1 材料与方法
1.1 试验方法
1.2 液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)分析
1.3 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 差异代谢物PCA
2.2 差异代谢物PLS-DA
图2 血浆代谢物偏最小二乘法判别分析左图中R2Y代表该模型解释率;Q2Y代表该模型预测能力;右图中R2、Q2代表运用偏最小二乘回归方法建立模型的评价参数,Cor代表R2与Q2的相关性。 Fig.2 PLS-DA of plasma metabolites R2Y in the left figure represents the explanatory rate of the model; Q2Y represents the predictive power of the model; R2 and Q2 in the right figure are the evaluation parameters of this model using the partial least squares regression method, and Cor represents the correlation between R2 and Q2. |
2.3 差异代谢物分析
表1 差异代谢物分布Table 1 Distribution of differential metabolites |
| 差异代谢物 Differential metabolites | 质荷比 m/z | 保留时间 RT/min | 变量重要 性投影值 VIP value | P值 P-value | 差异倍数值 FC value | 上调/下调 Up/down | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2-甲基谷氨酸 2-methylglutaric acid | 146.06 | 3.32 | 1.19 | 0.000 7 | 3.04 | ↑ | |
| (+)-α-硫辛酸 (+)-alpha-lipoic acid | 206.04 | 1.14 | 2.13 | 0.000 9 | 0.49 | ↓ | |
| 甲硫氨酸 Methionine | 149.05 | 1.88 | 2.09 | 0.001 5 | 0.53 | ↓ | |
| 天冬氨酰-苯丙氨酸甲基酯 Asp-Phe methyl ester | 294.12 | 5.34 | 2.38 | 0.001 5 | 0.42 | ↓ | |
| L-苯丙氨酸 L-phenylalanine | 165.08 | 4.84 | 2.22 | 0.001 7 | 0.61 | ↓ | |
| 4-乙基苯甲醛 4-ethylbenzaldehyde | 134.07 | 4.85 | 2.11 | 0.001 9 | 0.61 | ↓ | |
| γ-谷氨酰亮氨酸 Gamma-glutamylleucine | 260.14 | 5.33 | 2.53 | 0.002 1 | 0.39 | ↓ | |
| N-乙酰葡糖胺-1-磷酸 N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate | 301.06 | 4.85 | 2.40 | 0.002 2 | 0.58 | ↓ | |
| 2-[(3S)-1-苄基-3-吡咯烷基]- 1,3-苯并噻唑 2-[(3S)-1-benzyl-3-pyrrolidinyl]- 1,3-benzothiazole | 294.12 | 5.34 | 2.33 | 0.002 5 | 0.47 | ↓ | |
| 腺苷酰硫酸 Adenosine-5-phosphosulfate | 449.00 | 1.19 | 2.27 | 0.003 3 | 0.50 | ↓ | |
| 3,4-二羟基苯丙酸 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid | 164.05 | 2.34 | 1.99 | 0.003 5 | 0.65 | ↓ | |
| L-酪氨酸 L-tyrosine | 181.07 | 2.33 | 2.00 | 0.003 7 | 0.64 | ↓ | |
| 4-羟基苯甲醛 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde | 122.04 | 2.33 | 1.19 | 0.003 8 | 0.61 | ↓ | |
| 反式肉桂酸 Trans-cinnamic acid | 148.05 | 4.85 | 2.26 | 0.004 4 | 0.59 | ↓ | |
| 苏氨酸 Threonine | 119.06 | 1.26 | 1.88 | 0.004 6 | 0.56 | ↓ | |
| L-β-咪唑乳酸 L-beta-imidazolelactic acid | 156.05 | 1.61 | 2.22 | 0.005 2 | 0.56 | ↓ | |
| DL-赖氨酸 DL-lysine | 146.11 | 1.10 | 2.19 | 0.005 2 | 0.51 | ↓ | |
| L-甲基哌啶 L-pipecolate | 129.08 | 1.10 | 2.19 | 0.005 2 | 0.51 | ↓ | |
| 天冬酰胺 Asparagine | 132.05 | 1.23 | 2.17 | 0.005 4 | 0.50 | ↓ | |
| 维生素B6 Vitamin B6 | 168.09 | 1.13 | 2.34 | 0.006 1 | 0.50 | ↓ | |
| 3-(3,4-二羟基苯基)-2-甲基丙氨酸 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylalanine | 211.09 | 4.85 | 2.50 | 0.008 3 | 0.59 | ↓ | |
| 甲氯环素 Meclocycline | 476.10 | 3.22 | 1.81 | 0.008 7 | 0.57 | ↓ | |
| Nε-乙酰左旋赖氨酸 Nε-acetyl-L-lysine | 188.12 | 3.93 | 2.23 | 0.008 8 | 2.13 | ↑ | |
| N-苄基甲酰胺 N-benzylformamide | 135.07 | 2.34 | 1.89 | 0.008 9 | 0.64 | ↓ | |
