group and LAB group (P<0.05). 5) The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and the contents of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and urea nitrogen (UN) in serum of broilers at 28 and 84 days of age were not significantly different among groups (P>0.05), while the serum total cholesterol (TC) content of broilers at 28 days of age and serum TC and LDL-C contents of broilers at 84 days of age in the GUE group and LAB group were significantly decreased compared with the control group (P<0.05). The serum contents of TC and LDL-C of broilers at 28 and 84 days of age in the GUE+LAB group were significantly lower than those in the GUE group and LAB group (P<0.05). It is concluded that GUE or LAB supplemented in diets can increase the growth performance during the growing period and finishing period and improve carcass quality and nutrient apparent metabolic rates of Liangfeng broilers without adverse effects on meat quality and liver function. Compared with the supplementation of GUE and LAB alone, combined supplementation of GUE and LAB can synergistically improve the growth performance, carcass quality, and nutrient apparent metabolic rates of broilers during the growing period and finishing period.

Key words： Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract; lactic acid bacteria; broilers; growth performance; meat quality; apparent metabolic rate; serum biochemical indexes

随着集约化养殖规模和水平的提高,家禽生产性能不断改善。然而,由于生产管理水平与方式、饲养密度和疫病防控等因素的影响,动物免疫力降低、应激反应强度增大等问题日益突出。在全面禁止抗生素饲料添加剂及健康养殖的背景下,药用植物、益生菌等饲料添加剂的开发利用备受关注。甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch)是一种传统的药用植物,分布于我国东北、华北和西北等地区,尤以西北地区栽培种植广泛,主要以其根茎作为药用部分[1]。甘草提取物(Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract,GUE)的主要活性物质包括甘草多糖、三萜皂苷(甘草酸、甘草次酸等)和黄酮类(查尔酮、异黄酮等)等,具有抗炎、抗氧化及抗病毒等多种药理作用。甘草提取物可抑制脂多糖诱导的小鼠胶质细胞产生一氧化氮(NO)和炎性细胞因子,对叔丁基过氧化氢诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤具有保护作用[2];甘草黄酮可提高1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基、超氧阴离子和羟基自由基的清除率,促进小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞增殖、白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2)分泌及免疫球蛋白G(IgG)生成[3]。甘草多糖作为饲料添加剂可提高肉鸡生长性能和血清免疫球蛋白含量,增加盲肠菌群丰度和多样性,改善微生物组成[4],在一定程度上提高肉鸡免疫器官指数、新城疫抗体水平,促进免疫球蛋白和细胞因子表达,增强机体免疫力[5]。此外,甘草多糖可提高肉鸡肠道分泌性免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)的含量,促进杯状细胞分泌,改善肠道屏障功能[6]。
益生菌是一类有益于动物生长和健康的微生物,其中乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria,LAB)是家禽生产中研究和应用最广泛的益生菌之一。乳酸菌利用可发酵碳水化合物生成乳酸,降低肠道pH,抑制有害菌及病原菌生长,改善肠黏膜结构,促进肠绒毛发育,从而改善营养物质的吸收和利用,提高动物的生长性能和免疫力[7⇓-9]。研究显示,乳酸菌可显著提高黄羽肉鸡的平均日增重(ADG,提高7.1%)、采食量(FI,提高8.8%),降低料重比(F/G,降低14.2%)[10];嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)可提高罗斯肉鸡体增重(BWG,提高2.4%)和饲料转化率(提高1.6%)[11]。研究表明,乳酸菌通过调控LS174T杯状细胞三叶因子3(trefoil factor 3,TFF3)、抵抗素样分子β(resistin-like molecule β,RELMβ)和黏蛋白-2(mucin-2,MUC-2)基因表达,促进肠黏膜恢复和愈合,维持肠黏膜的完整性[12],增加产短链脂肪酸菌的丰度,抑制肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin,IL-6)等炎性因子表达,保护肠道发育和健康[13-14]。
甘草作为畜禽饲料添加剂的研究主要集中于与α-D-吡喃多糖空间结构密切相关的甘草多糖[15],然而甘草含有多种生物活性成分,其提取物对肉鸡生长性能的影响尚不清楚。乳酸菌在快速生长型肉鸡上的研究和应用已较为成熟,与黄芪等药用植物及其活性成分组成合生元的应用效果近年也有所研究,但乳酸菌与甘草提取物联合应用于肉鸡生产中所发挥的作用未见报道。因此,本试验以中速生长型肉鸡良凤花鸡为研究对象,研究甘草提取物、乳酸菌及二者联合添加对其生长性能和肉品质等的影响,为乳酸菌与甘草提取物合生元的研发和利用提供基础。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

