综述

微量矿物元素硒对畜禽生产性能和产品品质影响的研究进展

  • 李燕 ,
  • 牟天铭 ,
  • 苗洒洒 ,
  • 邹晓庭 , *
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  • 浙江大学动物科学学院饲料科学研究所,生物饲料安全与污染防控国家工程实验室,浙江大学动物分子营养学教育部重点实验室,农业农村部(华东)动物营养与饲料重点实验室,浙江省饲料与动物营养重点实验室,杭州 310058
* 邹晓庭,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

李 燕(1998—),女,浙江杭州人,硕士研究生,从事动物营养与饲料科学研究。E-mail:

Office editor: 田艳明

收稿日期: 2023-01-10

  网络出版日期: 2023-07-11

基金资助

国家蛋鸡产业技术体系(CARS-40-K10)

Research Progress on Effects of Trace Element Selenium on Performance and Product Quality of Livestock and Poultry

  • LI Yan ,
  • MU Tianming ,
  • MIAO Sasa ,
  • ZOU Xiaoting , *
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  • Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-01-10

  Online published: 2023-07-11

摘要

硒是维持动物机体健康所必需的微量矿物元素,在机体抗氧化、免疫应答、生长发育和繁殖等生理过程中发挥着重要作用。硒在动物机体内主要以硒蛋白形式存在,是多种抗氧化蛋白酶的重要组成成分。在畜禽生产中,饲粮中添加硒补充剂对于提升畜禽机体健康和生产富硒肉、蛋及奶产品具有重要意义。本文综述了近年来不同硒源对畜禽生产性能、机体健康以及产品品质和硒沉积效果影响的研究进展,以期为硒对畜禽产品品质的进一步研究提供理论参考。

关键词: ; 抗氧化; 畜禽产品; ; ;

本文引用格式

李燕 , 牟天铭 , 苗洒洒 , 邹晓庭 . 微量矿物元素硒对畜禽生产性能和产品品质影响的研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023 , 35(7) : 4191 -4199 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.388

Abstract

Selenium is an essential trace mineral element to maintain animal health, and plays an important role in the physiological processes of antioxidant, immune response, growth, development and reproduction. Selenium exists in animal organisms mainly in the form of selenium protein and is an important component of many antioxidant proteases. In livestock and poultry production, the addition of selenium supplements to the diet is important to improve animal health and to produce selenium-rich meat, eggs and milk. Therefore, this paper reviewed the research progress of different selenium sources in regulating the performance, organism health, product quality and selenium deposition effects of livestock and poultry, with a view to provide theoretical references for further research of selenium on the quality of livestock and poultry products.

硒(Se)是动物生长发育过程中必需的微量矿物元素之一,在抗氧化调控、免疫调节、甲状腺激素代谢、生殖、肿瘤癌症、心脑血管疾病预防以及解毒等方面发挥重要作用[1]。硒在动物机体内主要以硒蛋白的形式存在,是多种抗氧化蛋白酶的活性成分,对机体氧化还原稳态调控具有关键意义。中国营养委员会建议的成人每日硒参考摄入量为60 μg[2],世界卫生组织规定的成人每日硒摄入量为40~100 μg[3]。硒在土壤中的分布具有地区差异性,很多地方的土壤、水源等环境中缺硒,导致当地农作物中的硒含量不足,难以满足畜禽的维持与生长需要。畜禽产品作为人的主要食物来源,富硒肉、蛋、奶对于提高人体硒含量,维持身体健康具有重要意义。目前已有许多研究表明,在畜禽饲粮中添加硒能够有效提升其产品硒含量,改善产品品质,且有机硒添加剂相较于无机硒添加剂具有生物利用率高、毒性低和耐受性强等特点[4],这也逐渐成为目前畜牧业的研究热点之一。

