1 水培小麦苗的生产工艺及特点
1.1 水培小麦苗的生产工艺
1.2 水培小麦苗的优缺点
表1 不同饲草营养成分含量比较(干物质基础)Table 1 Comparison of nutritional component contents of different forage grasses (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 水培小麦苗 Hydroponic wheat seedlings | 小麦 干草 Wheat hay | 苜蓿 干草 Alfalfa hay | 小麦 秸秆 Wheat straw | 小麦 青贮 Wheat silage | 玉米 青贮 Corn silage | 水培大麦苗 Hydroponic barley seedlings | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 干物质DM | 15.63 | 90.00 | 88.00 | 91.00 | 33.00 | 34.00 | 10.17 | ||||||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 15.67 | 9.00 | 13.00 | 3.00 | 12.00 | 8.00 | 14.98 | ||||||||
| 粗脂肪EE | 5.80 | 2.00 | 1.30 | 1.80 | 3.20 | 3.10 | 3.10 | ||||||||
| 粗纤维CF1) | 4.57 | 29.00 | 38.00 | 43.00 | 28.00 | 21.00 | 14.93 | ||||||||
| 无氮浸出物NFE | 70.14 | 69.10 | 59.30 | 44.20 | 73.45 | 67.90 | 64.37 | ||||||||
| 粗灰分Ash | 2.93 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 5.00 | 2.62 | ||||||||
| 钙Ca | 0.16 | 0.21 | 1.18 | 0.16 | 0.40 | 0.28 | 0.24 | ||||||||
| 磷P | 0.77 | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.40 | ||||||||
| 粗饲料分级指数GI2) | 31.02 | 3.17 | 6.33 | 0.46 | 5.97 | 6.78 | 10.52 | ||||||||
| 肉牛综合净能 Comprehensive net energy of beef cattle/(MJ/kg)3) | 10.53 | 9.29 | 7.79 | 4.49 | 10.87 | 8.93 | 8.84 | ||||||||
| 肉羊代谢能 Metabolizable energy of mutton sheep/(MJ/kg)4) | 14.73 | 13.99 | 12.68 | 8.31 | 15.93 | 13.24 | 13.12 | ||||||||
| 奶牛产奶净能 Net energy for lactating of dairy cattle/(MJ/kg)5) | 9.49 | 8.99 | 8.11 | 5.18 | 10.29 | 8.49 | 8.41 | ||||||||
| 参考文献 References | Francis 等[13] | 《中国饲料 成分及营 养价值表 (2021年 第32 版)》[28] | 《中国饲料 成分及营 养价值表 (2021年 第32 版)》[28] | 《中国饲料 成分及营 养价值表 (2021年 第32 版)》[28] | 《中国饲料 成分及营 养价值表 (2021年第 32 版)》[28] | 《中国饲料 成分及营 养价值表 (2021年 第32 版)》[28] | 黄万里[29] |
1)水培大麦苗粗纤维含量采用马绍楠等[30]研究结果中的公式计算得出:粗纤维=-2.512+0.838×酸性洗涤纤维。The crude fiber content of hydroponic barley seedlings was calculated using the formula in the research results of Ma, et al[30]: crude fiber=-2.512+0.838×acid detergent fiber. | |
2)粗饲料分级指数=代谢能×干物质采食量×粗蛋白质/中性洗涤纤维(或酸性洗涤纤维或木质素);代谢能=0.82×消化能[31]。Forage grading index (GI)=metabolizable energy×dry matter intake×crude protein/neutral detergent fiber (or acid detergent fiber or lignin); metabolizable energy=0.82×digestible energy[31]. | |
3)肉牛综合净能参考《肉牛饲养标准》(NY/T 815—2004)[32]计算得出:肉牛综合净能(MJ/kg DM)=消化能(MJ/kg DM)×Kmf;消化能(MJ/kg DM)=0.209×粗蛋白质(%)+0.322×粗脂肪(%)+0.084×粗纤维(%)+0.002×无氮浸出物(%)2+0.046×无氮浸出物(%)-0.627;Kmf=Km×Kf×1.5/(Kf+0.5×Km);Km=0.187 5×(消化能/总能)+0.457 9;Kf=0.523×(消化能/总能)+0.005 89;总能(MJ/kg DM)=0.239 3×粗蛋白质(%)+0.397 5×粗脂肪(%)+0.200 4×粗纤维(%)+0.168 6×无氮浸出物(%)。