甘草提取物是甘草根经水提、醇溶、浓缩和干燥而成,为浸膏;乳酸菌为嗜酸乳杆菌制剂,活菌数约为3×109 CFU/g。

1.2 试验动物与饲粮组成

选取健康状况良好的1日龄雄性良凤花鸡420只,随机分为4组,每组7个重复,每个重复15只鸡。4组试验鸡分别饲喂基础饲粮(对照组)、基础饲粮+0.1%甘草提取物(甘草组)、基础饲粮+4.5×107 CFU/g嗜酸乳杆菌(乳酸菌组)和基础饲粮+0.1%甘草提取物+4.5×107 CFU/g嗜酸乳杆菌(联合组)。试验期84 d。基础饲粮参照《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 含量Content
1~28日龄
1 to 28
days of age		 29~84日龄
29 to 84
days of age
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 55.00 57.48
豆油Soybean oil 2.90 4.20
豆粕Soybean meal 29.00 24.00
棉籽粕Cottonseed meal 1.50 1.70
菜籽粕Rapeseed meal 2.18 2.80
玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal 6.90 6.60
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.80 2.50
食盐NaCl 0.30 0.30
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl 0.15 0.11
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.08
半胱氨酸Cys 0.07 0.03
预混料Premix1) 0.20 0.20
合计Total 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.49 12.86
粗蛋白质CP 21.46 19.91
钙Ca 0.90 0.86
总磷TP 0.68 0.65
赖氨酸Lys 1.15 1.00
蛋氨酸Met 0.70 0.40

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:1~28日龄 1 to 28 days of age,VA 12 000 IU,VD3 3 500 IU,VE 60 IU,VK3 4 mg,VB1 2.5 mg,VB2 10 mg,VB6 6 mg,VB12 8 μg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 40 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 75 mg,叶酸 folic acid 10 mg,生物素 biotin 0.8 mg,胆碱 choline 700 mg,Zn 90 mg,Fe 110 mg,Cu 20 mg,Mn 100 mg,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.3 mg;29~84日龄 29 to 84 days of age,VA 10 000 IU,VD3 3 000 IU,VE 50 IU,VK3 3.5 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 10 mg,VB6 5 mg,VB12 6 μg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 20 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 60 mg,叶酸 folic acid 8 mg,生物素 biotin 0.6 mg,胆碱 choline 600 mg,Zn 80 mg,Fe 100 mg,Cu 15 mg,Mn 80 mg,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.3 mg。

2)营养水平均为计算值。Nutrient levels were all calculated values.

1.3 饲养管理

试验在甘肃农职牧场有限公司进行。试验开始前清洗鸡舍、料筒、饮水器等设备,并熏蒸消毒。1~28日龄雏鸡采用3层阶梯式鸡笼饲养,雏鸡进入前育雏鸡舍预热,第1周保持鸡舍温度34 ℃、相对湿度(RH)50%,此后每周降温2 ℃,直至鸡舍温度26 ℃、RH 45%。29日龄时转入育成鸡舍地面平养,保持鸡舍干燥、卫生及通风。试验期间自由采食、自由饮水。按正常免疫程序免疫接种,常规饲养管理。

1.4 测定指标及方法

1.4.1 生长性能测定

试验期间,以重复为单位,每日记录喂料量、剩料量。分别在试验第1、28、56和84天对所有试验鸡空腹称重,计算各阶段ADFI、ADG及F/G。计算式如下:
ADFI=(总采食量/试验鸡数)/试验天数;
ADG=(结测体重-始测体重)/测定天数;
F/G=ADFI/ADG。

