研究论文

玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮添加过瘤胃赖氨酸和过瘤胃蛋氨酸对育肥湖羊生长性能、屠宰性能、器官指数和肉品质的影响

  • 曹广 , 1 ,
  • 吕刚 , 1, * ,
  • 刘伟 1 ,
  • 刘保仓 1 ,
  • 韩坤 1 ,
  • 马军辉 2 ,
  • 马学军 2
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  • 1 新疆泰昆集团股份有限责任公司,昌吉 831100
  • 2 新疆昌吉市二六工镇农业(畜牧业)发展服务中心,昌吉 831108
*吕 刚,E-mail:

曹 广(1995—),男,四川雅安人,硕士,从事反刍动物营养与饲料资源开发利用研究。E-mail:

收稿日期: 2022-11-23

  网络出版日期: 2023-06-08

Effects of Dietary Rumen-Protected Lysine and Rumen-Protected Methionine in Corn-Cotton Seed Meal Type Diet on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Organ Indices and Meat Quality of Fattening Hu Sheep

  • CAO Guang , 1 ,
  • LYU Gang , 1, * ,
  • LIU Wei 1 ,
  • LIU Baocang 1 ,
  • HAN Kun 1 ,
  • MA Junhui 2 ,
  • MA Xuejun 2
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  • 1 Xinjiang Taikun Group Co., Ltd., Changji 831100, China
  • 2 Xinjiang Changji City Erliugong Town Agriculture (Animal Husbandry) Development Service Center, Changji 831108, China
*E-mail:

Received date: 2022-11-23

  Online published: 2023-06-08

摘要

本试验旨在探究玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮添加过瘤胃赖氨酸(RPLys)和过瘤胃蛋氨酸(RPMet)对育肥湖羊生长性能、屠宰性能、器官指数和肉品质的影响。试验选用160头年龄(5月龄)和体重[(38.00±0.63) kg]相近的健康育肥期湖羊公羊,随机分为4个组,每组40头羊。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,RPLys添加组在基础饲粮中添加3 g/kg RPLys,RPMet添加组在基础饲粮中添加2 g/kg RPMet,RPLys+RPMet添加组在基础饲粮中添加3 g/kg RPLys+2 g/kg RPMet。预试期7 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,各过瘤胃氨基酸添加组育肥湖羊终末体重和平均日增重(ADG)显著提高(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,RPLys添加组和RPLys+RPMet添加组育肥湖羊胴体重、屠宰率、净肉重和净肉率均显著提高(P<0.05),RPMet添加组胴体重、净肉重和净肉率也显著提高(P<0.05)。3)RPLys添加组育肥湖羊肝脏相对重量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),且RPMet添加组和RPLys+RPMet添加组肝脏相对重量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,各过瘤胃氨基酸添加组育肥湖羊肾周脂肪组织相对重量显著提高(P<0.05),RPLys添加组和RPLys+RPMet添加组尾脂组织相对重量显著提高(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,各过瘤胃氨基酸添加组育肥湖羊背最长肌45 min pH显著降低(P<0.05),RPMet添加组背最长肌蒸煮损失显著降低(P<0.05)。综上所述,在玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮中添加RPLys和RPMet可提高育肥湖羊生长性能和屠宰性能,提高肝脏、肾周脂肪和尾脂组织相对重量,改善肉品质,且以添加RPLys效果较佳。

本文引用格式

曹广 , 吕刚 , 刘伟 , 刘保仓 , 韩坤 , 马军辉 , 马学军 . 玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮添加过瘤胃赖氨酸和过瘤胃蛋氨酸对育肥湖羊生长性能、屠宰性能、器官指数和肉品质的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023 , 35(6) : 3812 -3821 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.354

