1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 2种原料的营养水平(干重基础)和微生物数量(鲜重基础)Table 1 Nutrient levels (dry weight basis) and microbial quantity (fresh weight basis) of two raw materials |
| 青贮原料 Silage material | 干物质 DM/% | 粗蛋 白质 CP/% | 中性洗 涤纤维 NDF/% | 酸性洗 涤纤维 ADF/% | 可溶性碳 水化合物 WSC/% | 乳酸菌 Lactic acid bacteria/ [lg(CFU/g FM)] | 酵母菌 Yeast/ [lg(CFU/g FM)] | 霉菌 Mould/ [lg(CFU/g FM)] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 芦苇秸秆Reed straw | 79.07 | 5.50 | 71.82 | 42.21 | 6.87 | <2.00 | 3.79 | 2.54 |
| 残次香梨 Defective pear | 9.77 | 3.81 | 16.98 | 11.79 | 18.77 | 2.24 | 1.87 | <2.00 |
1.2 试验设计
表2 不同比例残次香梨与芦苇秸秆混合青贮分组Table 2 Grouping of mixed silage of defective pear and reed straw in different proportions |
| 项目 Item | 组别Groups | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G10L0 | G9L1 | G8L2 | G7L3 | G6L4 | G5L5 | G4L6 | G3L7 | G2L8 | G1L9 | |
| 芦苇秸秆∶残次香梨 Reed straw∶defective pear | 10∶0 | 9∶1 | 8∶2 | 7∶3 | 6∶4 | 5∶5 | 4∶6 | 3∶7 | 2∶8 | 1∶9 |
1.3 青贮饲料的调制
1.4 所测指标及方法
1.4.1 营养成分的测定
1.4.2 感官评定与发酵品质的测定
1.4.3 青贮饲料微生物多样性的测定
1.4.4 有氧暴露下微生物数量的测定
1.5 数据处理
2 结果与分析
2.1 青贮前、后饲料营养成分
表3 不同比例残次香梨混合青贮营养价值(干物质基础)Table 3 Nutritional value of mixed silage of defective pear in different proportions (DM basis) % |
| 组别 Groups | 干物质 DM | 粗蛋白质 CP | 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 可溶性碳水化合物 WSC | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 发酵前Before fermentation | |||||||||||
| G10L0 | 32.87±0.13a | 5.50±0.05a | 71.82±0.72a | 42.21±0.50a | 6.87±0.04j | ||||||
| G9L1 | 32.12±0.35b | 5.33±0.04b | 68.51±0.23b | 41.93±1.48a | 8.07±0.02i | ||||||
| G8L2 | 30.74±0.13c | 5.20±0.04bc | 65.63±0.69c | 41.25±0.40a | 9.25±0.07h | ||||||
| G7L3 | 30.43±0.34cd | 5.11±0.14c | 61.06±0.90d | 40.21±0.82ab | 10.44±0.12g | ||||||
| G6L4 | 30.17±0.07d | 4.93±0.02d | 59.57±0.68d | 38.92±0.64bc | 11.63±0.11f | ||||||
| G5L5 | 29.25±0.29e | 4.90±0.02d | 54.92±1.65e | 38.53±0.96bc | 12.82±0.08e | ||||||
| G4L6 | 28.43±0.13f | 4.82±0.18d | 50.27±2.00f | 37.19±2.35c | 14.01±0.04d | ||||||
| G3L7 | 28.06±0.16f | 4.81±0.07d | 47.25±2.68g | 32.96±1.46d | 15.20±0.07c | ||||||
| G2L8 | 26.57±0.23g | 4.43±0.14e | 43.25±1.59h | 26.11±0.42e | 16.39±0.12b | ||||||
| G1L9 | 20.08±0.43h | 4.23±0.11f | 37.33±1.19i | 22.40±0.92f | 17.58±0.08a | ||||||
| 发酵后After fermentation | |||||||||||
| G10L0 | 32.20±0.02a | 5.27±0.03a | 70.51±0.42a | 41.76±2.11a | 1.14±0.01j | ||||||
| G9L1 | 31.19±0.17b | 5.22±0.07a | 67.88±0.32b | 41.37±1.47a | 1.37±0.03i | ||||||
| G8L2 | 29.69±0.10c | 5.12±0.01ab | 65.25±0.69c | 40.72±0.36b | 1.82±0.02h | ||||||
| G7L3 | 29.52±0.14c | 5.02±0.12b | 60.46±0.88d | 39.75±0.91bcd | 2.44±0.03g | ||||||
| G6L4 | 29.41±0.02c | 4.84±0.02c | 58.51±0.78d | 38.41±0.68bcd | 2.80±0.02f | ||||||
| G5L5 | 28.40±0.35d | 4.80±0.02c | 54.10±1.60e | 38.00±1.10cd | 3.26±0.03e | ||||||