1.4.2 血样采集

分别于试验第28、56和84天,每个重复随机选取接近平均体重肉鸡2只,翅下静脉采血5 mL于采血管中,室温静置30 min,3 000 r/min离心10 min,吸取血清于离心管中,-20 ℃冰箱中冻存待测。

1.4.3 屠宰性能测定

试验第84天,每个重复随机选取2只接近平均体重的肉鸡屠宰,测定屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重、胸肌重、腿肌重和腹脂重,并迅速采集右侧胸肌用于肉品质测定。

1.4.4 肉品质测定

肉品质测定按照《畜禽肉质的测定》(NY/T 1333—2007)执行,简述如下。
pH测定:胸肌样品于屠宰后45 min,选择3个不同位置,用便携式pH计测定pH45 min;4 ℃放置24 h,测定pH24 h。
肉色测定:采用三口径色差仪DR-18测定胸肌3个不同部位新鲜切面的亮度(L*)、红度(a*)和黄度(b*)值。
剪切力测定:将胸肌装入塑料袋中,85 ℃水浴30 min,冷却至室温后,修整为直径为1 cm的肉条,用肌肉嫩度仪(C-LM3B型数显式肌肉嫩度仪)垂直肌纤维方向切割,测定剪切力。
熟肉率测定:取胸肌约100 g称重(m1),用蒸锅蒸30 min,冷却2 h后称重(m2),根据如下公式计算熟肉率。
熟肉率(%)=(m2/m1)×100。
失水率测定:用直径2.523 cm的圆形取样器切取适量胸肌称重(m1),然后将其放在2层纱布之间,上下各垫18层滤纸和1片塑料板,用钢环膨胀压缩仪加压至35 kg,保持5 min,立即取出肉样称重(m2),根据如下公式计算失水率。
失水率(%)=[(m1-m2)/m1]×100。

1.4.5 营养物质表观代谢率测定

肉鸡56日龄时,每个重复选取接近平均体重的肉鸡1只,放入置有集粪盘的代谢笼。每日09:00和17:00收集全部粪便,连续收集3 d。用镊子夹出粪便中的羽毛等异物,加入适量10%硫酸后置于自封袋,在-20 ℃冰箱保存。将3 d收集的粪样混匀,65 ℃烘干,室温下回潮24 h,测定初水分含量。分别采用烘干恒重法(GB/T 6435—2014)、凯氏定氮法(GB/T 6432—2018)、高温灼烧法(GB/T 6438—2007)、全自动脂肪仪(GB/T 6433—2006)和全自动纤维仪(GB/T 6434—2006),测定饲粮和半干粪样干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗灰分(Ash)、粗脂肪(EE)及粗纤维(CF)含量,计算其表观代谢率。

1.4.6 血清生化指标测定

用全自动生化分析仪(URIT-8021A,优利特)测定血清谷丙转氨酶(glutamic pyruvic transaminase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(glutamic oxalacetic transaminase,AST)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)活性及总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein,LDL-C)和尿素氮(urea nitrogen,UN)含量。

1.5 数据统计与分析

试验数据采用SPSS 25.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),Duncan氏法进行多重比较。结果用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,以P<0.05为差异显著性判断标准。

2 结果

2.1 甘草提取物、乳酸菌及其联合添加对肉鸡生长性能的影响

试验期间试验动物健康状况良好,除有12只肉鸡因称重和转场造成机械性损伤淘汰外,无其他疾病发生。如表2所示,各组肉鸡1和28日龄体重无显著差异(P>0.05)。甘草组、乳酸菌组和联合组肉鸡56和84日龄体重显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且联合组显著高于甘草组和乳酸菌组(P<0.05)。在1~28日龄,各组肉鸡ADG、ADFI及F/G均未见显著差异(P>0.05)。在29~56日龄,甘草组和联合组肉鸡ADFI显著高于对照组(P<0.05),同时联合组显著高于甘草组和乳酸菌组(P<0.05)。在57~84日龄,与对照组相比,甘草组、乳酸菌组和联合组肉鸡ADG显著提高、F/G显著降低(P<0.05),甘草组和联合组肉鸡ADFI显著提高(P<0.05);与甘草组和乳酸菌组相比,联合组肉鸡ADG和ADFI显著提高(P<0.05),F/G显著降低(P<0.05)。在1~84日龄,与对照组相比,联合组肉鸡ADG显著提高(P<0.05),乳酸菌组和联合组肉鸡F/G显著降低(P<0.05);联合组肉鸡ADFI显著高于甘草组和乳酸菌组(P<0.05),F/G显著低于甘草组(P<0.05)。
表2 甘草提取物、乳酸菌及其联合添加对肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of GUE, LAB and their combined supplementation on growth performance of broilers