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary rumen-protected lysine (RPLys) and rumen-protected methionine (RPMet) in corn-cotton seed meal type diet on growth performance, slaughter performance, organ indices and meat quality of fattening Hu sheep. One hundred and sixty healthy male Hu sheep with similar age (5 months) and body weight [(38.00±0.63) kg] at fattening stage were randomly divided into 4 groups with 40 sheep in each group. Sheep in the control group were fed a basal diet, those in RPLys supplemental group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 3 g/kg RPLys, those in RPMet supplemental group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 2 g/kg RPMet, and those in RPLys+RPMet supplemental group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 3 g/kg RPLys+2 g/kg RPMet. The pre-trial period lasted for 7 days and the experimental period lasted for 60 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the final body weight and average daily gain (ADG) of fattening Hu sheep in all rumen-protected amino acid supplemental groups were significantly increased (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the carcass weight, dressing percentage, net meat weight and net meat percentage of fattening Hu sheep in RPLys and RPLys+RPMet supplemental groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the carcass weight, net meat weight and net meat percentage in RPMet supplemental group were also significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) The liver relative weight of fattening Hu sheep in RPLys supplemental group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P<0.05), and the liver relative weight in RPMet and RPLys+RPMet supplemental groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the perirenal fat tissue relative weight of fattening Hu sheep in all rumen-protected amino acid supplemental groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the tail fat tissue relative weight in RPLys and RPLys+RPMet supplemental groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the 45 min pH in longissimus dorsi muscle of fattening Hu sheep in all rumen-protected amino acid supplemental groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the cooking loss in longissimus dorsi muscle in RPMet supplemental group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary RPLys and RPMet in corn-cotton seed meal diet can improve growth performance and slaughter performance, increase the liver relative weight, perirenal fat and tail fat tissues, and improve meat quality of fattening Hu sheep, and the effect of RPLys is better.

近年来,人们对畜禽产品的需求不断增加,这极大地推动了我国养殖业的发展,但与此同时,饲料资源短缺也严重制约了我国畜禽养殖业的发展。豆粕是最常用的蛋白质饲料来源,但在我国主要依赖进口。而棉花副产物,如棉籽粕,含有较高的粗蛋白质(CP)含量,可作为蛋白质饲料应用于动物饲粮中[1]。作为我国的棉花主产区,新疆棉花产量占全国棉花总产量的90%左右,因此,新疆地区具有丰富的棉花加工副产品棉籽粕和棉籽。棉籽粕CP含量一般在35%~50%。不过,受加工工艺的影响,虽然其CP含量较高,但相比于豆粕,棉籽粕含有大量的抗营养因子如棉酚、植酸等,过量使用会降低动物机体对棉籽粕的利用率,影响动物的生长繁殖[2]。此外,么学博等[3]研究指出,棉籽粕小肠有效降解赖氨酸消化率较豆粕低。而全棉籽作为一种优质的蛋白质饲料资源,应用于反刍动物饲粮中可以提高育肥期动物对能量、蛋白质和脂肪等营养物质的吸收利用,并对肉品质具有一定改善作用[4-6]
氨基酸是反刍动物蛋白质营养的基础,氨基酸的平衡性直接影响机体蛋白质的合成与代谢。赖氨酸和蛋氨酸是反刍动物最为主要的限制性氨基酸,参与机体能量、蛋白质和脂肪代谢,在维持反刍动物生长发育方面起着重要作用[7]。由于瘤胃微生物的存在,反刍动物生产中常使用过瘤胃赖氨酸(rumen-protected lysine,RPLys)和过瘤胃蛋氨酸(rumen-protected methionine,RPMet),以达到提高氨基酸利用率的目的。刘远等[8]研究表明,饲粮中添加RPLys对福清山羊的营养物质消化率和生长性能均无显著影响,但显著提高了机体氮沉积。高岩等[9]研究表明,饲粮中同时添加RPLys和RPMet可以显著提高荷斯坛奶公牛体重(BW)和平均日增重(ADG),降低料重比(F/G),同时提高肌肉脂肪酸含量,并可替代部分蛋白质饲料,增加经济效益。此外,RPLys和RPMet在非常规饲粮和低蛋白质饲粮中也起着提高动物生产性能、改善机体免疫和提高氮利用率的作用[10-11]。然而,多数研究使用的精料类型为玉米-豆粕型,RPLys和RPMet在玉米-豆粕型饲粮模式下具有的有益作用能否在玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮模式下发挥值得关注。因此,本试验以育肥期湖羊为试验动物,探究在玉米-棉粕型饲粮中添加RPLys和RPMet对湖羊生长性能、屠宰性能、器官指数和肉品质的影响,以期为棉籽粕及棉籽资源在育肥羊产业中的高效应用提供理论参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