| G4L6 | 27.56±0.07e | 4.74±0.21c | 49.69±2.01f | 36.63±2.26d | 3.93±0.08d | ||||||
| G3L7 | 27.34±0.23e | 4.74±0.07c | 46.70±2.63g | 32.42±1.52e | 4.43±0.04c | ||||||
| G2L8 | 25.79±0.31f | 4.36±0.12d | 42.62±1.81h | 25.99±0.94f | 5.14±0.03b | ||||||
| G1L9 | 19.47±3.43g | 4.16±0.36e | 36.79±1.22i | 21.77±0.96g | 5.35±0.11a |
同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。 | |
In the same column, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as |
2.2 青贮饲料感官品质
表4 不同比例残次香梨混合青贮感官品质Table 4 Sensory quality of mixed silage of defective pear in different proportions |
| 组别 Groups | 气味 Smell | 质地 Texture | 色泽 Color | 总分 Total score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G10L0 | 有丁酸味,芳香味微弱(8) | 轻度污染(1) | 带褐色(1) | 尚好(10) | |
| G9L1 | 无丁酸味,芳香果味较弱(12) | 结构保持较差(2) | 淡黄色(1) | 尚好(15) | |
| G8L2 | 无丁酸味,芳香果味较弱(12) | 结构保持较差(2) | 淡黄色(1) | 尚好(15) | |
| G7L3 | 有较强的芳香果味(14) | 结构保持良好(4) | 与原料相似(2) | 优良(20) | |
| G6L4 | 有较强的芳香果味(14) | 结构保持良好(4) | 与原料相似(2) | 优良(20) | |
| G5L5 | 有较强的芳香果味(14) | 结构保持较差(2) | 与原料相似(2) | 优良(18) | |
| G4L6 | 有较强的芳香果味(14) | 结构保持较差(2) | 与原料相似(2) | 优良(18) | |
| G3L7 | 有较强的芳香果味(14) | 结构保持较差(2) | 淡黄色(1) | 优良(17) | |
| G2L8 | 无丁酸味,芳香果味较弱(12) | 轻度污染(1) | 带褐色(1) | 尚好(14) | |
| G1L9 | 无丁酸味,芳香果味较弱(12) | 污染严重(0) | 变色严重(0) | 尚好(12) |
括号里的数字表示感官得分。青贮感官等级评定标准:16~20分为优良,10~15分为尚好,5~9分为中等,0~4分为腐败。 | |
The values in brackets are sensory scores. Silage sensory grade evaluation criteria: 16 to 20 points for good, 10 to 15 points for good, 5 to 9 points for medium, and 0 to 4 points for corruption. |
2.3 青贮饲料发酵品质
表5 不同比例残次香梨混合青贮发酵品质Table 5 Fermented quality of mixed silage of defective pear in different proportions |
| 组别 Groups | pH | 乳酸 LA/% FM | 乙酸 AA/% FM | 丙酸 PA/% FM | 丁酸 BA/% FM | 氨态氮/总氮 NH3-N/TN |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G10L0 | 4.79±0.09a | 0.71±0.02g | 0.67±0.04j | 0.04±0.04f | 0.22±0.02a | 2.63±0.07a |
| G9L1 | 4.54±0.07b | 0.92±0.07f | 0.72±0.02i | 0.09±0.02e | 0.18±0.03b | 2.26±0.05b |
| G8L2 | 4.19±0.04c | 1.05±0.06e | 0.78±0.03h | 0.14±0.01d | 0.12±0.03e | 1.96±0.02c |
| G7L3 | 3.80±0.06d | 1.13±0.09de | 0.92±0.01g | tr | tr | 1.94±0.01d |
| G6L4 | 3.71±0.04e | 1.21±0.14d | 0.95±0.02f | tr | tr | 1.88±0.03e |
| G5L5 | 3.59±0.03f | 1.42±0.02c | 0.97±0.01e | tr | 0.05±0.01h | 1.82±0.04f |
| G4L6 | 3.51±0.02fg | 1.49±0.06bc | 1.03±0.01d | tr | 0.07±0.01g | 1.72±0.06g |
| G3L7 | 3.46±0.01gh | 1.59±0.01b | 1.07±0.03c | 0.16±0.01c | 0.09±0.02f | 1.53±0.01h |
| G2L8 | 3.44±0.01gh | 1.73±0.01a | 1.12±0.02b | 0.19±0.02b | 0.13±0.01d | 1.52±0.01i |
| G1L9 | 3.41±0.01h | 1.80±0.05a | 1.17±0.04a | 0.22±0.02a | 0.14±0.01c | 0.92±0.08j |
tr表示微量。 | |
tr stands for trace. |
表6 不同比例残次香梨混合青贮综合得分Table 6 Comprehensive score of mixed silage of defective pear in different proportions |