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 甘草组
GUE
group		 乳酸菌组
LAB
group		 联合组
GUE+LAB
group		 SEM P值
P-value
1~28日龄1 to 28 days of age
1日龄体重BW at 1 days of age/g 40.19 40.48 41.21 39.19 0.85 0.416
28日龄体重BW at 28 days of age/g 550.38 564.46 567.46 579.92 10.58 0.218
平均日增重ADG/g 18.23 18.72 18.80 19.32 0.38 0.262
平均日采食量ADFI/g 48.30 48.10 48.06 48.23 1.51 0.999
料重比F/G 2.65 2.58 2.57 2.51 0.10 0.829
29~56日龄29 to 56 days of age
56日龄体重BW at 56 days of age/g 1 667.52c 1 710.76b 1 715.62b 1 782.78a 14.34 0.035
平均日增重ADG/g 40.37 40.94 41.10 42.90 1.03 0.360
平均日采食量ADFI/g 131.16c 134.60b 132.92bc 139.41a 1.82 0.046
料重比F/G 3.25 3.28 3.23 3.24 0.10 0.918
57~84日龄57 to 84 days of age
84日龄体重BW at 84 days of age/g 3 442.34c 3 553.77b 3 539.37b 3 580.79a 27.21 0.019
平均日增重ADG/g 61.84c 67.65b 64.74b 73.80a 2.02 0.001
平均日采食量ADFI/g 212.31c 219.53b 213.02c 234.18a 5.41 0.026
料重比F/G 3.44a 3.27b 3.24b 3.20b 0.14 0.049
1~84日龄1 to 84 days of age
平均日增重ADG/g 40.51 41.81 41.66 44.15 0.68 0.067
平均日采食量ADFI/g 130.39b 132.57b 131.52b 140.78a 2.21 0.017
料重比F/G 3.23a 3.21a 3.14b 3.17b 0.09 0.032

同行数据肩标相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

Values with the same or no letter superscripts in the same row mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 甘草提取物、乳酸菌及其联合添加对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

如表3所示,与对照组相比,甘草组、乳酸菌组及联合组肉鸡全净膛率显著提高(P<0.05),腹脂率显著降低(P<0.05),但屠宰率、半净膛率、胸肌率和腿肌率无显著差异(P>0.05)。联合组肉鸡腹脂率显著低于甘草组和乳酸菌组(P<0.05)。
表3 甘草提取物、乳酸菌及其联合添加对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of GUE, LAB and their combined supplementation on slaughter performance of broilers %

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 甘草组
GUE
group		 乳酸菌组
LAB
group		 联合组
GUE+LAB
group		 SEM P值
P-value
屠宰率Dressing percentage 85.32 85.67 86.35 85.16 1.23 0.904
全净膛率Eviscerated percentage 63.61b 66.49a 67.37a 66.97a 0.92 0.043
半净膛率Half eviscerated percentage 75.21 77.98 79.69 78.40 0.97 0.101
胸肌率Breast muscle percentage 11.65 13.12 12.93 12.03 0.64 0.334
腿肌率Leg muscle percentage 13.91 14.22 13.85 12.36 0.51 0.088
腹脂率Abdominal fat percentage 2.19a 1.88b 1.94b 1.53c 0.36 0.026