本试验所用的RPLys和RPMet购买于上海某公司,其中有效成分含量分别为50%和60%,过瘤胃率为60%;棉籽粕CP含量为46%,棉籽CP含量为26%,均由新疆泰昆集团昌吉饲料有限责任公司提供。

1.2 试验设计

本试验于2022年4—6月在新疆泰昆集团反刍动物试验场进行。试验选择160头年龄(5月龄)和BW[(38.00±0.63) kg]相近的健康湖羊公羊(2月龄断奶),随机分为4个组,每组40头羊。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,RPLys添加组在基础饲粮中添加3 g/kg RPLys,RPMet添加组在基础饲粮中添加2 g/kg RPMet,RPLys+RPMet添加组在基础饲粮中添加3 g/kg RPLys+2 g/kg RPMet。基础饲粮参照《肉羊饲养标准》(NY/T 816—2004)肉羊营养需要配制,各组饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。预试期7 d,正试期60 d。
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (DM basis)%

项目
Items
对照组
Control group
RPLys添加组
RPLys
supplemental
group
RPMet添加组
RPMet
supplemental
group
RPLys+RPMet添加组
RPLys+RPMet
supplemental group
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 38.5 38.5 38.5 38.5
棉籽 Cottonseed 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
玉米秸秆 Corn straw 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
喷浆玉米皮 Sprayed corn husk 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
玉米麸 Corn bran 10.0 9.7 9.8 9.5
细石粉 Fine stone powder 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
过瘤胃赖氨酸 RPLys 0.3 0.3
过瘤胃蛋氨酸 RPMet 0.2 0.2
预混料 Premix1) 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
合计 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 11.67 11.68 11.67 11.67
粗蛋白质 CP 13.02 13.21 13.12 13.31
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 25.90 25.90 25.90 25.90
钙 Ca 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06
磷 P 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 10 100.19 IU,VD3 3 686.36 IU,VE 184.25 IU,Cu 11.36 mg,Fe 75 mg,Mn 90 mg,Zn 60 mg,I 0.42 mg。

2)代谢能为计算值,其他营养水平均为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the other nutrient levels were measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

试验前对所有试验羊统一进行免疫驱虫,并进行编号。每天在09:00和17:30饲喂2次,并根据预试期测定的采食量进行投喂,保证自由采食及饮水。所有试验羊采取分组分圈饲喂,每组4个圈,每圈饲喂10只羊。试验期间,其他饲养管理措施按饲养场管理制度执行,定期消毒、打扫圈舍。

1.4 样品采集与指标测定

1.4.1 生长性能

分别在正试期第1天和第60天晨饲前对所有羊进行称重,计算ADG;每天准确记录采食量,计算平均日采食量(ADFI),通过ADFI和ADG计算F/G。

1.4.2 屠宰性能和器官指数

正试期结束后,每组选取接近对应组平均BW的6只羊进行屠宰。宰前24 h停止喂料,宰前2 h停止喂水。参照索效军等[12]的方法计算胴体重、屠宰率、净肉重、净肉率、骨重和肉骨比等指标,同时称量心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏和胰脏等重量并记录;将瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃和皱胃进行分割,去除食糜并清洗干净后,称量各胃室重量并记录;将十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠、结肠和直肠进行分割,去除食糜并清洗干净后,称量各肠断重量并记录;分离肾周脂肪、大网膜脂肪、肠系膜脂肪和尾脂,称量重量并记录。器官指数(相对重量)计算公式如下:
器官指数(相对重量)=100×器官重量/宰前活重。