| 组别 Groups | 氨态氮/总氮 NH3-N/TN | 乳酸/总酸 LA/TA/% | 乙酸/总酸 AA/TA/% | 丁酸/总酸 BA/TA/% | 综合得分/等级 Total grade/rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G10L0 | 2.63±0.07(50) | 43.44(12) | 40.77(14) | 13.64(26) | 76/良 |
| G9L1 | 2.26±0.05(50) | 48.11(15) | 37.74(16) | 9.34(30) | 80.5/优 |
| G8L2 | 1.96±0.02(50) | 50.33(16) | 37.35(16) | 5.66(34) | 83/优 |
| G7L3 | 1.94±0.01(50) | 55.15(18) | 44.85(12) | 0(50) | 90/优 |
| G6L4 | 1.88±0.03(50) | 56.03(19) | 43.97(13) | 0(50) | 91/优 |
| G5L5 | 1.82±0.04(50) | 58.07(20) | 39.70(15) | 2.23(38) | 86.5/优 |
| G4L6 | 1.72±0.06(50) | 57.61(19) | 39.54(15) | 2.86(38) | 86/优 |
| G3L7 | 1.53±0.01(50) | 54.61(18) | 36.84(16) | 3.08(37) | 85.5/优 |
| G2L8 | 1.52±0.01(50) | 54.94(18) | 35.47(17) | 4.05(35) | 85/优 |
| G1L9 | 0.92±0.08(50) | 54.69(18) | 35.44(17) | 4.31(35) | 85/优 |
括号里的数字表示该指标依据评定标准所得分数;综合评价标准:综合得分0~20分为劣,21~40分为差,41~60分为中,61~80分为良,81~100分为优。 | |
The values in brackets indicate the score of the indicator according to the evaluation criteria; comprehensive evaluation criteria: the comprehensive score of 0 to 20 points is poor, 21 to 40 points is poor, 41 to 60 points is medium, 61 to 80 points is good, and 81 to 100 points is excellent. |
2.4 青贮饲料微生物多样性分析
2.4.1 青贮饲料微生物Alpha多样性分析
表7 不同比例混合青贮饲料微生物Alpha多样性分析Table 7 Alpha diversity analysis of microorganisms of mixed silage in different proportions |
| 组别 Groups | Ace指数 Ace index | Chao1指数 Chao1 index | Simpson指数 Simpson index | Shannon指数 Shannon index |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G10L0 | 305.281 6 | 304.214 3 | 0.896 8 | 6.041 2 |
| G9L1 | 346.128 4 | 344.954 5 | 0.933 2 | 5.595 8 |
| G8L2 | 426.322 8 | 425.243 9 | 0.949 8 | 5.457 6 |
| G7L3 | 493.660 9 | 492.365 9 | 0.964 0 | 5.309 5 |
| G6L4 | 559.456 4 | 559.020 0 | 0.968 9 | 4.506 7 |
| G5L5 | 433.222 6 | 432.333 3 | 0.962 6 | 4.995 5 |
| G4L6 | 391.104 4 | 390.045 5 | 0.953 5 | 5.135 3 |
| G3L7 | 376.652 7 | 376.130 4 | 0.946 4 | 5.261 1 |
| G2L8 | 364.049 0 | 361.766 0 | 0.945 4 | 5.820 6 |
| G1L9 | 316.643 7 | 313.652 2 | 0.938 3 | 6.028 2 |
2.4.2 青贮饲料微生物在门水平上的分布
图1 不同比例混合青贮饲料微生物在门水平上的分布Others:其他;Acidobacterota:酸杆菌门;Myxococcota:黏球菌门;Patescibacteria:髌杆菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝藻菌门;Bacteroidota:类杆菌门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;unclassified-Bacteria:未分类细菌;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门。 Fig.1 Distribution of microorganisms of mixed silage in different proportions at phylum level |
2.4.3 青贮饲料微生物在属水平上的分布
图2 不同比例混合青贮饲料微生物在属水平上的分布Others:其他;unclassified-Mitochondria:未分类线粒体;Acetobacter:醋酸杆菌属;Acinetobacter:不动杆菌属;unclassified-Enterobacteriaceae:未分类肠杆菌科;Achromobacter:无色杆菌属; Caproiciproducens:产己酸菌属;Clostridium-sensu-stricto-12:狭义梭菌属12;unclassified-B-acteria:未分类细菌;Serratia:沙雷氏菌属;Leuconostoc:明串珠菌属;Lactobacillus:乳杆菌属。 Fig.2 Distribution of microorganisms of mixed silage in different proportions at genus level |