2.3 甘草提取物、乳酸菌及其联合添加对肉鸡肉品质的影响

如表4所示,与对照组相比,甘草组、乳酸菌组及联合组肉鸡胸肌a*值显著提高(P<0.05),且甘草组和乳酸菌组显著高于联合组(P<0.05)。肉鸡胸肌pH45 min、pH24 h、L*值、b*值、剪切力、熟肉率及失水率在各组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 甘草提取物、乳酸菌及其联合添加对肉鸡肉品质的影响

Table 4 Effects of GUE, LAB and their combined supplementation on meat quality of broilers

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 甘草组
GUE
group		 乳酸菌组
LAB
group		 联合组
GUE+LAB
group		 SEM P值
P-value
pH45 min 6.23 6.06 6.28 6.10 0.08 0.204
pH24 h 5.52 5.50 5.51 5.58 0.05 0.646
亮度L* 45.68 47.01 45.30 45.72 0.96 0.624
红度a* 2.51c 3.22a 2.97a 2.77b 0.39 0.029
黄度b* 11.90 11.18 11.39 11.07 0.72 0.854
剪切力Shear force/N 30.80 30.75 30.76 30.54 1.61 0.512
熟肉率Cooking percentage/% 67.50 69.02 68.40 69.97 1.63 0.749
失水率Water loss percentage/% 33.75 32.79 29.91 32.55 1.89 0.536

2.4 甘草提取物、乳酸菌及其联合添加对肉鸡营养物质表观代谢率的影响

如表5所示,与对照组相比,甘草组肉鸡CP、EE和CF表观代谢率分别显著提高9.56%、3.18%和6.45%(P<0.05),乳酸菌组分别显著提高7.31%、6.34%和10.32%(P<0.05),联合组分别显著提高13.53%、8.47%和20.97%(P<0.05)。联合组CP、EE和CF表观代谢率显著高于甘草组和乳酸菌组(P<0.05)。各组肉鸡Ash、DM表观代谢率差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表5 甘草提取物、乳酸菌及其联合添加对肉鸡营养物质表观代谢率的影响

Table 5 Effects of GUE, LAB and their combined supplementation on nutrient apparent metabolic rates of broilers %

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 甘草组
GUE group		 乳酸菌组
LAB group		 联合组
GUE+LAB group		 SEM P值
P-value
干物质DM 70.83 69.59 72.31 71.46 1.04 0.416
粗蛋白质CP 52.42c 57.43bc 56.25b 59.51a 0.75 0.011
粗脂肪EE 72.88c 75.20b 77.50c 79.05a 0.45 0.002
粗纤维CF 26.36c 28.06b 29.08b 31.89a 0.33 0.001
粗灰分Ash 30.06 29.37 30.40 31.19 0.36 0.089

2.5 甘草提取物、乳酸菌及其联合添加对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

如表6所示,28日龄肉鸡血清ALT、AST和ALP活性及HDL-C和UN含量在各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),但甘草组和乳酸菌组血清TC含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),联合组血清LDL-C和TC含量显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。84日龄肉鸡血清ALT、AST和ALP活性及UN、HDL-C含量在各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),而甘草组、乳酸菌组和联合组血清TC和LDL-C含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),且联合组显著低于甘草组和乳酸菌组(P<0.05)。
表6 甘草提取物、乳酸菌及其联合添加对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of GUE, LAB and their combined supplementation on serum biochemical indexes of broilers

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 甘草组
GUE
group		 乳酸菌组
LAB
group		 联合组
GUE+LAB
group		 SEM P值
P-value
28日龄28 days of age
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 3.67 4.33 4.00 3.67 0.29 0.363
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 165 161 163 162 11.33 0.863
碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) 539 531 521 522 16.66 0.846
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 0.78 0.89 0.81 0.70 0.05 0.200
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 4.71a 4.45b 4.27b 3.93c 0.29 0.026
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) 1.76 1.70 1.82 1.78 0.08 0.148
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) 3.19a 2.97a 2.87a 2.49b 0.29 0.045
84日龄84 days of age
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 4.33 4.00 4.33 4.17 0.41 0.167
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 221 216 233 230 8.72 0.527
碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) 453 447 427 441 16.53 0.726
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 0.86 0.70 0.87 1.00 0.08 0.127
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 4.57a 4.03b 3.91b 3.64c 0.17 0.031
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) 1.79 1.80 1.84 1.74 0.11 0.938
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) 2.85a 2.58b 2.44b 2.33c 0.17 0.023

