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植物乳杆菌的生理功能及其在家禽中的应用研究进展

  • 蔡红英 ,
  • 李道捷 ,
  • 孟昆 ,
  • 杨培龙 , *
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  • 中国农业科学院饲料研究所,农业农村部饲料生物技术重点实验室,北京 100081
*杨培龙,研究员,博士生导师,E-mail:

蔡红英(1986—),女,重庆人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事饲用微生物开发与利用。E-mail:

收稿日期: 2022-11-25

  网络出版日期: 2023-06-08

基金资助

十四五国家重点研发计划“畜禽新品种培育与现代牧场科技创新研发”重点专项(2022YFD1300601)

北京市自然科学基金项目(6214046)

国家肉鸡产业技术体系(CARS-41-G08)

Research Progress on Physiological Functions of Lactobacillus plantarum and Its Application in Poultry

  • CAI Hongying ,
  • LI Daojie ,
  • MENG Kun ,
  • YANG Peilong , *
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  • Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-11-25

  Online published: 2023-06-08

摘要

植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)是一种常见的乳酸菌,广泛存在于人和动物胃肠道以及发酵制品等各种环境中,因其具有良好的胃肠道环境耐受性、高黏附性、广谱抑菌性等益生特性,可应用于家禽养殖。本文阐述了植物乳杆菌的生理功能,并从提高生产性能、增强免疫力和抗病能力、改善抗氧化性能和脂质代谢、维持肠道菌群稳态等方面综述了其在家禽养殖中的应用研究进展,旨在为植物乳杆菌在家禽中的研究与应用提供一定的理论基础和研究思路。

本文引用格式

蔡红英 , 李道捷 , 孟昆 , 杨培龙 . 植物乳杆菌的生理功能及其在家禽中的应用研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023 , 35(6) : 3410 -3421 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.317

Abstract

Lactobacillus plantarum is a kind of common lactic acid bacteria, widely found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, fermented products and other environments, and can be used in poultry industry due to its good gastrointestinal tolerance, high adhesion ability, broad spectrum bacteriostasis and so on. In this paper, the physiological functions of Lactobacillus plantarum were elaborated, and the application research progress of Lactobacillus plantarum in poultry production was summarized from aspects of improving production performance, enhancing immunity and resistance to disease, improving oxidation performance and lipid metabolism, and maintaining the homeostasis of intestinal flora. The aim of this paper was to provide certain theoretical basis and research ideas for the research and application of Lactobacillus plantarum in poultry.

随着饲料端全面禁止使用抗生素生长促进剂(antibiotic growth promoter,AGP),研发绿色、安全、高效的饲料添加剂已成为动物养殖领域的迫切需求。乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria,LAB)是目前公认的一类绿色添加剂,其中的植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)是一种多功能乳酸菌,广泛存在于奶制品[1]、水果[2]、蔬菜[3]、肉制品[4]、青贮饲料[5]、酒[6]以及胃肠道等环境中[7]。植物乳杆菌的益生作用包括保持动物肠道菌群的稳态[8]、调节肠道免疫系统[9]、毒素脱毒[10-11]、降低血清中胆固醇含量[12]等,同时因其高安全性,目前在国内外已应用于食品、医药和畜牧业等领域。饲粮中添加植物乳杆菌能提高家禽生产性能[13]、增强免疫功能和抗病力、改善肠道健康[14]、调节脂质代谢和改善蛋品质[15],是抗生素的理想替代品。本文综述了植物乳杆菌的生理功能及其在肉鸡、蛋鸡和鸭中的应用研究现状,以期为植物乳杆菌作为饲料添加剂在家禽生产中更好地应用提供一些参考。