1.4.3 肉品质

屠宰完成后,从每只试验羊胴体上采集背最长肌分装在自封袋中用于检测肉品质。肉品质的测定参考赵亚星等[13]和Wei等[14]的方法,采用pH计(HNANA,HI981036)测定宰后45 min和24 h背最长肌pH,分别测定3个不同的位置,取平均值;其余肉品质指标包括肌肉肉色亮度(L*)、红度(a*)、黄度(b*)值以及失水率、滴水损失、蒸煮损失和剪切力。

1.5 数据统计分析

采用Excel 2021对试验数据进行初步整理,之后使用SPSS 22.0软件对数据进行单因素方差分析,并采用Duncan氏法进行组间多重比较,结果用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮添加RPLys和RPMet对育肥湖羊生长性能的影响

表2可知,各过瘤胃氨基酸添加组育肥湖羊终末BW和ADG之间无显著差异(P>0.05),但均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。RPLys+RPMet添加组F/G最低,但各组间ADFI和F/G差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表2 玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮添加RPLys和RPMet对育肥湖羊生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary RPLys and RPMet in corn-cotton seed meal type diet on growth performance of fattening Hu sheep (n=4)

项目
Items
对照组
Control
group
RPLys添加组
RPLys
supplemental
group
RPMet添加组
RPMet
supplemental
group
RPLys+RPMet添加组
RPLys+RPMet
supplemental
group
SEM P
P-value
初始体重 Initial BW/kg 38.72 38.53 38.47 38.42 0.32 0.764
终末体重 Final BW/kg 54.22b 55.44a 54.83a 55.10a 0.40 0.012
平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) 258b 282a 273a 278a 8.27 0.044
平均日采食量 ADFI/(kg/d) 2.12 2.32 2.22 2.21 0.28 0.485
料重比 F/G 8.22 8.23 8.13 7.95 0.36 0.726

同行数据肩标相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。平均日采食量以风干基础计算。

In the same row, values with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. ADFI was calculated on air-dry basis.

2.2 玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮添加RPLys和RPMet对育肥湖羊屠宰性能的影响

表3可知,RPLys添加组和RPLys+RPMet添加组育肥湖羊胴体重、屠宰率、净肉重和净肉率无显著差异(P>0.05),但均显著高于对照组和RPMet添加组(P<0.05);此外,RPMet添加组胴体重、净肉重和净肉率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。各组间宰前活重、骨重、肉骨比、头重、蹄重和皮重差异均不显著(P>0.05)。
表3 玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮添加RPLys和RPMet对育肥湖羊屠宰性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary RPLys and RPMet in corn-cotton seed meal type diet on slaughter performance of fattening Hu sheep (n=6)

项目
Items
对照组
Control
group
RPLys添加组
RPLys
supplemental
group
RPMet添加组
RPMet
supplemental
group
RPLys+RPMet添加组
RPLys+RPMet
supplemental
group
SEM P
P-value
宰前活重
Live weight before slaughter/kg
54.43 55.35 54.92 55.23 0.40 0.183
胴体重 Carcass weight/kg 25.63c 28.66a 26.74b 28.51a 1.14 0.025
屠宰率 Dressing percentage/% 49.12b 51.73a 49.85b 51.67a 0.98 0.014
净肉重 Net meat weight/kg 22.62c 24.34a 23.52b 24.41a 0.56 0.043
净肉率 Net meat percentage/% 41.52c 43.95a 42.81b 44.26a 0.32 0.002
骨重 Bone weight/kg 5.62 5.74 5.64 5.89 0.08 0.344
肉骨比 Ratio of meat to bone 4.02 4.23 4.17 4.14 0.03 0.546
头重 Head weight/kg 2.58 2.65 2.56 2.68 0.04 0.087
蹄重 Hoofs weight/kg 1.02 1.06 1.09 1.04 0.04 0.381
皮重 Skin weight/kg 4.99 5.12 5.03 5.05 0.18 0.485