3 讨论

3.1 甘草提取物、乳酸菌及其联合添加对肉鸡生长性能的影响

药用植物及其提取物具有促进食欲、提高饲料消化率和增强机体免疫等多种作用,作为畜禽饲料添加剂被广泛研究和利用[16]。虽然Naser等[17]通过饮水投服甘草提取物对肉鸡体增重(BWG)、采食量(FI)和F/G均无显著影响,但投服甘草次酸可提高育成期肉鸡ADG,降低F/G和死亡率[18]。此外,Hosseini等[19]的研究显示饲粮添加甘草可提高肉鸡BWG和F/G。甘草提取物可通过上调肠道屏障功能因子连接黏附分子-2(junctional adhesion molecule-2,JAM-2)和MUC-2基因表达,维持肠道屏障的完整性,使肉鸡育成期和全期BWG分别提高12.4%和9.9%,F/G分别降低9.4%和10.7%[20]。本试验结果表明,饲粮添加甘草提取物对1~28日龄雏鸡生长性能没有显著影响,但显著提高了肉鸡56和84日龄体重及29~56日龄ADFI,显著提高了肉鸡57~84日龄ADG和ADFI,同时显著降低了肉鸡57~84日龄F/G。由此可见,甘草提取物可提高良凤花鸡的生长性能,但对其ADG、ADFI及F/G等的改善发生在育成期(29~56日龄)和肥育期(57~84日龄)。
乳酸菌是家禽生产中最广泛研究和利用的益生菌之一。研究发现,乳酸菌可通过改善肠道菌群结构和促进肝脏胰岛素样生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)表达,显著提高肥育期肉鸡BWG,降低F/G,但不影响FI[21]。饲粮添加乳酸菌可显著提高肉鸡体重[22],通过改善肠道组织形态和增加产短链脂肪酸细菌的丰度,提高肉鸡生长性能[23]。本试验结果表明,饲粮添加乳酸菌不影响肉鸡1~28日龄的生长性能,但显著提高了肉鸡56和84日龄体重及57~84日龄ADG,显著降低57~84日龄和1~84日龄F/G。Wu等[24]报道,饲粮添加乳酸菌可显著提高1~14日龄和15~21日龄肉鸡ADG和ADFI,降低F/G。然而,Kalavathy等[25]和Peng等[26]研究表明,饲粮添加乳酸菌对1~21日龄肉鸡生长性能没有显著影响,但显著提高了22~42日龄和1~42日龄肉鸡的BWG,降低了F/G。上述资料表明,与快速生长型肉鸡类似,乳酸菌主要在育成期及育肥期改善中速生长型肉鸡的生长性能及饲料利用率。这些结果也提示,益生菌可能需要通过较长时期的定植累积,才足以改善肠道微生态平衡,从而影响肉鸡的生长性能,而且其定植能力受动物遗传背景的影响。
益生菌与药用植物提取物联合应用已有一些研究,但其饲喂效果可能受益生菌、药用植物活性成分及动物种类和生长阶段等因素的影响。黄芪和植物乳杆菌可协同改善肉鸡生长性能[27],但枯草芽孢杆菌、嗜乳酸杆菌和屎肠球菌组成的复合益生菌与黄芪多糖对生长育肥猪的生长性能无互作效应[28]。乳酸菌与甘草及其提取物联合应用对动物生长性能的影响尚不清楚。本试验结果表明,与单独添加甘草提取物或乳酸菌相比,二者联合添加显著增加了肉鸡56和84日龄体重,提高了29~56日龄、57~84日龄及1~84日龄ADFI,提高了57~84日龄ADG并降低F/G。由此可见,乳酸菌和甘草提取物能协同提高育成期和育肥期肉鸡ADFI,提高育肥期ADG并降低F/G。