1 植物乳杆菌的生理功能

植物乳杆菌分类定位于乳杆菌科乳杆菌属,是一种广泛存在于自然界的革兰氏阳性菌。该菌种形态呈直杆,两端钝圆,单个,成对或成链状,不产芽孢,厌氧或兼性厌氧,最适生长温度为30~35 ℃,能在10~15 ℃生长,45 ℃不生长[16],最适pH为6.5左右,属于同型发酵乳酸菌。植物乳杆菌是动物肠道中常见的乳杆菌之一,因其能够分泌抑制病原菌生长的有机酸和细菌素等物质,可以缓解肠道疾病,其分泌的胞外多糖也具有抗氧化、抗病原体形成生物膜、降胆固醇特性和免疫调节等作用[17-21],被认为是畜禽生产应用的理想益生菌菌剂,同时常被用作饲料的发酵菌剂[22-23]

1.1 胃肠道环境的耐受性

益生菌要耐受胃部低pH环境和肠道高浓度胆盐环境,才能保证足够数量的活菌进入肠道并增殖,进而发挥益生作用。Wang等[24]研究发现,植物乳杆菌LP1、LP2和LP3在pH大于3时显示极好的存活率,尤其是植物乳杆菌LP1在pH为3时的存活率达到92%,3株植物乳杆菌还具有良好的胆盐耐受力,0.5%牛胆盐处理后存活率为52%~90%。植物乳杆菌CQPC01在人工胃液pH为3、37 ℃处理3 h条件下的存活率为79.68%,0.3%猪胆盐、37 ℃处理24 h条件下的存活率为42.35%,1.0%猪胆盐中存活率超过20%[25]。植物乳杆菌E680在pH为2、37 ℃处理3 h条件下具有较高的存活率,达到85.25%,并在0.3%牛胆盐、37 ℃处理6 h条件下的存活率达到80.79%[26]。由此可见,尽管不同植物乳杆菌菌株在胃肠道环境中的存活率有一定差异,但其大多具有较强的抗逆性,能保证在动物消化道中发挥作用。

1.2 黏附性

在肠道黏膜表面定殖是益生菌在肠道中稳定和持续发挥有益作用的先决条件。具有黏附能力的益生菌可通过直接竞争占据肠道上皮细胞、细胞外基质(ECM)和黏液蛋白的附着位点及阻断病原体表面蛋白来置换病原菌,保护宿主免受病原体入侵[27]。乳酸菌对肠上皮细胞的黏附性强弱常作为其定植能力和益生属性的重要筛选标准之一。Caco-2细胞系来源于人结肠腺癌细胞,具有与成熟肠道上皮细胞相似的形态和功能特征,已被广泛用作研究益生菌黏附能力的体外模型。Yu等[28]研究发现,15株植物乳杆菌对Caco-2均有黏附作用,黏附率为3.28%~16.37%。植物乳杆菌L15对Caco-2的黏附率为12%[29],植物乳杆菌GBL16与GBL17对Caco-2细胞的黏附率分别为7.2%和4.0%[30]。Ramos等[31]研究发现,植物乳杆菌SAU96和CH3对Caco-2细胞的黏附率分别为1.8%和1.6%。系列研究表明,植物乳杆菌对Caco-2细胞的黏附能力具有菌株特异性的属性,这种现象可能与菌株的胞外多糖、黏附素、表面蛋白和磷壁酸等有关,同时黏附性能受到酶、金属离子、环境pH和作用时间的影响[32-33]。此外,细菌表面特性如疏水性和自聚集能力可促使益生菌更好地与肠上皮细胞结合,也是影响其黏附与定植于胃肠道的重要因素[34]