1 硒的存在形式

硒在饲粮中的添加主要包括无机硒和有机硒2种形式。无机硒以不同价态的硒化合物形式存在,包括亚硒酸盐($\text{SeO}_{3}^{2-}$)、硒酸盐($\text{SeO}_{4}^{-}$)、硒(Se)和硒化物(Se2-)[5];有机硒的存在形式主要包括硒代蛋氨酸(SeMet)、硒代半胱氨酸(SeCys)和甲基硒代半胱氨酸(MeSeCys)等[6]。目前,常见的有机硒饲料添加剂包括酵母硒、SeMet和硒代蛋氨酸羟基类似物(HMSeBA)等。此外,纳米硒也是近年来的研究热点,其因具有比表面积大、表面活性高和毒性低等特性被视为很有前途的硒饲料添加剂[7-9]
亚硒酸钠作为最常用的无机硒补充剂,其硒含量较高,但生物利用率和组织留存率非常有限,并且在高剂量下是有毒的,一些国家甚至已禁用亚硒酸钠作为饲料添加剂[10]。目前,普遍认为有机硒相较于无机硒具有毒性低、生物利用率高及安全上限高的优势,其与动物对硒的吸收利用形式有关。
硒在动物机体中主要以有机硒化合物,即硒蛋白和含硒蛋白形式存在,通常将以SeCys形式合成的蛋白称为硒蛋白,以其他含硒氨基酸形式合成的蛋白称为含硒蛋白。硒蛋白是动物机体中硒发挥活性作用的主要形式[11],目前,已发现的动物机体内具有较为明确的功能和酶活性的硒蛋白主要包括:谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)家族、硫氧还蛋白还原酶(thioredoxin reductase,TrxR)家族、碘甲腺原氨酸脱碘酶(iodothyronine deiodinase,ID)家族以及硒蛋白P和硒蛋白W等[12]

2 硒的吸收与代谢

动物机体在摄取硒后,通过被动扩散和主动转运的方式在小肠处吸收,其吸收机制取决于硒的形态。无机硒在肠道通过刷状缘微绒毛以简单的扩散被动吸收,而有机硒的吸收是由氨基酸转运机制介导的主动吸收[13]。研究认为,无机硒在吸收效率和生物利用率方面不如有机硒,Liu等[14]在肉鸡基础饲粮中分别添加不同来源的硒,通过斜率比法发现肉鸡对酵母硒的生物利用率是亚硒酸钠的1.11~3.94倍。无机来源的硒需要与肠道中的有机配体结合进行吸收,而肠道中的各种因素会与硒竞争有机配体从而阻碍其吸收。例如,三价铁离子(Fe3+)与硒结合成不能被肠细胞吸收的复合体,硫通过空间竞争减少硒的吸收等,从而降低肠道对无机硒的吸收利用率[15]
硒在动物机体肠道吸收后进入血液,并主要从门静脉被运输至肝脏进行进一步代谢[16]。无机硒吸收后被还原生成硒化氢(H2Se),主要用于合成包括谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶在内的硒蛋白;有机硒经吸收后,一部分以SeMet的形式与机体组织蛋白结合,沉积在肝脏、肾脏和肌肉等组织中,另一部分通过跨硫途径转化为中间产物SeCys,接着也被转化为H2Se,用于合成硒蛋白[17-18]。未被吸收利用的硒通过粪便、尿液和呼吸途径以甲基硒、二甲基硒和三甲基硒化合物等形式被排出体外[19]

3 硒的主要生物学功能

3.1 抗氧化功能

动物机体在代谢过程中产生的具有高度氧化性的中间产物,如活性氧和自由基的过度积累,导致过氧化损伤,会造成细胞破坏和组织损伤,加速机体衰老和诱发各种疾病[15]。硒主要以抗氧化酶中发挥催化活性的残基SeCys形式发挥抗氧化作用[20]。上述提到的硒蛋白谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、硫氧还蛋白还原酶以及硒蛋白P等,都在维持氧化还原动态平衡和逆转氧化应激相关因子诱导的细胞凋亡中发挥着重要作用,以保护细胞免受过氧化损伤[21]。Han等[22]研究发现,补硒饲粮相较于对照组饲粮,能够显著提高蛋鸡血清和肝脏中的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性,从而提升蛋鸡抗氧化能力。除了存在于抗氧化酶的催化部位外,硒化合物也可以直接参与氧化还原反应,以发挥抗氧化作用[23]。此外,硒与维生素A、维生素E等具有协同作用,通过非酶促反应体系发挥抗氧化功能[24]。刘雯雯[25]研究发现,在饲粮中同时添加有机硒和维生素E,育肥猪的抗氧化能力比在饲粮中只添加有机硒或维生素E的育肥猪更好。但需要注意的是,超出生理需求剂量的硒反而会诱导硫醇基团的氧化和交联产生氧自由基,导致细胞凋亡,引起机体氧化损伤[26]