2.3 玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮添加RPLys和RPMet对育肥湖羊器官指数的影响

表4可知,RPLys添加组育肥湖羊瘤胃、瓣胃、回肠和结肠相对重量最高,但与其他组差异不显著(P>0.05),其他各胃肠道相对重量各组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮添加RPLys和RPMet对育肥湖羊胃肠道相对重量的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary RPLys and RPMet in corn-cotton seed meal type diet on gastrointestinal relative weight of fattening Hu sheep (n=6)%

项目
Items
对照组
Control
group
RPLys添加组
RPLys
supplemental
group
RPMet添加组
RPMet
supplemental
group
RPLys+RPMet添加组
RPLys+RPMet
supplemental
group
SEM P
P-value
胃相对重量 Relative weight of stomach
瘤胃 Rumen 3.42 3.44 3.41 3.39 0.02 0.262
网胃 Reticulum 0.49 0.53 0.56 0.54 0.03 0.184
瓣胃 Omasum 0.59 0.61 0.58 0.56 0.03 0.501
皱胃 Abomasum 0.70 0.68 0.71 0.67 0.02 0.682
肠相对重量 Relative weight of intestine
十二指肠 Duodenum 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.19 0.02 0.423
空肠 Jejunum 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.22 0.02 0.698
回肠 Ileum 2.81 2.87 2.78 2.84 0.03 0.241
盲肠 Cecum 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.01 0.542
结肠 Colon 2.21 2.31 2.19 2.28 0.04 0.145
直肠 Rectum 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.48 0.03 0.234
表5可知,RPLys添加组育肥湖羊肝脏相对重量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),且RPMet添加组和RPLys+RPMet添加组肝脏相对重量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);此外,相比于RPMet添加组,RPLys添加组肺脏相对重量显著提高了13.79%(P<0.05);各组间其他脏器相对重量无显著差异(P>0.05)。在脂肪组织相对重量中,各过瘤胃氨基酸添加组之间育肥湖羊肾周脂肪组织相对重量差异不显著(P>0.05),但均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);RPLys添加组和RPLys+RPMet添加组尾脂组织相对重量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其他脂肪组织相对重量各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表5 玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮添加RPLys和RPMet对育肥湖羊脏器和脂肪组织相对重量的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary RPLys and RPMet in corn-cotton seed meal type diet on relative weight of viscera and adipose tissues of fattening Hu sheep (n=6)%

项目
Items
对照组
Control
group
RPLys添加组
RPLys
supplemental
group
RPMet添加组
RPMet
supplemental
group
RPLys+RPMet添加组
RPLys+RPMet
supplemental
group
SEM P
P-value
脏器相对重量 Relative weight of viscera
心脏 Heart 0.49 0.47 0.51 0.44 0.03 0.146
肝脏 Liver 2.42c 2.67a 2.58b 2.54b 0.03 0.012
脾脏 Spleen 0.25 0.29 0.27 0.30 0.02 0.178
肺脏 Lung 0.94ab 0.99a 0.87b 0.92ab 0.03 0.049
肾脏 Kidney 0.39 0.41 0.42 0.39 0.03 0.591
胰脏 Pancreas 0.16 0.19 0.15 0.16 0.02 0.370
脂肪组织相对重量 Relative weight of adipose tissue
肾周脂肪 Perirenal fat 0.82b 0.89a 0.91a 0.92a 0.02 0.007
大网膜脂 Omental fat 4.35 4.41 4.44 4.39 0.07 0.663
肠系膜脂 Mesenteric fat 2.34 2.39 2.38 2.42 0.05 0.557
尾脂 Tail fat 0.84b 0.98a 0.88ab 0.92a 0.04 0.032

2.4 玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮添加RPLys和RPMet对育肥湖羊肉品质的影响