1.3 抑菌性

抑菌能力是评价乳酸菌益生作用的重要指标。乳酸菌通过阻断病原菌对肠道上皮细胞的侵染实现其抑菌作用。植物乳杆菌普遍具有较强的抑菌功能,其抑菌活性的大小主要受到植物乳杆菌的菌株来源、菌株类型和被抑制的微生物类别的影响。Wang等[24]研究发现,分离于西藏牦牛粪便的3株植物乳杆菌LP1、LP2和LP3对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)具有显著的抑制作用,抑菌直径为21~30 mm,其中植物乳杆菌LP3抑菌直径达到29.6 mm,抑制金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)直径为19 mm。Jiang等[19]研究发现,分离于人母乳的植物乳杆菌WLPL04对蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)、索氏志贺菌(Shigella sonnei)、阪崎肠杆菌(Enterobacter sakazakii)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)和大肠杆菌均有抑制作用,抑菌直径为12.60~33.07 mm。Lv等[35]研究发现,分离于鲫鱼肠道的植物乳杆菌对副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)具有较强的抑制作用。此外,Russo等[36]研究发现,食品来源的88株植物乳杆菌,大约45%的菌株对黄色镰刀菌(Fusarium culmorum)、产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum)和扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)具有强烈的抑制作用。由此可见,植物乳杆菌具有广谱抑菌性能,且在多个领域都具有优良的应用潜力。抑菌功能与其代谢产物有密切关系。在目前鉴定的众多代谢产物中,乳酸、苯乳酸、甲酸和3-羟基脂肪酸是重要的抑菌物质,而2-羟基-4-甲基-N-戊酸对霉菌的抑制起关键作用[37-39]。植物乳杆菌代谢产物通常通过以下途径实现其抑菌作用:通过进入细胞质降低细胞内的pH,影响致病菌的代谢;通过结合脂多糖破坏致病菌细胞膜的稳定性;穿透致病菌细胞并与其细胞质膜结合,改变细胞膜的通透性;产生的细菌素可破坏病原菌外膜的完整性,从而达到抑菌效果[40-42]

1.4 对霉菌毒素(mycotoxins)的吸附性

霉菌毒素是真菌的次级代谢产物,对人和动物体的危害包括致癌、致畸和毒性作用3个方面。其中毒性作用包括神经毒性、免疫毒性、肾毒性、肝毒性以及生殖和发育毒性等[43]。植物乳杆菌是自然发酵食品中的一种天然微生物,是真菌毒素脱毒的理想菌株。在一些模型系统中,部分植物乳杆菌已经被确认具有清除赭曲霉毒素(ochratoxin,OTA)的作用[44]。Piotrowska[45]研究发现,基于植物乳杆菌细胞壁的疏水性及电子供体-受体和酸碱的相互作用,促进对OTA的吸附,OTA的吸附率超过了30%。Dallagnol等[46]研究发现,植物乳杆菌CRL778通过产生乳酸、乙酸、苯乳酸等系列抗真菌代谢产物,能有效抑制黑曲霉的生长和OTA的产生,对黑曲霉的生长抑制率可达到46.9%,对OTA最大去除率为90%。植物乳杆菌对黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFB1)的去除率达到89.5%[47],植物乳杆菌E-79098对AFB1的吸附率为28.4%[48]。植物乳杆菌B7对伏马毒素B1和B2的吸附率分别为52.9%和85.2%,其吸附主要作用的关键物质是位于菌体细胞壁上的肽聚糖,吸附率大小受温度、作用时间以及pH的影响[49]

1.5 降低胆固醇含量

降胆固醇能力是体外筛选降脂益生菌的重要指标,降解机制包括益生菌的胆盐水解酶对胆汁酸的解溶作用[50]、胆固醇的同化吸收[51]、胆固醇与去结合型胆酸的共沉淀[52]、细胞壁对胆固醇的吸附作用[53]、胆固醇进入益生菌的细胞膜[54]、将胆固醇转化为钴醇[55]。植物乳杆菌p981b1对胆固醇的体外降解率为32.87%[56],而植物乳杆菌RYPR1对胆固醇的体外降解率为59%[57]。植物乳杆菌LP3显示较高的降胆固醇能力,降解率为73.3%[58],体内试验显示,其可显著降低高脂饮食大鼠血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量[12]。植物乳杆菌E680显示体外胆固醇降解率为66.84%,同时体内试验发现,与高脂肪乳剂诱导的高胆固醇血症小鼠相比,植物乳杆菌E680组血清中TC和LDL-C含量分别降低10.71%和16.47%[26]。由此说明,植物乳杆菌可影响机体血液中胆固醇的含量,但在调节低胆固醇效应机制、不同菌株的最佳剂量、频率和处理时间等方面还需要进一步研究。

