1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验方法
1.2.1 细胞活力的测定
1.2.2 RNA提取及质量检验
1.2.3 文库构建及检测
1.3 RNA-Seq数据分析
1.3.1 测序数据质控
1.3.2 参考序列比对
1.3.3 基因表达水平分析
1.3.4 DEGs筛选
1.3.5 DEGs的基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)富集分析
1.3.6 DEGs的京都基因和基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and gnomes,KEGG)富集分析
1.4 实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)验证
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 DHA对GMECs细胞活力的影响
2.2 RNA-Seq结果分析
2.2.1 RNA质量分析
图3 RNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳图M表示RNA标记,CG-1、CG-2和CG-3表示对照组(无DHA处理)样本,EG-1、EG-2和EG-3表示试验组(25.000 μmol/L DHA处理)样本。 Fig.3 RNA agarose gel electrophoresis diagram M represented RNA marker, CG-1, CG-2 and CG-3 represented the samples in control group (without DHA treatment), and EG-1, EG-2 and EG-3 represented the samples in experimental group (25.000 μmol/L DHA treatment). |
2.2.2 测序质量分析
2.2.3 序列比对分析
表1 序列比对到参考基因组的数据情况Table 1 Sequence alignment to reference genome data |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group (CG-1) | 试验组 Experimental group (EG-1) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total reads | 46 665 500 | 45 149 126 | |||
| Total mapped | 45 814 417(98.18%) | 44 286 525(98.09%) | |||
| Non unique | 1 303 283(2.84%) | 1 210 247(2.73%) | |||
| Unique | 44 511 134(97.16%) | 43 076 278(97.27%) | |||
| Un mapped reads | 851 083(1.82%) | 862 601(1.91%) | |||
| Read1 | 22 219 729(49.92%) | 21 505 864(49.93%) | |||
| Read2 | 22 291 405(50.08%) | 21 570 414(50.07%) | |||
| Reads map plus | 22 255 781(50.00%) | 21 538 531(50.00%) | |||
| Reads map minus | 22 255 353(50.00%) | 21 537 747(50.00%) | |||
| Non splice reads | 18 942 014(42.56%) | 18 913 180(43.91%) | |||
| Splice reads | 25 569 120(57.44%) | 24 163 098(56.09%) |
Total reads:用户标识(UID)去重后的reads总数 total number of reads after user identification (UID) deduplication;Total mapped:比对到参考基因组上的序列总数 total number of sequences aligned to the reference genome;Non unique:在参考序列上有多个比对位置的序列数目 number of sequences with multiple alignment positions on the reference sequence;Unique:在参考序列上有唯一比对位置的序列数目 number of sequences with unique alignment position on the reference sequence;Un mapped reads:未比对到参考序列上的序列数目 number of sequences not aligned to the reference sequence;Read1和Read2:序列两端分别定位到参考基因组上的序列数目 number of sequences located on each end of the sequence to the reference genome;Reads map plus:比对到参考基因组上的正链序列数目 number of plus-strand sequences aligned to the reference genome;Reads map minus:比对到参考基因组上的负链序列数目 number of minus-strand sequences aligned to the reference genome;Non splice reads:整段比对到外显子的序列数目 number of sequences whole aligned to the exon;Splice reads:分段比对到2个外显子上的序列数目 number of sequences piecewise aligned to two exons。括号内的数值表示所占比例 numbers in parentheses indicated the proportion。 |
2.3 基因表达水平分析
表2 基因表达水平分析Table 2 Analysis of gene expression level |
| RPKM间隔 RPKM interval | 对照组 Control group (CG-1) | 试验组 Experimental group (EG-1) |