3.2 免疫调节功能

硒在动物机体的免疫系统中扮演着至关重要的角色,具有保护胸腺、维持淋巴细胞活性和促进抗体形成等作用,影响机体非特异性免疫、细胞免疫和体液免疫功能的发挥[27]。缺硒会导致动物机体免疫功能障碍,免疫力下降,从而增加疾病易感性。Pan等[28]研究发现,饲粮中硒的缺乏降低了肉鸡免疫器官中硒蛋白T的表达和对氧化应激的调节能力,并抑制免疫反应的多效性机制。Liu等[29]研究表明,缺硒会降低鸡十二指肠黏膜中分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)的含量,并且抑制抗炎细胞因子的表达,从而减弱鸡十二指肠黏膜免疫功能,引发肠黏膜炎症。而补硒能够增强机体自然杀伤(NK)细胞和淋巴因子激活的杀伤(LAK)细胞活性,促进T细胞的增殖分化,从而提升机体细胞免疫能力[30]。Broome等[31]研究发现,补硒能够提高干扰素γ和其他细胞因子的表达,促进T细胞的增殖分化和辅助性T细胞的增殖进程,从而增强细胞免疫反应。此外,硒还能够改善巨噬细胞的杀菌能力,刺激免疫球蛋白的形成,增强机体体液免疫能力。Jiang等[32]研究发现,壳寡糖复合硒能够增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,具有免疫增强作用。Mohammadi等[33]报道,饲喂添加纳米硒的饲粮能够显著提高雏鸡在免疫应答反应中的抗体滴度。

3.3 促生长作用

目前,已有许多研究表明硒对畜禽生长具有促进作用。Ibrahim等[34]报道,在饲粮中添加0.4 mg/kg的纳米硒可显著提高火鸡雏鸡的饲料转化效率,改善胴体性状。贾建英等[35]研究表明,在哺乳母猪饲粮中添加0.6 mg/kg的酵母硒能够显著增加母猪初乳和常乳中的硒含量,从而提高仔猪的生长性能。硒能够促进畜禽生长的主要原因是其对甲状腺激素的分泌代谢具有调节作用。硒是ID的重要组成成分,ID能够催化四碘甲腺原氨酸(T4)脱碘成为有活性的三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3),而T3是甲状腺激素发挥促生长作用的活性形式[36]。因此,硒的缺乏将直接影响ID的活性,使得T4向T3的转化效率降低,影响机体正常的代谢进程,从而阻碍动物生长发育。