3.2 甘草提取物、乳酸菌及其联合添加对肉鸡屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

屠宰性能是衡量动物生长性能和经济价值的综合性指标,全净膛率、屠宰率、半净膛率、胸肌率和腿肌率等可以有效地反映肉鸡的屠宰性能和屠体品质。本试验结果表明,饲粮添加甘草提取物对肉鸡屠宰率、半净膛率和胸肌率无显著影响,但显著提高了全净膛率,降低了腹脂率,并有提高腿肌率的趋势。与此类似,饲粮添加甘草提取物对日本鹌鹑的屠宰率无显著影响[29],但显著降低了肉鸡腹部脂肪重量[30]。Sedghi等[31]研究发现,饲粮添加甘草提取物对罗斯308肉鸡的胸肌率没有显著影响,但显著降低了腹脂率。这些研究结果表明,甘草提取物通过减少腹脂及提高全净膛重改善肉鸡屠宰性能。肌肉pH、肉色、剪切力、熟肉率及失水率是衡量肉品质的重要指标。甘草提取物对肉鸡胸肌剪切力、熟肉率、失水率及pH、L*和b*值均无显著影响,表明其作为饲料添加剂对肉鸡肉质性状无不良影响。此外,甘草提取物显著提高了肉鸡胸肌a*值,与饲粮添加甘草和枸杞渣混合物不影响肉鸡胸肌剪切力而显著提高a*和b*值[32]的结果类似。肉色主要取决于肌肉肌红蛋白和血红蛋白含量,影响消费者的消费意愿[33]。L*、a*和b*值共同反映了肌肉的颜色,在一定范围内,a*值越高,肉品质和新鲜度越好[34]。由此可见,甘草提取物对肉鸡肉色有一定程度的改善作用。
乳酸菌对肉鸡屠宰性能和肉品质影响的研究结果存在分歧。饲粮添加乳酸菌可显著提高爱拔益加肉鸡腿肌率,降低腹脂率[35],然而,植物乳杆菌对大恒肉鸡屠宰性能无显著影响[36]。本试验结果表明,饲粮添加嗜酸乳杆菌可显著提高良凤花鸡的全净膛率,降低腹脂率,在一定程度上提高了其屠宰性能及屠体品质。此外,乳杆菌培养物不影响肉鸡胸肌和腿肌a*、L*值,但提高了腿肌b*值[37];芽孢杆菌对肉鸡胸肌a*、b*值及剪切力均无显著影响[38]。陈婷等[39]研究表明,饲粮添加复合益生菌发酵饲料可显著提高雪峰乌骨鸡胸肌a*和L*值;王蕾等[40]研究发现,枯草芽孢杆菌可显著提高爱拔益加肉鸡胸肌a*、b*和L*值。与此类似,本试验中添加乳酸菌虽然对肉鸡胸肌pH、剪切力、熟肉率、失水率及L*和b*值没有显著影响,但显著提高了a*值,表明饲粮添加乳酸菌对肉品质无不利影响,并对肉色有一定的改善效果。此外,与单独添加甘草提取物或乳酸菌相比,二者联合添加显著提高了肉鸡全净膛率并降低了腹脂率,对胸肌剪切力、熟肉率等肉质性状指标无显著影响,但降低了a*值,表明甘草提取物与乳酸菌联合添加可协同改善肉鸡屠宰性能及胴体品质,但对肉质性状的影响并不比单独添加有优势。

3.3 甘草提取物、乳酸菌及其联合添加对肉鸡营养物质表观代谢率的影响

许多药用植物及其提取物可增强动物食欲、刺激消化酶分泌,促进肉鸡对饲料营养物质的消化吸收[41]。百里香和迷迭香提取物可提高肉鸡CP和DM表观代谢率[42],保健砂添加甘草可提高肉鸽CP、EE和CF消化率[43]。饲粮添加甘草药渣可显著提高肉鸡饲粮CP表观代谢率[44]。本试验结果表明,甘草提取物对肉鸡饲粮DM和Ash表观代谢率无显著影响,但显著提高了CP、EE和CF表观代谢率。
乳酸菌可将饲粮中蛋白质降解为小肽、游离氨基酸等小分子物质,促进营养物质消化吸收[45-46]。灌服、饲粮和饮水添加乳酸菌均可提高肉鸡CP表观代谢率[47]。Wu等[48]研究表明,饲粮添加乳酸菌可显著提高肉鸡钙和CP表观代谢率。与此一致,本研究结果表明,饲粮添加乳酸菌可显著提高肉鸡CP、EE和CF表观代谢率。此外,与单独添加甘草提取物和乳酸菌相比,二者联合添加显著提高了肉鸡CP、EE和CF表观代谢率,Ash表观代谢率有提高的趋势,说明甘草提取物和乳酸菌可协同促进肉鸡对营养物质的消化吸收。