2.5 青贮饲料有氧稳定性
表8 有氧暴露过程中混合青贮pH和微生物数量的变化Table 8 Changes of pH and microbial number of mixed silage during aerobic exposure |
| 有氧暴露天数 Days of aerobic exposure/d | 组别 Groups | pH | 乳酸菌 Lactic acid bacteria/ [lg(CFU/g FM)] | 酵母菌 Yeast/ [lg(CFU/g FM)] | 霉菌 Mould/ [lg(CFU/g FM)] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G7L3 | 3.60±0.02a | 5.62±0.04e | 3.82±0.09a | <2.00 | |||||||
| G6L4 | 3.58±0.01a | 5.83±0.09d | 3.73±0.07ab | <2.00 | |||||||
| 0 | G5L5 | 3.50±0.01b | 6.12±0.03c | 3.64±0.06b | 2.08±0.08c | ||||||
| G4L6 | 3.48±0.02b | 6.29±0.04b | 3.49±0.03c | 2.58±0.13b | |||||||
| G3L7 | 3.46±0.01b | 6.56±0.06a | 3.28±0.03d | 2.92±0.09a | |||||||
| G7L3 | 4.26±0.02a | 5.52±0.05e | 3.91±0.07a | <2.00 | |||||||
| G6L4 | 4.05±0.03b | 5.66±0.04d | 3.87±0.05a | <2.00 | |||||||
| 1 | G5L5 | 3.75±0.02c | 5.77±0.03c | 3.75±0.04b | 2.73±0.07c | ||||||
| G4L6 | 3.63±0.02d | 5.94±0.03b | 3.65±0.04bc | 2.91±0.10b | |||||||
| G3L7 | 3.54±0.03e | 6.02±0.04a | 3.58±0.06c | 3.04±0.06a | |||||||
| G7L3 | 4.60±0.02a | 5.35±0.07c | 4.03±0.05a | <2.00 | |||||||
| G6L4 | 4.48±0.03b | 5.47±0.10b | 3.96±0.03b | 2.43±0.05d | |||||||
| 3 | G5L5 | 4.39±0.03d | 5.54±0.04ab | 3.91±0.05bc | 3.61±0.07c | ||||||
| G4L6 | 4.34±0.01e | 5.63±0.06a | 3.74±0.04d | 3.80±0.08b | |||||||
| G3L7 | 4.44±0.01c | 5.51±0.03b | 3.85±0.04c | 4.12±0.13a | |||||||
| G7L3 | 4.88±0.03a | 5.32±0.04c | 4.21±0.05a | 2.55±0.06e | |||||||
| G6L4 | 4.65±0.03b | 5.39±0.04b | 4.13±0.06ab | 2.88±0.08d | |||||||
| 5 | G5L5 | 4.53±0.02c | 5.44±0.03b | 4.06±0.05bc | 3.92±0.11c | ||||||
| G4L6 | 4.48±0.03d | 5.51±0.02a | 3.96±0.04c | 4.26±0.05b | |||||||
| G3L7 | 4.51±0.03cd | 5.41±0.03b | 4.00±0.07c | 4.55±0.07a | |||||||
| G7L3 | 5.15±0.02a | 5.25±0.04b | 4.28±0.07 | 2.86±0.05e | |||||||
| G6L4 | 4.94±0.02b | 5.29±0.03ab | 4.21±0.06 | 3.10±0.04d | |||||||
| 7 | G5L5 | 4.68±0.03d | 5.34±0.04a | 4.18±0.05 | 4.24±0.06c | ||||||
| G4L6 | 4.62±0.02e | 5.32±0.04ab | 4.20±0.05 | 5.11±0.03b | |||||||
| G3L7 | 4.82±0.03c | 5.24±0.06b | 4.22±0.06 | 5.25±0.07a | |||||||
| G7L3 | 5.91±0.02e | 4.68±0.06a | 4.47±0.06bc | 4.44±0.05e | |||||||
| G6L4 | 6.01±0.03d | 4.44±0.09b | 4.41±0.03c | 4.71±0.11d | |||||||
| 15 | G5L5 | 6.12±0.03c | 4.27±0.05c | 4.51±0.06abc | 5.46±0.08c | ||||||
| G4L6 | 6.17±0.02b | 3.83±0.11d | 4.57±0.06ab | 6.49±0.09b | |||||||
| G3L7 | 6.26±0.02a | 3.64±0.07e | 4.62±0.08a | 7.02±0.12a |
同一时间各组间数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。 | |
At the same time, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference between groups (P<0.05), while with the same letter superscripts mean no significant differnce (P>0.05). |

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