1.6 调节肠道菌群

肠道菌群与宿主以互惠互利的方式存在,在微量营养素的供给、食物消化和营养物质吸收、免疫成熟、对病原体的定殖抗性等方面发挥着重要作用,已成为目前研究热点[59-60]。肠道菌群与胃肠道的正常生理有关,其相对数量的改变可以破坏微生物群与宿主之间的有益相互作用,对宿主健康直接产生影响[61]。摄入益生菌有助于维持肠道屏障通透性、增强黏液层、刺激免疫系统、调节常住菌群组成和活性等,从而促进肠道功能。植物乳杆菌FRT4与FRT10通过调节高脂饮食所导致的肥胖小鼠肠道菌群失调,增加丁酸产生菌的相对丰度,加强肠道屏障的紧密型,减轻由促炎因子引起的屏障功能障碍,缓解小鼠肥胖[62-63]。饲粮中添加植物乳杆菌BS22能提高肉鸡嗉囊和腺胃中的乳酸菌含量,并降低嗉囊和十二指肠黏膜中的肠杆菌科数量,从而促进胃肠道微生物的平衡,对肉鸡产生有益作用[64]。饲粮中添加植物乳杆菌PFM105能调节断奶仔猪肠道菌群,增加结肠中有益菌普雷沃氏菌科(Prevotellaceae)和双歧杆菌科(Bifidobacteriaceae)的相对丰度,促进肠道发育,降低腹泻率[65]。由此说明,植物乳杆菌可通过增加肠道有益菌数量调控肠道菌群组成,维持肠道菌群稳态,改善肠道健康。

2 植物乳杆菌在肉鸡生产中的应用

2.1 提高肉鸡生产性能,改善饲料利用率

饲粮中添加植物乳杆菌LP(10 g/kg,107~108 CFU/g)可降低感染鼠伤寒沙门氏菌肉鸡的死亡率,改善体增重,优于恩诺沙星抗生素组[66]。饲粮中添加包被植物乳杆菌LP15-1(1 g/kg,1×1010 CFU/g)使肉鸡末重和平均日增重(ADG)分别提高了12.77%和13.86%[67]。饲粮中添加植物乳杆菌TN8降低了肉鸡死淘率,提高了体重和体增重,显著降低了血清高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)和TG含量[68]。饲粮中添加植物乳杆菌B1提高了肉鸡ADG和饲料转化率(FCR),增加了回肠黏膜分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)及回肠和盲肠中短链脂肪酸含量[13]。在大肠杆菌K88攻毒条件下,植物乳杆菌BS22提高了攻毒后肉鸡第14天和第28天肉鸡的体重[69]。饲粮中添加热灭活的植物乳杆菌L-137可促进肉鸡生长,提高FCR,同时还能改善肠绒毛的结构[70]。饲粮中添加不同的植物乳杆菌代谢产物组合可提高肉鸡末重、增重、ADG和FCR,还可增加粪便中乳酸菌数量、挥发性脂肪酸含量和小肠绒毛高度,降低粪便中肠杆菌科数量[71]。由此可见,饲粮中添加植物乳杆菌、灭活菌或其代谢产物均能提高肉鸡生产性能,改善饲料利用率。