|---|---|---|
| 有效转录本Valid transcripts | 17 772 | 17 861 |
| 极低表达基因Very low expression gene (RPKM<0.01) | 231(1.30%) | 204(1.14%) |
| 低表达基因Low expression gene (0.01≤RPKM<10) | 12 361(69.55%) | 12 348(69.13%) |
| 中表达基因Medium expression gene (10≤RPKM<200) | 4 789(26.95%) | 4 935(27.63%) |
| 高表达基因High expression gene (200≤RPKM<500) | 251(1.41%) | 253(1.42%) |
| 超高表达基因Ultrahigh expression gene (500≤RPKM) | 140(0.79%) | 121(0.68%) |
括号内的数值表示所占比例。 | |
Numbers in parentheses indicated the proportion. |
图4 基于RPKM值表达水平前20的基因KRT14:角蛋白14 keratin 14;KRT5:角蛋白5 keratin 5;FABP5:脂肪酸结合蛋白5 fatty acid binding protein 5;KRT6A:角蛋白6A keratin 6A;PTMA:前胸腺素alpha prothymosin alpha;PRS17:核糖体蛋白S17 ribosomal protein S17;SFN:萝卜硫素 sulforaphane;RPL23A:核糖体蛋白L23A ribosomal protein L23A;HSP90AA1:热休克蛋白90α家族A类成员1 heat shock protein 90 alpha family, class A, member 1; CALM2:钙调蛋白2 calmodulin 2;ANXA1:膜联蛋白A1 annexin A1;YBX1:Y框结合蛋白1 Y-box binding protein 1;MYL6:肌球蛋白轻多肽6 myosin light polypeptide 6;RPLP1:核糖体蛋白侧柄亚单位P1 ribosomal protein lateral stalk subunit P1;PRL35:核糖体蛋白L35 ribosomal protein L35;NCL:核仁蛋白 nucleolin;ANXA2:膜联蛋白A2 annexin A2;PRDX1:过氧化物氧还蛋白1 peroxiredoxin 1;PKM:丙酮酸激酶肌肉 pyruvate kinase, muscle;FAM213A:序列相似性家族213成员A family with sequence similarity 132, member A;UBB:泛素B ubiquitin B。 Fig.4 Top 20 genes in expression levels based on RPKM value |
2.4 DEGs分析
2.5 GO和KEGG富集分析
2.5.1 GO功能注释
图6 下调DEGs GO功能注释Cellular developmental process:细胞发育过程;Anatomical structure development:解剖结构发展;Developmental process:发育历程;Ephrin receptor signaling pathway:肝配蛋白受体信号通路;Epidermal cell differentiation:表皮细胞分化;Keratinocyte differentiation:角化细胞分化;Skin development:皮肤发育;Epidermis development:表皮发育;Epithelial cell differentiation:上皮细胞分化;Epithelium development transmembrane receptor:上皮细胞发育跨膜受体;Protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway:蛋白酪氨酸激酶信号通路;Enzyme linked receptor protein signaling pathway:酶联受体蛋白信号通路;Tissue development cell?:组织发育细胞?;Cell adhesion via plasma?:细胞通过血浆黏附?;Membrane adhesion molecules cell?:膜黏附分子细胞?;Cell adhesion animal organ development:细胞黏附动物器官发育;Cell adhesion:细胞黏附;Cytoskeletal part:细胞骨架部分;Cytoskeleton:细胞骨架;Extracellular region:胞外区;Intermediate filament:中间丝状体;Intermediate filament cytoskeleton:中间丝状体细胞骨架;Polymeric cytoskeletal fiber:聚合细胞骨架纤维;Supramolecular fiber:超分子纤维;Supramolecular complex:超分子复合体;Supramolecular polymer:超分子聚合物;Keratin filament:角蛋白丝;Extracellular region part:胞外区部分;Structural molecule activity:结构分子活性;Ephrin receptor binding:肝配蛋白受体结合;Glutathione transferase activity:谷胱甘肽转移酶活性;Transferase activity, transferring alkyl or aryl (other than methyl) groups:转移酶活性、转移烷基或芳香基(甲基除外)基团。 Fig.6 Go function annotation of down-regulated DEGs |
