1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计和饲养管理
表1 试验设计及动物分组Table 1 Experimental design and animal grouping |
| 饲养密度 Stocking densities/(只/m2) | 古典音乐 Classical music | 每重复鸡只数 Number of broilers per replicate/只 |
|---|---|---|
| 15.5 | + - | 13 |
| 17.9 | + - | 15 |
| 20.3 | + - | 17 |
“+”表示在鸡舍中播放音乐,“-”表示鸡舍中没有播放音乐。下表同。 | |
“+” mean music playing in the coop, and “-” mean no music playing in the coop. The same as below. |
表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 1~14日龄 1 to 14 days of age | 15~35日龄 15 to 35 days of age | 36~42日龄 36 to 42 days of age |
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | |||
| 玉米 Corn | 53.20 | 55.80 | 58.80 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal (43% CP) | 25.90 | 20.10 | 15.30 |
| 小麦面粉 Wheat flour | 8.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 |
| 玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal (60% CP) | 2.90 | 2.30 | 3.00 |
| 花生粕 Peanut meal | 2.70 | 2.60 | 3.10 |
| 羽毛粉 Feather meal | 1.00 | 1.50 | 2.00 |
| 大豆油 Soybean oil | 1.48 | 3.10 | 3.50 |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 1.40 | 1.20 | 0.90 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 1.20 | 1.16 | 1.20 |
| L-蛋氨酸 L-methionine | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.20 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.26 | 12.89 | 13.18 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 21.20 | 19.20 | 18.50 |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 1.43 | 1.27 | 1.20 |
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 Met+Cys | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.88 |
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 0.94 | 0.88 | 0.85 |
| 色氨酸 Trp | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.17 |
| 钙 Ca | 0.90 | 0.83 | 0.80 |
| 总磷 TP | 0.52 | 0.44 | 0.40 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 12 000 IU,VB1 3 mg,VB2 9 mg,VB6 4.5 mg,VB12 0.03 mg,VD3 4 500 IU,VE 36 000 mg,VK3 6 000 mg,VH 0.18 mg,D-泛酸钙 D-calcium pantothenate 13.5 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.8 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 45 mg,Fe 110 mg,Cu 16 mg,Mn 120 mg,Zn 110 mg,Se 0.35 mg,I 1.5 mg。 2)营养水平为计算值。Nutrient levels were all calculated values. |
1.2 测定指标及方法
1.2.1 屠宰性能
1.2.2 消化器官指数
1.2.3 肠道形态
1.2.4 肠道菌群
1.3 数据处理与统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡屠宰性能的影响
表3 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡屠宰性能的影响Table 3 Effects of classical music on slaughter performance of broiler chickens with different stocking densities |
| 饲养密度 Stocking densities/ (只/m2) | 古典音乐 Classical music | 宰前活重 Live weight before slaughter/g | 屠宰率 Dressing percentage/% | 全净膛率 Eviscerated percentage/% | 半净膛率 Semi- eviscerated percentage/% | 胸肌率 Pectoral muscle percentage/ % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15.5 | + | 2 496.19±79.64 | 92.83±1.00 | 72.33±2.90 | 85.00±2.45 | 23.94±1.61 |
| - | 2 462.81±63.27 | 92.10±0.98 | 71.90±0.67 | 84.14±1.67 | 23.98±1.16 | |
17.9 | + | 2 396.39±43.63 | 92.02±1.63 | 71.26±1.68 | 84.41±1.34 | 24.17±1.18 |