2.2 增强肉鸡免疫力

胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊是鸡的重要免疫器官,其重量和指数大小在一定程度上反映免疫能力的强弱[72]。Gao等[73]研究表明,与对照组相比,饮水中添加2×106 CFU/mL植物乳杆菌IMAU10120(LP-8)可提高42日龄肉鸡胸腺指数、法氏囊指数和脾脏指数,分别提高了29.3%、36.5%和28.0%,且胸腺指数比抗生素组(金霉素+盐霉素,500 g/t)提高了14.7%。
免疫球蛋白是由活化的B细胞和浆细胞在暴露于抗原时产生的效应分子,能与抗原结合,使免疫系统能够有效识别和消灭病原体,从而保护机体免受侵害[74]。免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和免疫球蛋白A(IgA)是3种主要的免疫球蛋白,这些抗体通常为宿主抵抗非自身抗原提供保护。细胞因子在调节体液和细胞介导的免疫反应中起着重要作用,是动物免疫状态的重要标志。其中,白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)是有效的促炎和免疫调节细胞因子。白细胞介素-10(IL-10)是一种抗炎细胞因子,通过阻断促炎细胞因子的产生,抑制有害的免疫反应[75]。饲粮中添加1×108 CFU/kg的植物乳杆菌显著提高了大恒肉鸡公鸡血清中IgG含量和母鸡血清中IgA和IgG含量,同时提高血清中IFN-γ和白细胞介素-2(IL-2)含量[76]。饲粮中添加1×108 CFU/kg的植物乳杆菌Lac16可增强肠道屏障功能,增加回肠黏膜中IFN-γIL-6和IL-10的基因表达,显著降低血清中碱性磷酸酶和肌酸激酶活性[77]。植物乳杆菌P-8可增加42日龄肉鸡粪便中分泌型免疫球蛋白A(slgA)含量,增加小肠组织CD3+和CD4+ T淋巴细胞数量,激活肉鸡的有益免疫反应[78]。饲喂植物乳杆菌活菌或菌液显著提高了42日龄肉仔鸡血清中的IgG、IgA、IFN-γ和IL-2含量[79]。饲粮中添加热灭活植物乳杆菌L-137降低了肉鸡料重比、改善了肠绒毛结构,提高了脾脏白细胞介素-12β(IL-12β)、干扰素-β(IFN-β)和IFN-γ的mRNA相对表达量[70]。每天灌胃植物乳杆菌MYS6(1×109 CFU/mL)提高了肉鸡采食量和体重,缓解了伏马毒素B1所导致的肝损伤[80]。由此可见,植物乳杆菌通过增加肉鸡的免疫器官指数、调控细胞免疫和体液免疫对肉鸡的免疫系统进行调节,通过平衡促炎和抗炎反应来激活免疫反应,保护机体免受病原体侵害。

2.3 改善抗氧化性能

在体内,自由基是细胞正常代谢过程中产生的有害副产物,易攻击生物膜上的不饱和脂肪酸,从而引发脂质氧化和脂质过氧化物积累,损害机体健康[81]。抗氧化酶如谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)对于维持氧化剂的稳态至关重要,是细胞防御机制对抗自由基生成的重要组成部分,并在各种情况下预防和修复自由基产生的分子损伤[82-83]。丙二醛(MDA)是脂质过氧化的最终产物,可以结合抗氧化酶一起反映机体潜在的抗氧化能力。研究表明,饲粮中添加植物乳杆菌可显著提高肉鸡血清GSH-Px、SOD活性及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)[84],以及肝脏中GSH-Px、SOD活性和T-AOC,显著降低肉鸡血清和肝脏中MDA含量[67]。饲粮中添加植物乳杆菌Lac16可增强肉鸡肠道屏障功能,显著增加肝和空肠黏膜中一氧化氮(NO)产量和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)活性及空肠黏膜CAT活性,降低空肠黏膜和血清MDA含量。此外,还可上调回肠黏膜中核因子-E2相关因子2(Nrf2)基因的表达[77]。饲粮中添加1×107或1×108 CFU/g的植物乳杆菌P8显著减少感染艾美球虫(Eimeria)肉鸡的卵囊脱落,改善生长性能和肠道健康,显著提高空肠黏膜SOD活性和T-AOC,显著降低空肠黏膜MDA含量,这些结果接近抗球虫药地克珠利组[85]。由此可见,植物乳杆菌可以通过诱导抗氧化酶的表达来增强机体的抗氧化能力[86]