| 三(2-羧乙基)膦 Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine | 286.04 | 3.24 | 2.35 | 0.012 7 | 0.54 | ↓ | |
| 血溶性磷脂胆碱(17∶0/18∶1) PC(17∶0/18∶1) | 773.59 | 9.69 | 1.56 | 0.017 5 | 1.57 | ↑ | |
| 血溶性磷脂胆碱(18∶1/19∶2) PC (18∶1/19∶2) | 797.59 | 10.59 | 1.89 | 0.019 7 | 1.93 | ↑ | |
| 牛磺酸 Taurine | 125.02 | 1.25 | 2.20 | 0.020 8 | 0.43 | ↓ | |
| N-甲基乙内酰脲 N-methylhydantoin | 114.04 | 1.34 | 1.90 | 0.022 0 | 0.56 | ↓ | |
| 肌酸 Creatine | 131.07 | 1.34 | 1.89 | 0.023 0 | 0.57 | ↓ | |
| 4-羟基-5,8-二甲基喹啉-3-羧酸 4-hydroxy-5,8-dimethylquinoline-3- carboxylic acid | 217.07 | 5.15 | 1.90 | 0.023 2 | 0.57 | ↓ | |
| γ-谷氨酰酪氨酸 Gamma-glutamyltyrosine | 310.12 | 4.89 | 1.83 | 0.024 7 | 0.47 | ↓ | |
| 3-噻吩-2-基噌啉-4-羧酸 3-(2-thienyl)cinnoline-4-carboxylic acid | 256.03 | 6.43 | 1.57 | 0.026 0 | 0.39 | ↓ | |
| 葡萄糖-1-磷酸二钠盐 Glucose-1-phosphate | 260.03 | 1.31 | 1.27 | 0.026 0 | 2.31 | ↑ | |
| 3-甲基吲哚 3-methylindole | 131.07 | 5.14 | 1.98 | 0.031 6 | 0.59 | ↓ | |
| 曲酸 Kojic acid | 142.02 | 1.33 | 1.08 | 0.032 1 | 1.61 | ↑ | |
| 血溶性磷脂胆碱(14∶0e/19∶1) PC (14∶0e/19∶1) | 731.58 | 10.75 | 1.66 | 0.032 2 | 1.94 | ↑ | |
| 血溶性磷脂胆碱(14∶0e/20∶1) PC(14∶0e/20∶1) | 745.60 | 10.55 | 1.59 | 0.033 4 | 1.58 | ↑ | |
| 3-吲哚乙酸 3-indoleacetic acid | 175.06 | 5.78 | 1.74 | 0.034 4 | 0.66 | ↓ | |
| 原亮氨酸 Prolylleucine | 228.15 | 1.46 | 1.98 | 0.035 3 | 0.58 | ↓ | |
| D-核糖-1-磷酸盐 D-ribose-1-phosphate | 230.02 | 1.33 | 1.06 | 0.036 8 | 1.89 | ↑ | |
| 7-酮基胆固醇 7-ketocholesterol | 400.33 | 10.77 | 1.63 | 0.039 0 | 1.52 | ↑ | |
| 黄豆黄苷 Glycitin | 446.13 | 5.14 | 1.56 | 0.041 5 | 0.51 | ↓ | |
| 4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯乙胺-乙二醇硫酸盐 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl glycol sulfate | 264.03 | 2.35 | 1.59 | 0.041 8 | 0.61 | ↓ | |
| 尿苷 Uridine | 244.07 | 2.16 | 1.46 | 0.042 2 | 1.73 | ↑ | |
| 喹啉 Quinoline | 129.06 | 5.78 | 1.88 | 0.043 0 | 0.65 | ↓ | |
| 血溶性磷脂胆碱(18∶1e/18∶2) PC(18∶1e/18∶2) | 815.61 | 9.79 | 1.69 | 0.043 1 | 2.10 | ↑ | |
| 黄嘌呤核苷 Xanthosine | 284.08 | 4.59 | 1.21 | 0.045 9 | 3.63 | ↑ | |
| 尿嘧啶 Uracil | 112.03 | 2.13 | 1.19 | 0.046 2 | 1.60 | ↑ | |
| 5-羟基吲哚 5-hydroxyindole | 133.05 | 5.67 | 1.19 | 0.048 3 | 0.56 | ↓ | |
| 牛胆酸钠 Taurocholic acid | 515.29 | 8.10 | 1.04 | 0.048 9 | 0.64 | ↓ | |
| 5-羟基色氨酸 L-5-hydroxytryptophan | 220.08 | 5.15 | 1.82 | 0.049 3 | 0.60 | ↓ | |
| 1,7-双(4-羟基苯基)-5-甲氧基-3-庚酮 1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5- methoxyheptan-3-one | 350.15 | 5.85 | 2.22 | 0.049 8 | 0.28 | ↓ | |
变量重要性投影值由PLS-DA模型计算得出。差异倍数值根据2 000 m组代谢物平均值相对于12 000 m组代谢物平均值的比率计算得出。表中↑代表含量上调,↓代表含量下调。 | |
VIP value is obtained from the PLS-DA model. FC value is calculated based on the ratio of the average value of metabolites in the 2 000 m to the average value of the metabolites in the 12 000 m. In the table, ↑ represents content upward adjustment, and ↓represents content downward adjustment. The same as |