| - | 2 334.76±36.40 | 92.19±1.19 | 72.09±1.86 | 84.33±2.30 | 23.81±1.36 | |
20.3 | + | 2 242.06±54.44 | 90.91±1.85 | 71.83±2.67 | 84.23±2.75 | 22.90±1.61 |
| - | 2 168.67±79.18 | 90.46±1.31 | 71.76±1.84 | 83.73±3.23 | 22.24±1.45 | |
| 主效应 Main effect | ||||||
| 古典音乐 | + | 2 378.21±121.94a | 91.92±1.66 | 71.81±2.67 | 84.54±2.15 | 23.67±1.50 |
| Classical music | - | 2 322.08±136.98b | 91.53±1.35 | 71.92±1.47 | 84.06±2.45 | 23.34±1.45 |
| 饲养密度 | 15.5 | 2 479.50±70.76a | 92.47±1.02a | 72.11±2.02 | 84.57±2.05 | 23.96±1.34a |
| Stocking densities/ | 17.9 | 2 365.58±50.03b | 92.03±1.36a | 71.68±1.74 | 84.37±7.79 | 23.99±1.23a |
| (只/m2) | 20.3 | 2 205.36±75.27c | 90.68±1.54b | 71.80±2.19 | 83.78±2.87 | 22.57±1.45b |
| P值 P-value | ||||||
| 古典音乐 Classical music | 0.010 | 0.394 | 0.874 | 0.549 | 0.485 | |
| 饲养密度 Stocking density | <0.001 | 0.009 | 0.866 | 0.828 | 0.027 | |
| 古典音乐×饲养密度 Classical music×stocking density | 0.719 | 0.797 | 0.748 | 0.922 | 0.823 | |
同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡肠道相对长度的影响
表4 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡肠道相对长度的影响Table 4 Effects of classical music on intestinal relative length of broiler chickens with different stocking densities% |
| 饲养密度 Stocking densities/ (只/m2) | 古典音乐 Classical music | 十二指肠相对长度 Relative length of duodenum | 空肠相对长度 Relative length of jejunum | 回肠相对长度 Relative length of ileum | 盲肠相对长度 Relative length of cecum |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15.5 | + | 1.26±0.04 | 1.89±0.07 | 1.26±0.03 | 0.78±0.02 |
| - | 1.25±0.07 | 1.87±0.08 | 1.23±0.03 | 0.78±0.03 | |
17.9 | + | 1.25±0.06 | 1.91±0.05 | 1.25±0.04 | 0.78±0.03 |
| - | 1.24±0.06 | 1.87±0.07 | 1.22±0.04 | 0.80±0.05 | |
20.3 | + | 1.25±0.05 | 1.89±0.04 | 1.25±0.02 | 0.79±0.03 |
| - | 1.26±0.06 | 1.85±0.01 | 1.23±0.04 | 0.79±0.06 | |
| 主效应 Main effect | |||||
| 古典音乐 | + | 1.25±0.05 | 1.90±0.05 | 1.25±0.03 | 0.78±0.03 |
| Classical music | - | 1.25±0.06 | 1.86±0.06 | 1.23±0.04 | 0.79±0.04 |
| 饲养密度Stocking | 15.5 | 1.25±0.05 | 1.88±0.07 | 1.25±0.03 | 0.78±0.02 |
| densities/ | 17.9 | 1.25±0.06 | 1.89±0.06 | 1.23±0.04 | 0.79±0.04 |
| (只/m2) | 20.3 | 1.25±0.05 | 1.87±0.03 | 1.24±0.03 | 0.79±0.05 |
| P值 P-value | |||||
| 古典音乐 Classical music | 0.723 | 0.088 | 0.057 | 0.611 | |
| 饲养密度 Stocking density | 0.942 | 0.659 | 0.540 | 0.732 | |
| 古典音乐×饲养密度 Classical music×stocking density | 0.901 | 0.869 | 0.845 | 0.858 | |
2.3 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡肠道形态的影响
表5 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡肠道形态的影响Table 5 Effects of classical music on intestinal morphology of broiler chickens with different stocking densities |
| 饲养密度 Stocking densities/ (只/m2) | 古典音乐 Classical music | 十二指肠Duodenum | 空肠Jejunum | 回肠Ileum | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 绒毛高度 Villus height/μm | 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm | 绒毛高度/ 隐窝深度 V/C | 绒毛高度 Villus height/μm | 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm | 绒毛高度/ 隐窝深度 V/C | 绒毛高度 Villus height/μm | 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm | 绒毛高度/ 隐窝深度 V/C | |||||