2.4 改善肠道健康

肠道菌群的多样性直接影响着菌群的平衡和对病原菌的抵抗能力[87]。Peng等[13]在肉鸡生长期(1~21日龄,St组)、育成期(22~42日龄,Fn组)、整个生长周期(1~42日龄,Wh组)分别添加植物乳杆菌B1,以确定最佳添加时期,研究结果发现,与St组相比,Fn和Wh组盲肠内容物中大肠杆菌数量均显著降低,乳酸菌数量显著增加,回肠黏膜sIgA含量以及回肠和盲肠短链脂肪酸含量显著提高。Wang等[69]研究发现,饲粮中添加植物乳杆菌B1显著减少了感染大肠杆菌K88肉鸡第10天和第14天盲肠中大肠杆菌数量,增加了第8天、第10天、第14天和第28天盲肠中乳酸菌数量;同时,回肠黏膜sIgA含量显著上升,回肠黏膜IL-2、IL-4、IFN-γ和TNF-α含量显著降低,进而增强了肠道黏膜的免疫力。饲粮中添加植物乳杆菌Lac16可显著提高肉鸡生长性能,增强肠道上皮紧密性,上调脂肪酸结合蛋白1(fatty acid binding protein 1,FABP1)和钠依赖性葡萄糖转运蛋白-1(sodium-dependent glucose transporters-1,SGLT-1)在回肠黏膜中的表达,增加短链脂肪酸产生菌柔嫩梭菌属(Faecalibacterium prausnitzii)、粪球菌属(Coprococcu)、毛螺菌属(Lachnospira)等的相对丰度,显著降低大肠杆菌、脆弱拟杆菌(Bacteroides fragilis)和索氏志贺氏菌(Shigella sonnei)的相对丰度[88]。饲粮中添加包被植物乳杆菌提高了肉鸡1~21日龄生产性能,增加了盲肠菌群的丰富度,降低了粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium)的相对丰度,提高了f_瘤胃球菌科(f_Ruminococcaceae)的相对丰度,而乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)的相对丰度提高了20.11倍[67]。综上所述,植物乳杆菌可通过调节肠道菌群结构,增加有益菌的相对丰度,降低病原菌的相对丰度,促进肠道健康。

3 植物乳杆菌在蛋鸡生产中的应用

3.1 提高蛋鸡生产性能,改善饲料利用率

蛋鸡在进入产蛋期后,新陈代谢处于最旺盛状态,免疫力和抵抗力相对较弱,容易受到各种应激因素的刺激,影响健康水平,导致生产性能下降。饲粮中添加1×108 CFU/kg的植物乳杆菌(CGMCC 1.557)不仅提高了海兰褐蛋鸡的采食量和产蛋率,而且进一步改善了肠道菌群结构。具体表现在乳杆菌属的相对丰度显著增加,罗姆布茨菌属(Romboutsia)的相对丰度显著减少[89]。每千克饲粮中添加5.6 mL活菌数为3×1010 CFU/mL的植物乳杆菌LPJZ-658可显著降低京红I号产蛋后期料蛋比,提高产蛋后期蛋鸡血清中孕酮和降钙素含量及平均产蛋率,提高养殖效益[15]。饲粮中添加1×109 CFU/kg的植物乳杆菌WEI-70在蛋鸡养殖生产中能够促进蛋鸡生产性能,平均日产蛋量显著提高了2.71%,平均料蛋比显著下降了3.27%[90]。在饮水中添加≥1.67×1012 CFU/L的植物乳杆菌制剂可显著提高蛋鸡试验期第1~15天和第16~30天平均蛋重,显著降低试验期第1~15天的死淘率[91]。因此,饲粮中添加植物乳杆菌能提高蛋鸡的生产性能,调节蛋鸡肠道菌群结构,提高机体免疫力。