图3 差异代谢物火山图P-value:P值;VIP: 变量重要性投影 variable importance in the projection; UP: 上调 up regulation;DW: 下调 down regulation ;NoDiff: 无差异 no differences;fold change:差异倍数。 灰色代表无显著差异的代谢物,红色代表上调代谢物,绿色代表下调代谢物,图中点的大小代表VIP值。 Fig.3 Volcano plot of differential metabolites Grey dots represent no significantly differential metabolites, red dots represent up-regulated differential metabolites, green dots represent down-regulated differential metabolites, and the size of the dots in the figure represents the VIP value. |
2.4 差异代谢物通路富集分析
表2 代谢通路及相关差异代谢物Table 2 Metabolic pathways and associated differential metabolites |
| 序号 No. | 代谢途径 Metabolic pathways | 差异代谢物 Differential metabolites | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 泛醌等萜醌生物合成 | 反式肉桂酸↓;L-酪氨酸↓ | 0.010 9 | |
| 2 | 矿物质吸收 | 甲硫氨酸↓;L-苯丙氨酸↓ | 0.057 3 | |
| 3 | 氨酰tRNA的生物合成 | 甲硫氨酸↓;L-苯丙氨酸↓;L-酪氨酸↓ | 0.057 5 | |
| 4 | 代谢途径 | 尿嘧啶↑;甲硫氨酸↓;黄嘌呤核苷↑;肌酸↓;N-甲基乙 内酰脲↓;L-甲基哌啶↓;L-苯丙氨酸↓;牛磺酸↓; 4-羟基苯甲醛↓;反式肉桂酸↓;L-酪氨酸↓; 牛胆酸钠↓;3-吲哚乙酸↓;维生素B6↓;尿苷↑ | 0.070 2 | |
| 5 | 苯丙氨酸代谢 | L-苯丙氨酸↓;反式肉桂酸↓;L-酪氨酸↓ | 0.076 6 | |
| 6 | 初级胆汁酸合成 | 牛磺酸↓;牛胆酸钠↓ | 0.089 5 | |
| 7 | 苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成 | L-苯丙氨酸↓;L-酪氨酸↓ | 0.125 8 | |
| 8 | 嘧啶代谢 | 尿嘧啶↑;尿苷↑ | 0.165 1 | |
| 9 | 精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢 | 肌酸↓;N-甲基乙内酰脲↓ | 0.165 1 | |
| 10 | 牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢 | 牛磺酸↓;牛胆酸钠↓ | 0.165 1 | |
| 11 | 咖啡因代谢 | 黄嘌呤核苷↑ | 0.203 9 | |
| 12 | 维生素B6代谢 | 维生素B6↓ | 0.203 9 | |
| 13 | 2-氧代羧酸代谢 | 甲硫氨酸↓;L-苯丙氨酸↓ | 0.206 4 | |
| 14 | 蛋白质消化与吸收 | 甲硫氨酸↓;L-苯丙氨酸↓ | 0.206 4 | |
| 15 | 酪氨酸代谢 | 3,4-二羟基苯丙酸↓;L-酪氨酸↓ | 0.248 9 | |
| 16 | 赖氨酸降解 | L-甲基哌啶↓ | 0.290 5 | |
| 17 | 硫胺素代谢 | L-酪氨酸↓ | 0.290 5 | |
| 18 | 抗逆转录病毒抗体 | 甲硫氨酸↓ | 0.290 5 | |
| 19 | 胆固醇代谢 | 牛胆酸钠↓ | 0.290 5 | |
| 20 | β-丙氨酸代谢 | 尿嘧啶↑ | 0.368 3 | |
图5 差异代谢物KEGG通路富集分析P-value:P值;Metabolic pathways:代谢途径;Phenylalanine metabolism:苯丙氨酸代谢;Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis:氨酰tRNA的生物合成;Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis:泛醌等萜醌生物合成;Tyrosine metabolism :酪氨酸代谢;Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism:牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢;Pyrimidine metabolism:嘧啶代谢;Protein digestion and absorption:蛋白质消化与吸收;Primary bile acid biosynthesis:初级胆汁酸合成;Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis:苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成;Mineral absorption:矿物质吸收;Arginine and proline metabolism:精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢;2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism:2-氧代羧酸代谢;Vitamin B6 metabolism:维生素B6代谢;Thiamine metabolism:硫胺素代谢;Lysine degradation:赖氨酸降解;Cholesterol metabolism:胆固醇代谢;Caffeine metabolism:咖啡因代谢;Beta-alanine metabolism:β-丙氨酸代谢;Antifolate resistance:抗逆转录病毒抗体。 Fig.5 KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of differential metabolites |

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