15.5 | + | 1 269.55±41.48 | 246.88±26.14 | 5.18±0.45 | 1 005.75±34.98 | 143.08±13.13 | 7.09±0.84 | 1 189.22±58.51 | 188.26±10.54 | 6.32±0.30a | |||
| - | 1 277.13±33.71 | 248.43±13.63 | 5.16±0.37 | 1 002.55±27.83 | 143.13±7.08 | 7.02±0.50 | 1 157.94±51.62 | 187.27±10.17 | 6.20±0.47a | ||||
17.9 | + | 1 177.65±42.10 | 264.71±15.15 | 4.46±0.26 | 956.44±41.20 | 147.57±14.38 | 6.53±0.69 | 1 073.97±60.68 | 211.50±11.41 | 5.09±0.44b | |||
| - | 1 149.49±47.04 | 260.87±18.71 | 4.42±0.24 | 931.29±24.87 | 151.54±13.11 | 6.18±0.50 | 1 106.82±56.37 | 211.33±10.17 | 5.24±0.22b | ||||
20.3 | + | 1 091.26±41.48 | 257.89±10.79 | 4.23±0.14 | 871.77±13.11 | 154.27±8.41 | 5.66±0.30 | 1 006.77±46.29 | 223.93±14.43 | 4.51±0.27c | |||
| - | 1 039.55±50.63 | 263.07±18.83 | 3.92±0.27 | 821.57±18.41 | 164.67±6.67 | 5.00±0.24 | 943.47±41.35 | 242.77±11.99 | 3.89±0.13d | ||||
| 主效应 Main effect | |||||||||||||
| 古典音乐 | + | 1 179.49±84.20 | 256.49±19.55 | 4.63±0.51 | 944.65±64.43a | 148.31±12.44 | 6.43±0.86 | 1 089.98±93.43 | 207.90±19.07 | 5.31±0.84 | |||
| Classical music | - | 1 155.39±108.25 | 257.45±17.28 | 4.51±0.58 | 918.47±79.86b | 153.11±12.71 | 6.07±0.95 | 1 069.41±105.25 | 213.79±25.41 | 5.11±1.02 | |||
| 饲养密度 | 15.5 | 1 273.34±36.25a | 247.65±19.90 | 5.17±0.40a | 1 004.15±30.19a | 143.10±10.05b | 7.06±0.66a | 1 173.56±55.08a | 187.76±9.56c | 6.26±0.38a | |||
| Stocking densities/ | 17.9 | 1 163.57±45.03b | 262.79±16.40 | 4.44±0.24b | 943.86±35.01b | 149.55±13.29b | 6.36±0.60b | 1 090.39±58.41b | 211.41±10.30b | 5.17±0.34b | |||
| (只/m2) | 20.3 | 1 065.41±50.90c | 260.48±14.88 | 4.10±0.25c | 846.67±30.32c | 159.47±9.05a | 5.33±0.44c | 975.12±53.32c | 233.35±16.02a | 4.20±0.38c | |||
| P值 P-value | |||||||||||||
| 古典音乐 Classical music | 0.101 | 0.874 | 0.280 | 0.010 | 0.197 | 0.058 | 0.253 | 0.133 | 0.080 | ||||
| 饲养密度 Stocking density | <0.001 | 0.105 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 古典音乐×饲养密度 Classical music×stocking density | 0.247 | 0.829 | 0.555 | 0.145 | 0.511 | 0.420 | 0.093 | 0.072 | 0.025 | ||||
2.4 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡盲肠菌群的影响
2.4.1 盲肠内容物有效操作分类单元(OTU)数统计
图1 盲肠内容物OTU维恩图Group 1:播放音乐正常密度(15.5只/m2)组;Group 2:无音乐正常密度(15.5只/m2)组;Group 3:播放音乐中密度(17.9只/m2)组;Group 4:无音乐中密度(17.9只/m2)组;Group 5:播放音乐高密度(20.3只/m2)组;Group 6:无音乐高密度(20.3只/m2)组。下图同。 Fig.1 OTU Venn diagram of cecal content Group 1: playing music and normal density (15.5 birds/m2) group; Group 2: no music and normal density (15.5 birds/m2) group; Group 3: playing music and medium density (17.9 birds/m2) group; Group 4: no music and medium density (17.9 birds/m2) group; Group 5: playing music and high density (20.3 birds/m2) group; Group 6: no music and high density (20.3 birds/m2) group. The same as below. |
2.4.2 物种分类学分析
图2 肉鸡盲肠菌群在门水平上的组成Fig.2 Composition of cecal microflora at phylum level of broiler chickens |
表6 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡盲肠菌群在门水平上相对丰度的影响Table 6 Effects of classical music on relative abundance of cecal microflora at phylum level of broiler chickens with different stocking densities% |