3.2 改善鸡蛋品质

鸡蛋和肉类是胆固醇的主要来源,过量的膳食胆固醇可导致高胆固醇血症,直接威胁人类健康。因此,减少鸡蛋中胆固醇的含量成为目前研究的热点。蛋品质测定的参数主要包括蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋黄颜色和蛋黄重量等。鸡蛋品质的好坏决定鸡蛋的贮藏、运输以及消费者的喜欢程度。体外试验研究表明,植物乳杆菌可显著降低蛋黄中胆固醇含量,有效减少宿主对食物中胆固醇的摄入[92]。每千克饲粮中添加5.6 mL活菌数为3×1010 CFU/mL的植物乳杆菌LPJZ-658显著增加了蛋壳厚度,提高了蛋壳强度、蛋白高度和哈氏单位,进而改善蛋壳质量[15]。事实证明,消费者对蛋黄的颜色相当重视,甚至超过了鸡蛋的其他特征如质地、味道和气味[93]。研究表明,类胡萝卜素含量增加是蛋黄颜色加深的主要原因之一[94]。饲粮中分别添加2×106、2×107、2×108、2×109 CFU/g的植物乳杆菌DPP8可显著提高蛋黄颜色、蛋白高度和哈氏单位。同时,高剂量组(2×107、2×108、2×109 CFU/g)的蛋壳厚度显著增加[95]。饮水中添加≥1.67×1012 CFU/L植物乳杆菌可提高蛋黄抗体水平[91]。对于感染肠炎沙门氏菌的蛋鸡而言,饲粮中添加2×108 CFU/g的植物乳杆菌可显著提高鸡蛋的蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度[96]。此外,饲喂植物乳杆菌产生的不同代谢产物组合显著降低蛋黄中的胆固醇含量[97-98]。总之,添加植物乳杆菌具有提高鸡蛋品质的作用。

3.3 提高蛋鸡的免疫力和抗病能力

添加植物乳杆菌后可显著提升感染肠炎沙门氏菌蛋鸡的血浆总蛋白、IgM和IgG含量,减轻沙门氏菌引发的病理损害,维持机体健康[99]。Xu等[100]研究发现,给感染产气荚膜梭菌蛋鸡每天灌服1 mL活菌数为1×108 CFU/mL的植物乳杆菌R1.0320(LP),显著提高了肠道绒毛高度/隐窝深度,下调了回肠黏膜黏蛋白2(MUC2)和TNF-α的mRNA相对表达量;同时,鸡血清中总蛋白含量及SOD和谷草转氨酶活性显著降低。饲粮中添加0.1%植物乳杆菌可显著降低感染沙门氏菌蛋鸡回肠中IFN-γ mRNA相对表达量,提高IL-10和IL-6 mRNA相对表达量[101]。饮水中添加植物乳杆菌(≥1.67×1012 CFU/L)可显著提高第1~15天和第16~30天的平均蛋重以及血清IgA和IgG(第1天、第15天、第30天)、IgM(第1天、第30天)、IFN-γ(第15天、第30天)、IL-2(第1天)、sIgA含量(第1天、第15天、第30天)含量。同时,显著提高第1天蛋鸡十二指肠、空肠、回肠与盲肠黏膜IFN-γ含量和第15天空肠黏膜IL-2含量[91]。由此可见,植物乳杆菌可增强蛋鸡的免疫能力,抵抗病原菌感染。