4 硒对畜禽生产性能和产品品质的影响

4.1 硒对畜禽肉营养价值及肉品质的影响

在畜禽饲粮中添加硒可提高肌肉组织中的硒沉积含量,并且影响肉中的脂肪酸组成和蛋白质含量,从而改善肉产品的营养价值。由于SeMet能够依赖蛋氨酸转运载体进行主动转运参与机体蛋白质的合成,因此,有机硒相较于无机硒更容易沉积于动物肌肉组织中[37]。Zhang等[38]研究发现,饲喂添加0.25 mg/kg蛋氨酸硒(以硒计)能够显著提高育肥猪肌肉组织中的硒含量,且相较于MeSeCys和纳米硒效果更好。Wang等[39]分别在肉仔鸡饲粮中添加亚硒酸钠和酵母硒发现,相较于不添加硒组,补硒显著提高了42日龄肉鸡胸肌和腿肌中的硒含量,并且显著降低了腿肌中的丙二醛含量。Grossi等[40]比较了亚硒酸钠、酵母硒和羟基硒代蛋氨酸(HMBSe)对育肥肉牛夏洛莱牛肉中硒的沉积效果,发现HMBSe优于酵母硒,酵母硒优于亚硒酸钠。此外,研究表明,硒还能够提高畜禽肉产品中的蛋白质含量。Markovic等[41]报道,在肉鸡饲粮中添加0.9 mg/kg的酵母硒能够显著增加胸肌与腿肌中的蛋白质含量,提高肉鸡的可食用价值。在肉鸭上也有类似的发现[42]。关于硒对肌肉中脂肪酸组成及脂肪含量的影响,目前尚存在争议。研究发现,酵母硒能够提高屠宰后猪背最长肌中不饱和脂肪酸的含量和硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶(stearoyl-CoA desaturase,SCD)的活性,从而改善肌肉脂肪酸的组成[42-43],这与酵母硒对肉鸡和肉鸭肉中的脂肪酸成分研究结果[41,44]相一致。但也有研究表明,饲粮中添加硒对肌肉中脂肪酸的结构并无明显改善作用[45-46]。关于硒对畜禽肉产品中脂肪酸组成的影响及其作用机制仍需要更多的研究结果予以证明。
畜禽屠宰后,机体蛋白质和脂肪被氧化是导致肉产品质量下降的主要原因[47]。硒对于细胞的抗氧化防御系统非常重要,有助于提高总体抗氧化能力,对抗肉产品中的促氧化因子,阻止蛋白质和脂肪被氧化,这是硒改善畜禽肉品质,延缓肉类变质的重要基础[40]
肉色是判断肉质新鲜度的主要指标之一,而肌红蛋白的自氧化是屠宰后肉类从鲜红色变为深棕色的主要原因[48]。研究表明,硒在一定程度上能够通过提高抗氧化蛋白酶活性,促进肌红蛋白生成,抑制肌红蛋白、脂肪和蛋白质的共同氧化反应以保持鲜肉颜色,起到改善肉色的作用[49-51]。Zhang等[52]研究发现,在育肥猪饲粮中添加有机硒能够显著降低屠宰后猪肉的亮度(L*)值和黄度(b*)值,从而起到改善肉色的作用。Calvo等[53]的研究亦表明,饲粮中添加有机硒能够改善育肥猪的肉色。但是,也有研究表明,饲粮中添加亚硒酸钠或酵母硒对猪和羊的肉色没有影响[54-55]。并且Mahan等[56]曾报道,过量的无机硒与肉色呈负相关关系,肉组织的苍白程度随着亚硒酸钠水平的提高而线性增加。这可能是由于无机硒与肌肉组织的结合模式破坏了蛋白质-水相互作用结构,从而导致肉色变白[57]
畜禽屠宰后,肌糖原无氧酵解的进行会导致乳酸的大量积累,从而使得肌肉pH降低,并且对肉的嫩度、系水力以及肉色产生不利影响[49]。Calvo等[43]研究发现,育肥猪屠宰后肌肉的滴水损失随着pH的提高而下降,且这种影响随着饲粮中有机硒的添加更为明显。Wang等[39]研究发现,添加酵母硒组的肉鸡屠宰后腿肌pH显著高于添加亚硒酸钠组。Shin等[58]研究认为,硒可通过增强谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性清除过氧化氢产物,从而改善肌肉pH。但Zhang等[52]报道,添加不同来源的硒对育肥猪屠宰后24和48 h胸背最长肌的pH没有显著影响,这与Zheng等[59]和Silva等[60]的研究结果相一致。推测可能是由于硒不参与肌糖原的糖酵解,乳酸的生成不受硒的调节,因此添加硒对屠宰后肌肉的pH无显著影响。