| 饲养密度 Stocking densities/ (只/m2) | 古典音乐 Classical music | 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes | 拟杆菌门 Bacteroidetes | 疣微菌门 Verrucomicrobia | 变形菌门 Proteobacteria | 软壁菌门 Tenericutes | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15.5 | + | 72.07±1.39 | 19.42±1.96 | 3.17±3.28 | 2.21±0.86 | 1.50±0.53 | |||||||
| - | 69.41±5.49 | 20.61±2.33 | 2.54±5.55 | 2.54±5.55 | 5.51±2.85 | ||||||||
17.9 | + | 73.15±3.70 | 21.29±3.90 | 0.28±0.17 | 0.83±0.52 | 1.66±2.11 | |||||||
| - | 70.91±3.44 | 22.08±4.29 | 0.22±0.18 | 1.56±1.19 | 0.09±0.06 | ||||||||
20.3 | + | 68.69±4.18 | 20.35±2.05 | 4.48±2.48 | 1.17±0.79 | 1.17±0.79 | |||||||
| - | 72.84±5.75 | 17.48±2.02 | 2.73±5.04 | 3.12±1.89 | 3.27±4.89 | ||||||||
| 主效应 Main effect | |||||||||||||
| 古典音乐 | + | 71.30±3.65 | 20.35±2.69 | 2.65±2.85 | 1.40±0.91 | 1.44±1.26 | |||||||
| Classical music | - | 71.06±4.85 | 20.06±3.45 | 1.83±4.18 | 2.41±3.27 | 2.96±3.81 | |||||||
| 饲养密度 | 15.5 | 70.74±4.03 | 20.02±2.13 | 2.86±4.31 | 2.38±3.75 | 3.51±2.87 | |||||||
| Stocking densities/ | 17.9 | 72.03±3.57 | 21.68±3.89 | 0.25±0.17 | 1.19±0.95 | 0.87±1.63 | |||||||
| (只/m2) | 20.3 | 70.77±5.22 | 18.91±2.44 | 3.61±3.85 | 2.15±1.71 | 2.22±3.84 | |||||||
| P值 P-value | |||||||||||||
| 古典音乐 Classical music | 0.874 | 0.785 | 0.530 | 0.282 | 0.110 | ||||||||
| 饲养密度 Stocking density | 0.741 | 0.124 | 0.099 | 0.541 | 0.082 | ||||||||
| 古典音乐×饲养密度 Classical music×stocking density | 0.155 | 0.250 | 0.862 | 0.756 | 0.057 | ||||||||
图3 肉鸡盲肠菌群在属水平上的组成Fig.3 Composition of cecal microflora at genus level of broiler chickens |
表7 古典音乐对不同饲养密度下肉鸡盲肠菌群在属水平上相对丰度的影响Table 7 Effects of classical music on relative abundance of cecal microflora at genus level of broiler chickens with different stocking densities% |
| 饲养密度 Stocking densities/ (只/m2) | 古典音乐 Classical music | 未培养细菌_f_ 毛螺菌科 Uncultured_ bacterium_f_ Lachnospiraceae | 另枝菌属 Alistipes | 拟杆菌属 Bacteroides | 未培养细菌_f_ 瘤胃球菌科 Uncultured_ bacterium_f_ Ruminococcaceae | 粪杆菌属 Fecalibacterium |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15.5 | + | 9.48±2.67 | 10.50±1.32 | 6.87±1.97 | 7.78±0.78 | 3.74±2.39 |
| - | 10.38±2.00 | 11.29±6.00 | 7.88±2.41 | 6.42±0.99 | 7.36±4.12 | |
17.9 | + | 14.00±3.76 | 11.25±3.84 | 9.52±2.50 | 5.52±0.67 | 1.99±1.07 |
| - | 10.71±3.02 | 10.82±3.90 | 8.63±2.70 | 6.62±0.94 | 1.71±0.90 | |
20.3 | + | 11.05±3.71 | 11.11±3.31 | 8.25±4.36 | 5.67±1.67 | 2.53±4.41 |
| - | 12.37±2.38 | 9.92±2.78 | 4.88±1.45 | 5.39±1.56 | 1.75±1.17 | |
| 主效应 Main effect | ||||||
| 古典音乐 | + | 11.51±3.71 | 10.95±2.82 | 8.21±3.10 | 6.33±1.50 | 2.75±2.05 |
| Classical music | - | 11.15±2.49 | 10.68±4.14 | 7.13±2.67 | 6.14±1.24 | 3.60±3.61 |
| 饲养密度 | 15.5 | 9.93±2.27 | 10.89±4.12 | 7.38±2.15 | 7.10±1.10a | 5.55±3.70a |
| Stocking densities/ | 17.9 | 12.35±3.66 | 11.03±3.65 | 9.08±2.50 | 6.07±0.96ab | 1.85±0.94b |
| (只/m2) | 20.3 | 11.71±3.02 | 10.52±2.95 | 6.56±3.54 | 5.53±1.53b | 2.14±1.83b |
| P值 P-value | ||||||
| 古典音乐 Classical music | 0.749 | 0.952 | 0.286 | 0.672 | 0.321 | |
| 饲养密度 Stocking density | 0.194 | 0.843 | 0.129 | 0.019 | 0.002 | |
| 古典音乐×饲养密度 Classical music×stocking density | 0.184 | 0.841 | 0.217 | 0.082 | 0.085 | |

京公网安备 11010802041926号