3.4 甘草提取物、乳酸菌及其联合添加对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标是反映机体营养代谢水平、应激和健康状态的重要指标。血清ALT、AST及ALP活性与动物肝脏健康密切相关,UN是蛋白质代谢的终产物,可反映机体蛋白质代谢平衡状况。血清LDL-C、HDL-C、TG及TC是机体脂质代谢的重要指标,LDL-C与心血管疾病和缺血性心脏病密切相关。研究显示,饲粮添加甘草可降低肉鸡血清TC和TG含量[49];饮水投服甘草提取物可降低肉鸡血清TC和LDL-C含量[17];甘草提取物对肉鸡血清TG和高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量没有显著影响,但显著降低了血清TC和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量[31]。本试验中,饲粮添加甘草提取物对28和84日龄肉鸡血清ALT、AST、ALP活性与UN、HDL-C含量均无显著影响,表明甘草作为饲料添加剂对肉鸡肝脏功能及蛋白质代谢没有损害。此外,甘草提取物显著降低了28日龄肉鸡血清TC含量及84日龄血清TC和LDL-C含量,血清TC和LDL-C含量降低表明甘草提取物有益于改善肉鸡代谢健康和福利。甘草提取物降低血清TC含量可能与其促进胆固醇、胆汁酸及中性固醇的代谢有关。Alagawany等[50]报道,甘草中活性成分甘草皂苷可抑制机体脂质过氧化物生成,促进胆固醇转化为胆汁酸,并在肝脏清除。
研究表明,唾液乳杆菌可显著降低21和42日龄肉鸡血清TC、LDL-C和TG含量,但对血清HDL-C含量没有显著影响[51];饲粮添加乳酸菌混合物可显著降低肉鸡血清TC和TG含量,但对血清HDL-C和LDL-C含量没有显著影响[21]。本试验中,饲粮添加乳酸菌对28和84日龄肉鸡血清ALT、AST、ALP活性与UN、HDL-C含量均无显著影响,但显著降低28日龄肉鸡血清TC含量及84日龄肉鸡血清TC和LDL-C含量,表明乳酸菌对肉鸡肝脏功能无损伤,并可促进机体胆固醇及脂质代谢,有益于肉鸡健康。乳酸菌降低胆固醇的机制尚不完全清楚,但Frappier等[52]研究表明,乳酸菌可在消化道分解胆固醇,降低血清胆固醇含量;Salehizadeh等[21]发现,乳酸杆菌可将胆固醇整合到细菌内,并降低乙酰辅酶A羧化酶和3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶的活性,抑制胆固醇生成,从而降低血清胆固醇含量。此外,与甘草提取物或乳酸菌单独添加相比,二者联合添加可显著降低28和84日龄肉鸡血清TC和LDL-C含量,表明甘草提取物与乳酸菌可协同改善肉鸡脂质代谢及机体健康。

4 结论

① 饲粮添加甘草提取物、乳酸菌可提高肉鸡育成期和育肥期ADG及ADFI,降低育肥期F/G,提高营养物质表观代谢率;改善肉鸡屠宰性能和胴体品质,对肉品质无不良影响;对肉鸡肝脏功能无损伤,并降低血清TC和LDL-C含量,有利于健康。
② 与单独添加甘草提取物和乳酸菌相比,甘草提取物与乳酸菌联合添加可协同提高肉鸡育成期和育肥期ADG和ADFI,降低育肥期和全期F/G,改善胴体品质和营养物质表观代谢率。

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