4.2 硒对产蛋性能、蛋营养价值及蛋品质的影响

对于在饲粮中补充硒对蛋禽产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响研究结果目前并不统一。Muhammad等[61]研究发现,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加不同来源的硒均能够显著提高产蛋率和蛋重,并且添加细菌硒蛋白组的效果优于酵母硒组,酵母硒组效果优于亚硒酸钠组,但在蛋品质上无显著差异。Liu等[62]报道,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加低剂量和高剂量酵母硒或亚硒酸钠均能显著提高产蛋率。亦有研究发现。联合补充多种硒源对提高蛋鸡产蛋率有积极影响[22,63]。但也有许多研究表明,在饲粮中添加硒并不能提高蛋禽的产蛋性能与蛋品质。Meng等[64]则报道,饲粮中添加纳米硒和酵母硒对蛋鸡的产蛋性能没有显著影响。蔡娟等[65]研究亦表明,添加不同剂量酵母硒组的蛋鸡在产蛋率和蛋品质方面与对照组相比无显著差异。Zhou等[66]研究发现,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加甘氨酸纳米硒对蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质无显著影响。在蛋鸭饲粮中添加硒的研究结果[67-68]亦一致。这些在产蛋性能上的矛盾结果可能与饲粮来源、蛋鸡养殖区域和蛋鸡种类等因素有关,在不同地区生产的饲料原料基础含硒量不同,且硒作为微量矿物元素,对产蛋性能的影响易受环境干扰,出现不同的研究结果也很正常。
硒对蛋营养价值的积极影响主要体现在蛋中硒的沉积含量增加,以及蛋氧化稳定性的提升,使得蛋的保鲜期延长。且相对与无机硒,补充有机硒能够更容易提高蛋中硒的沉积含量,这与有机硒和无机硒的生物利用率有关。Qiu等[69]研究发现,在蛋鸡饲粮中补充富硒酵母能够显著提高鸡蛋中的硒含量,且相较于亚硒酸钠生物沉积效率更高。王泽明[70]报道,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加硒能够显著提高鸡蛋中的硒含量,且蛋氨酸硒效果优于酵母硒,酵母硒效果优于亚硒酸钠。Muhammad等[71]研究发现,饲粮中添加硒能够改善蛋黄颜色、抗氧化性以及降低总胆固醇含量,且与饲喂无机硒和不含硒饲粮组相比,有机硒组的鸡蛋在2周后的新鲜度更高。Pappas等[72]从谷胱甘肽过氧化酶的活性来解释这一机制,有机硒的补充使得蛋中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性提高,从而减缓蛋储存过程中脂肪和蛋白质被氧化的速度,延长蛋的保鲜时间。无机硒与有机硒的吸收代谢机制反映了有机形态沉积的硒更利于机体吸收,且在缓解硒缺乏症方面更有效,这对于富硒产品的质量评价具有重要意义。Liu等[73]通过高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-ICP-MS)法检测到鸡蛋中硒的4种存在形态:SeMet、SeCys2、MeSeCys和Se(Ⅳ),且SeMet是主要存在形态,占比在85%以上。但目前对于硒在肉蛋中的沉积形态研究还比较少,这与检测分析的技术方法成熟度有一定关系。

4.3 硒对泌乳性能和乳营养成分的影响

目前,研究硒对泌乳性能和乳营养成分的影响主要集中在奶牛上。近年来研究表明,在泌乳奶牛饲粮中补充无机硒和有机硒都能提高牛奶硒含量,但有机硒效果更佳,且更有利于改善奶牛的健康状况;对于能否提升产奶量和改善奶营养成分则存在争议,这与奶牛所处环境、生长阶段、饲料来源及硒来源等存在较大关系。Li等[74]研究发现,在早期泌乳奶牛饲粮中添加HMBSe能够显著提高饲料转化率和产奶量,对奶牛的泌乳性能、抗氧化能力和硒沉积效率有积极影响。孙玲玲等[75]在短期试验条件下,分别在奶牛饲粮中添加HMSeBA和亚硒酸钠,结果表明,HMSeBA相较于亚硒酸钠有降低乳脂率的趋势,且乳硒含量显著高于亚硒酸钠组。Han等[76]报道,在饲粮中添加纳米硒和亚硒酸钠对奶牛的产奶量和奶成分无显著影响,但纳米硒更有利于奶牛抗氧化能力的提升。吕战伟[77]在奶牛饲粮中分别添加亚硒酸钠和酵母硒,发现两者对产奶量和乳成分均无显著影响,乳硒含量随着酵母硒添加量的增加而上升,且相较于亚硒酸钠增势更明显和持久,原因可能是酵母硒相较于亚硒酸钠在瘤胃中的氧化率低,从而吸收率高。而陈晓梅等[78]报道,在基础饲粮中添加酵母硒能够显著提高奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳干物质率。此外,相较于无机硒,饲喂有机硒的奶山羊生产的奶中脂肪、蛋白质和硒含量更高,且更利于乳腺细胞的健康[79]

5 小结

硒是维持动物健康所必需的一种微量矿物元素,对于机体抗氧化防御能力、免疫功能和生长发育过程等具有重要意义。因此,通过在畜禽饲粮中添加硒补充剂以改善机体健康和生产富硒畜禽产品逐渐成为研究热点。随着硒作为众多抗氧化酶家族的重要组成成分而发挥生物学功能的机制被发现,有机硒相较于无机硒的高生物利用率和产品沉积效率等优势引得广泛关注。近年来研究普遍认为,硒源与添加水平显著影响畜禽产品中的硒沉积量与机体抗氧化能力等健康指标,但对能否改善畜禽生产性能和产品品质存在争议。目前,基于有机硒与无机硒的比较研究已比较丰富,但对于不同有机硒来源与新兴硒源如纳米硒、富硒细菌蛋白等的对比研究还可以更加深入,关于硒对肉质的影响机制,硒在蛋奶中的沉积形态以及保鲜作用等都有待进一步研究。
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