图7 上调DEGs GO功能注释RNA biosynthetic process:RNA生物合成过程;Transcription, DNA-templated:转录,DNA模板;Regulation of RNA biosynthetic process:RNA生物合成过程调控;Regulation of RNA metabolic process:RNA代谢过程调控;Regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process:细胞大分子生物合成过程调控;Regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process:含核碱基化合物代谢过程调控;Regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process:大分子生物合成过程调控;Regulation of cellular biosynthetic process:细胞生物合成过程调控;Regulation of biosynthetic process:生物合成过程调控;Regulation of gene expression:基因表达调控;Regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process:氮化合物代谢过程调控;Regulation of primary metabolic process:初级代谢过程调控;Regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription:核酸模板转录调控;On of transcription, DNA-templated:关于转录,DNA模板;Nucleic acid-templated transcription:核酸模板转录;Regulation of cellular metabolic process:细胞代谢过程调控;Regulation of macromolecule metabolic process:大分子代谢过程调控;Cytoskeleton:细胞骨架;Cytoskeletal part:细胞骨架部分;Polymeric cytoskeletal fiber:聚合细胞骨架纤维;Supramolecular fiber:超分子纤维;Supramolecular complex:超分子复合体;Supramolecular polymer:超分子聚合物;Binding:结合;Protein binding:蛋白结合;Ion binding:离子结合;Metal ion binding:金属离子结合;Cation binding:阳离子结合;Ferric iron binding:三价铁离子结合;Iron ion binding:铁离子结合;Transition metal ion binding:过渡金属离子结合。 Fig.7 GO function annotation of up-regulated DEGs |
2.5.2 DEGs的GO富集分析
2.5.3 DEGs的KEGG富集分析
表3 DEGs KEGG显著富集通路Table 5 KEGG significant enrichment pathways of DEGs |
| KEGG编号 KEGG No. | 通路 Pathways | 显著数 Significant number | 本底数 Background number | P值 P-value | 结果 Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| chx00830 | 视黄醇代谢Retinol metabolism | 4 | 72 | 0.000 807 | 下调 |
| chx05204 | 化学致癌Chemical carcinogenesis | 4 | 81 | 0.001 226 | 下调 |
| chx04390 | Hippo信号通路Hippo signaling pathway | 5 | 153 | 0.001 784 | 下调 |
| chx05146 | 阿米巴病Amoebiasis | 4 | 103 | 0.002 850 | 下调 |
| chx00480 | 谷胱甘肽代谢Glutathione metabolism | 3 | 55 | 0.003 957 | 下调 |
| chx00982 | 药物代谢-细胞色素P450 Drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 | 3 | 65 | 0.006 178 | 下调 |
| chx04015 | Ras相关蛋白1信号通路Rap1 signaling pathway | 5 | 211 | 0.006 752 | 下调 |
| chx04550 | 调控干细胞多能性信号通路 Signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells | 4 | 143 | 0.008 729 | 下调 |
| chx03320 | 过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体信号通路 PPAR signaling pathway | 3 | 76 | 0.009 334 | 下调 |
| chx04916 | 黑素原生成Melanogenesis | 3 | 98 | 0.018 043 | 下调 |
| chx00591 | 亚油酸代谢Linoleic acid metabolism | 2 | 38 | 0.020 211 | 下调 |
| chx04650 | 自然杀伤细胞介导的细胞毒性 Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity | 3 | 119 | 0.029 450 | 下调 |
| chx04611 | 血小板激活Platelet activation | 3 | 119 | 0.029 450 | 下调 |
| chx05217 | 基底细胞癌Basal cell carcinoma | 2 | 55 | 0.038 951 | 下调 |
| chx04530 | 紧密连接Tight junction | 3 | 138 | 0.042 374 | 下调 |
| chx04978 | 矿物质吸收Mineral absorption | 7 | 46 | 4.80×10-9 | 上调 |
| chx00450 | 硒基化合物代谢Selenocompound metabolism | 2 | 17 | 0.003 446 | 上调 |
| chx04380 | 破骨细胞分化Osteoclast differentiation | 3 | 127 | 0.022 562 | 上调 |
| chx04390 | Hippo信号通路Hippo signaling pathway | 3 | 153 | 0.035 938 | 上调 |
图10 显著上调KEGG富集通路散点图Fig.10 Scatter plots of significantly up-regulated KEGG enrichment pathways |

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