Comprehensive net energy of beef cattle was calculated according to Feeding Standard of Beef Cattle (NY/T 815—2004)[32]: comprehensive net energy of beef cattle (MJ/kg DM)=digestible energy (MJ/kg DM)×Kmf; digestible energy (MJ/kg DM)=0.209×crude protein (%)+0.322×ether extract (%)+0.084×crude fiber (%)+0.002×non-nitrogen extract (%)2+0.046×non-nitrogen extract (%)-0.627; Kmf=Km×Kf×1.5/(Kf+0.5×Km); Km=0.187 5×(digestible energy/gross energy)+0.457 9; Kf=0.523×(digestible energy/gross energy)+0.005 89; gross energy (MJ/kg DM)=0.239 3× crude protein (%)+0.397 5×ether extract (%)+0.200 4×crude fiber (%)+0.168 6×nitrogen free extract (%). | |
4)肉羊代谢能参考《肉羊饲养标准》(NY/T 816—2004)[33]计算得出:肉羊代谢能(MJ/kg DM)=消化能(MJ/kg DM)×0.82。Metabolizable energy of mutton sheep was calculated according to Feeding Standard of Mutton Sheep (NY/T 816—2004)[33]: metabolizable energy of mutton sheep (MJ/kg DM) =digestible energy (MJ/kg DM)×0.82. | |
5)奶牛产奶净能参考《奶牛饲养标准》(NY/T 34—2004)[34]计算得出:奶牛产奶净能(MJ/kg DM)=0.550 1×消化能(MJ/kg DM)-0.395 8。Net energy for lactating of dairy cattle was calculated according to the feeding standard of dairy cattle (NY/T 34—2004)[34]: net energy for lactating of dairy cattle (MJ/kg DM)=0.550 1×digestible energy (MJ/kg DM)-0.395 8. |
表2 水培过程中小麦苗营养成分含量变化情况(干物质基础)Table 2 Changes of nutritional component contents of wheat seedlings during hydroponic process (DM basis)[13] |
| 项目 Items | 水培时间Hydroponic time/d | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
| 干物质DM/% | 86.96 | 52.38 | 44.16 | 33.45 | 20.89 | 20.35 | 15.79 | 14.45 |
| 粗蛋白质CP/% | 11.82 | 12.71 | 12.56 | 13.92 | 14.07 | 13.94 | 14.92 | 16.41 |
| 粗脂肪EE/% | 1.76 | 1.49 | 1.59 | 2.03 | 2.09 | 4.88 | 5.31 | 4.45 |
| 粗灰分Ash/% | 1.96 | 2.04 | 1.74 | 2.12 | 2.27 | 2.21 | 2.34 | 2.51 |
| 钙Ca/% | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 |
| 磷P/% | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.58 | 0.58 |
| 淀粉Starch/% | 63.90 | 60.20 | 48.50 | 40.20 | 24.60 | 27.20 | 16.70 | 17.90 |
| 水溶性碳水化合物WSC/% | 3.60 | 4.40 | 10.00 | 18.50 | 23.20 | 28.70 | 29.90 | 27.10 |
| 脂溶性碳水化合物ESC/% | 2.20 | 3.40 | 8.50 | 16.00 | 17.90 | 26.40 | 25.40 | 22.70 |
| 总能GE/(MJ/kg) | 14.02 | 14.02 | 13.98 | 13.47 | 12.47 | 12.47 | 12.18 | 12.10 |
2 水培小麦苗的营养价值
2.1 水培小麦苗的营养成分含量
2.2 水培过程中小麦苗营养成分含量变化
表3 小麦籽粒与小麦苗维生素及酚酸含量比较Table 3 Comparison of contents of vitamins and phenolic acids in wheat grain and wheat sprouts[41]μ g/g |
| 项目Items | 小麦籽粒Wheat grain | 小麦苗Wheat sprouts |
|---|---|---|
| 维生素C Vitamin C | 0 | 499.30 |
| α-生育酚α-tocopherol | 4.37 | 10.92 |
| γ-生育酚γ-tocopherol | 0.91 | 1.50 |
| β-胡萝卜素β-carotene | 0 | 2.60 |
| 阿魏酸Ferulic acid | 580.00 | 932.40 |
| 香草酸Vanillic acid | 6.40 | 12.90 |

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