3.4 改善脂质代谢

笼养蛋鸡由于活动空间少,容易导致动物脂肪代谢异常,使蛋鸡体内脂肪贮存过多导致蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质下降。血清中TG、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、甘油和LDL是反映机体脂类代谢水平的重要指标。在产蛋后期,每千克饲粮中添加5.6 mL活菌数为3×1010 CFU/mL的植物乳杆菌LPJZ-658能显著降低蛋鸡血清中游离脂肪酸(44.24%)、甘油(41.62%)和LDL(47.16%)含量,进而改善产蛋后期蛋鸡的生产性能和蛋品质[15]。饲粮中添加植物乳杆菌LP可显著提高感染肠炎沙门氏菌蛋鸡血浆中谷草转氨酶活性及钙、磷含量[96],显著降低感染肠炎沙门氏菌蛋鸡的血浆中LDL和TG含量[99]。新罗曼褐蛋鸡饲粮中添加植物乳杆菌RI11、植物乳杆菌RG14和植物乳杆菌RG11组合代谢产物,能提高产蛋量、粪便中乳酸菌数量和小肠绒毛高度,降低粪便pH、粪便肠杆菌科数量及血浆和蛋黄中胆固醇含量,减少抗菌剂的使用[97-98]。由此可见,植物乳杆菌可以合理地调节蛋鸡体内的脂肪代谢,可作为改善蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的有效途径。

4 植物乳杆菌在鸭生产中的应用

目前,植物乳杆菌在鸭生产中的应用研究较少。饲粮中分别添加400和800 mg/kg植物乳杆菌LP(≥5×109 CFU/g)可提高21日龄北京鸭抗氧化能力,具体表现在血清CAT活性显著增强,肝脏SOD的mRNA相对表达量显著上调,回肠MDA含量显著降低。而对42日龄北京鸭而言,其腹脂率和血清总胆固醇含量降低,肝脏脂肪合成酶(fatty acid synthase,FAS)、3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase,HMGCR)、肝脏固醇调节原件结合蛋白-1c(sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c,SREBP-1c)的mRNA相对表达量下调[102]。此外,植物乳杆菌LP可提高北京鸭的生长性能和肠道健康,降低血清IL-1β和IFN-γ含量,下调回肠中IL-1β的mRNA相对表达量,上调回肠闭锁蛋白(Occludin)和封闭蛋白(Claudin)的mRNA相对表达量,并确定植物乳杆菌(5×109 CFU/g)的最佳添加剂量为400 mg/kg[103]。与不添加植物乳杆菌的对照组相比,饮水中添加产胆盐水解酶的植物乳杆菌可降低21日龄樱桃谷肉鸭血浆TG、TC、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、LDL-C以及FFA含量,改善42日龄胸肌肌肉品质[104]。在樱桃谷雏鸭饮水中添加1%的鸭源植物乳杆菌发酵液(5.475×109 CFU/mL),提高了增重和FCR,增强了肉鸭的免疫力,调节了肠道菌群平衡与肠道结构,进而促进了肉鸭生长发育[105]。在蛋鸭饲粮中分别添加10(T1组)、15(T2组)、20 mL/kg(T3组)菊粉和植物乳杆菌组成的合生元,结果显示各组蛋鸭的生产性能及血液参数均没有显著差异,但T2和T3组蛋黄的胆固醇含量显著降低[106]。由此可见,植物乳杆菌具有提高鸭的生产性能、降低腹脂率、增强肠道紧密性、改善脂质代谢等作用,进而提高了养殖的经济效益。

5 小结

植物乳杆菌在体外试验中显示出较强的胃肠液耐受性、高黏附性、广谱抑菌性、降胆固醇等优良特性,在肉鸡、蛋鸡及鸭的生产养殖中具有促进营养物质消化吸收、抵抗病原微生物侵害、增强免疫和抗氧化、改善肠道结构和维持肠道菌群平衡等功能,在提高生产性能、维护家禽肠道健康和提升产品品质等方面效果显著。因此,开发新型、高效、低成本的植物乳杆菌饲料添加剂产品,对实现家禽的无抗养殖具有重要的意义和广阔的产业前景。
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