表6可知,各组间育肥湖羊背最长肌肉色L*、a*、b*值及24 h pH、剪切力、失水率和滴水损失差异均不显著(P>0.05),但对照组背最长肌45 min pH显著高于其余各组(P<0.05),且各过瘤胃氨基酸添加组之间背最长肌45 min pH无显著差异(P>0.05);对照组背最长肌蒸煮损失最高,达到36.48%,显著高于RPMet添加组(P<0.05)。
表6 玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮添加RPLys和RPMet对育肥湖羊肉品质的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary RPLys and RPMet in corn-cotton meal type diet on meat quality of fattening Hu sheep (n=6)

项目
Items
对照组
Control
group
RPLys添加组
RPLys
supplemental
group
RPMet添加组
RPMet
supplemental
group
RPLys+RPMet添加组
RPLys+RPMet
supplemental
group
SEM P
P-value
亮度 L* 35.32 35.33 35.25 35.41 0.17 0.832
红度 a* 17.31 17.21 17.22 17.32 0.05 0.144
黄度 b* 3.45 3.42 3.49 3.42 0.02 0.798
45 min pH 6.69a 6.48b 6.52b 6.53b 0.04 0.002
24 h pH 5.23 5.24 5.26 5.22 0.03 0.547
剪切力 Shear force/N 71.28 71.26 72.55 72.40 0.89 0.689
失水率 Water loss rate/% 17.36 16.95 16.47 16.49 0.68 0.463
滴水损失 Drip loss/% 2.35 2.36 2.41 2.25 0.08 0.328
蒸煮损失 Cooking loss/% 36.48a 35.76ab 35.34b 36.06a 0.39 0.025

3 讨论

3.1 玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮添加RPLys和RPMet对育肥湖羊生长性能的影响

赖氨酸和蛋氨酸是大部分育肥羊饲粮中主要的限制性氨基酸,摄入不足会影响氮平衡并对动物健康造成影响,直接补充氨基酸是提高育肥羊生产效率的有效方法,而过瘤胃氨基酸可增加氨基酸的过瘤胃率,正向作用更为显著[15-16]。李国栋[17]在育肥牛饲粮中添加RPMet、过瘤胃亮氨酸和过瘤胃异亮氨酸,使得ADG显著提高,同时改善了血清葡萄糖和胰岛素含量。郭伟[18]在杜寒杂交肉羊低蛋白质饲粮中添加RPLys和RPMet发现,肉羊生长性能没有显著变化。Odedra等[19]研究发现,在繁育母牛饲粮中添加RPLys和RPMet,使得ADG显著提高,但对血清生化指标没有显著影响。本试验中,各过瘤胃氨基酸添加组育肥湖羊ADG均显著提高,其中单独添加RPLys效果较为显著,而单独添加RPMet效果较差,这可能与育
肥羊对氨基酸的需求和玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮本身氨基酸组成结构有关。有研究表明,育肥羊全混合日粮的第一和第二限制性氨基酸分别为蛋氨酸和赖氨酸,但饲粮中氨基酸的限制可能会根据饲粮结构而发生变化,这可能是本试验结果与前人研究结果[20-21]不一致的原因。同时,如果活羊价格以28元/kg计,RPLys市场价格为30元/kg,RPMet市场价格为50元/kg。本试验中,各组的单日饲粮成本分别为5.94、6.41、6.24和6.24元,而各组平均每日增重收益为7.22、7.90、7.64和7.78元。由此可知,RPLys添加组和RPLys+RPMet添加组经济效益较高,RPMet添加组较低,但均优于对照组。

3.2 玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮添加RPLys和RPMet对育肥湖羊屠宰性能的影响

屠宰率、净肉率和净肉重等是评价湖羊屠宰性能的重要指标,也是重要的经济指标。本试验中,饲粮添加添加RPLys显著改善了育肥湖羊的屠宰性能,这说明RPLys可能促进了育肥湖羊对饲粮中蛋白质的吸收利用,从而改善了育肥湖羊整体的氮沉积效率。卜登攀等[22]研究发现,过瘤胃氨基酸和尿素混合添加促进了奶牛对饲粮中蛋白质及氨基酸的利用效率,饲粮整体的生物学转化效率显著提高。闫金玲等[11]研究发现,低蛋白质饲粮中添加RPLys和RPMet可提高荷斯坦公牛的氮代谢效率,但屠宰性能无显著变化。郭伟[18]研究发现,添加过瘤胃氨基酸并降低饲粮蛋白质水平,育肥羊整体的屠宰性能没有降低,饲粮中营养物质的消化率也没有显著变化。本试验发现,在玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮中单独添加RPLys或同时添加RPLys和RPMet对育肥湖羊胴体重和屠宰率有一定改善作用,但单独添加RPMet改善效果不显著。这说明在玉米-棉粕型饲粮条件下,湖羊对赖氨酸的需求量更高,对蛋氨酸的需求量较低。近年来,过瘤胃氨基酸是反刍动物营养的研究热点,对屠宰性能和经济效益具有显著的正向效应,特别在低蛋白质饲粮和无豆粕饲粮中应用前景广阔。

3.3 玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮添加RPLys和RPMet对育肥湖羊器官指数的影响

过瘤胃氨基酸可以促进反刍动物胃肠道对营养物质的吸收,但少有报道对消化道及内脏器官发育的影响。有研究认为,内脏的发育与BW及机体整体的发育关联性可能更大,其进一步的机理尚不清楚[23]。郭伟[18]研究发现,添加过瘤胃氨基酸可促进肉羊瓣胃的发育,但对空肠、回肠和瘤胃等则无显著影响。本试验中,添加RPLys对提高育肥湖羊瘤胃相对重量有一定改善作用,同时显著提高了肝脏、肾周脂肪组织和尾脂组织的相对重量,这与前人研究结果一致。肝脏是动物体最主要的代谢器官,是糖类、脂肪和蛋白质消化代谢的主要场所,而脂肪沉积的增加表明体内脂质代谢的增强[24]。王菲等[25]研究发现,在麻羊饲粮中添加RPMet可以提高饲粮CP和粗脂肪的利用率,但对能量利用率无显著影响。本试验中,脂质代谢的增强可能与过瘤胃氨基酸对饲粮整体消化代谢效率的提高有关,具体机理有待进一步研究。

3.4 玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮添加RPLys和RPMet对育肥湖羊肉品质的影响

肉品质主要包括肉色、pH和剪切力等,是衡量羊肉食用价值及经济效益的重要指标[26]。本试验中,各过瘤胃氨基酸添加组育肥湖羊背最长肌45 min pH显著低于对照组,RPMet添加组背最长肌蒸煮损失显著低于对照组,但其余肉品质指标各组间无显著差异,这表明过瘤胃氨基酸可以部分改善肉品质,这可能与试验羊肌肉沉积效率提高有关。高昌鹏等[27]研究发现,在荞麦秸秆饲粮中添加RPLys,滩羊胴体肉色L*和b*值显著提高,同时剪切力及肌肉中粗脂肪含量显著降低。但闫金玲等[11]研究发现,添加RPLys和RPMet对荷斯坦公牛肌肉pH、剪切力、蒸煮损失、失水率、肉色以及常规营养成分含量均无显著影响。本研究中,在玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮中添加RPLys和RPMet对湖羊肉品质有一定改善作用,以上结果说明RPLys和RPMet在不同饲粮和不同种类动物中作用效果有差异。过瘤胃氨基酸的添加可改善体内氮代谢,促进肌肉沉积,但本试验与前人研究对肉品质的改善效果存在差异,这可能与饲粮结构和过瘤胃氨基酸添加量有关。

4 结论

在玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮中添加RPLys和RPMet可提高育肥湖羊生长性能和屠宰性能,提高肝脏、肾周脂肪和尾脂组织相对重量,改善肉品质。综合来看,在玉米-棉籽粕型饲粮中添加RPLys效果较佳。
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