1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets % |
| 项目 Items | 7~21日龄7 to 21 days of age | 22~28日龄 22 to 28 days of age | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 燕麦麸组 OB group | 木质纤维素组 LC group | 小麦麸组 WB group | |||||||||
| 原料(风干基础) Ingredients (air-dry basis) | |||||||||||
| 玉米Corn | 48.14 | 48.14 | 48.14 | 57.57 | |||||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 37.15 | 37.15 | 37.15 | 31.50 | |||||||
| 燕麦麸Oat bran | 3.00 | ||||||||||
| 木质纤维素Lignocellulose | 1.50 | ||||||||||
| 小麦麸Wheat bran | 3.00 | ||||||||||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 5.11 | 5.80 | 5.10 | 5.50 | |||||||
| 玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | |||||||
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.14 | |||||||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.13 | |||||||
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.03 | |||||||
| 缬氨酸Val | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.01 | |||||||
| 植酸酶Phytase | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||||||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.89 | 1.89 | 1.89 | 1.43 | |||||||
| 石粉Limestone | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 0.92 | |||||||
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | |||||||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.25 | |||||||
| 膨润土Bentonite | 0.18 | 0.99 | 0.19 | ||||||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||||||
| 营养水平(干物质基础) Nutrient levels (DM basis)2) | |||||||||||
| 酶水解物能EHGE/(MJ/kg) | 14.68 | 14.68 | 14.68 | 15.34 | |||||||
| 表观代谢能AME/(MJ/kg) | 14.40 | 14.40 | 14.40 | 15.07 | |||||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 26.10 | 25.69 | 26.11 | 21.79 | |||||||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 9.80 | 10.24 | 9.95 | 9.20 | |||||||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 5.18 | 6.07 | 5.26 | 4.85 | |||||||
1)7~21日龄预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets for 7 to 21 days of age: VA 9 000 IU,VB1 2 mg,VB2 10 mg,VB6 5 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,VD3 2 000 IU,VE 30 IU,VK3 1.0 mg,生物素 biotin 0.3 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.0 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 15 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 50 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 10 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 120 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 120 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 100 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.7 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1 500 mg。22~28日龄预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets for 22 to 28 days of age: VA 8 000 IU,VB1 2 mg,VB2 8 mg,VB6 4 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,VD3 1 000 IU,VE 15 IU,VK3 0.8 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.55 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 40 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 100 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 80 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.7 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1 300 mg。 2)CP、NDF、ADF为实测值,EHGE、AME为计算值。CP, NDF, ADF were measured values, while EHGE and AME were calculated values. |
1.2 试验材料
表2 燕麦麸、木质纤维素、小麦麸化学组成实测值(干物质基础)Table 2 Measured values of chemical composition of oat bran, lignocellulose and wheat bran (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 总能 GE/(MJ/kg) | 酶水解物能 EHGE/ (MJ/kg) | 粗蛋白质 CP/% | 粗脂肪 EE/% | 中性洗 涤纤维 NDF/% | 酸性洗 涤纤维 ADF/% | 粗灰分 Ash/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 燕麦麸OB | 20.59 | 10.17 | 21.66 | 8.39 | 29.95 | 7.50 | 6.51 |
| 木质纤维素LC | 19.36 | 0.18 | 1.43 | 0.97 | 89.02 | 74.41 | 1.70 |
| 小麦麸WB | 19.54 | 10.38 | 20.71 | 4.73 | 34.95 | 10.05 | 4.97 |
1.3 检测指标
1.3.1 生长性能
1.3.2 全收粪代谢试验
1.3.3 化学成分分析
1.3.4 消化器官指数
1.3.5 肠道组织形态学
1.3.6 盲肠食糜DNA提取、PCR和16S rDNA测序
1.3.7 盲肠食糜短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)含量测定
1.4 统计分析
2 结果
2.1 肉鸡7~21日龄生长性能
表3 不同来源纤维对7~21日龄肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of different fiber sources on growth performance of broilers aged 7 to 21 days |
| 组别 Groups | 21日龄体重 BW at 21 days of age/g | 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 料重比 F/G |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 燕麦麸OB | 1 070.2 | 62.8 | 77.3 | 1.23 |
| 木质纤维素LC | 1 056.9 | 61.9 | 76.0 | 1.23 |
| 小麦麸WB | 1 092.4 | 64.5 | 78.2 | 1.21 |
| SEM | 13.5 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.01 |
| P值P-value | 0.217 | 0.209 | 0.450 | 0.487 |
2.2 肉鸡营养物质消化和沉积
表4 不同来源纤维对肉鸡营养物质的存留率和氮沉积量的影响Table 4 Effects of different fiber sources on nutrient retention rates and nitrogen deposition of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 燕麦麸OB | 木质纤维素LC | 小麦麸WB | |||
| 7~21日龄7 to 21 days of age | |||||
| 干物质存留率Retention rate of DM/% | 69.83 | 69.69 | 69.73 | 0.30 | 0.946 |
| 总能存留率Retention rate of GE/% | 74.70 | 75.51 | 74.57 | 0.29 | 0.089 |
| 粗蛋白质存留率Retention rate of CP/% | 62.45 | 62.46 | 62.89 | 0.50 | 0.786 |
| 表观代谢能Apparent metabolized energy/(MJ/kg) | 14.66 | 14.75 | 14.67 | 0.06 | 0.498 |
| 氮沉积量Nitrogen deposition/(g/d) | 2.48 | 2.48 | 2.60 | 0.04 | 0.061 |
| 22~28日龄22 to 28 days of age | |||||
| 干物质存留率Retention rate of DM/% | 74.54 | 75.13 | 74.71 | 0.27 | 0.413 |
| 总能存留率Retention rate of GE/% | 78.38 | 78.99 | 78.69 | 0.32 | 0.472 |
| 粗蛋白质存留率Retention rate of CP/% | 63.61 | 64.49 | 64.65 | 0.54 | 0.285 |
| 氮沉积量Nitrogen deposition/(g/d) | 2.95 | 2.99 | 3.08 | 0.07 | 0.608 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). |
2.3 肉鸡消化道器官指数
表5 不同来源纤维对21日龄肉鸡消化道器官指数的影响Table 5 Effects of different fiber sources on digestive organ indexes of broilers aged 21 days |
| 组别 Groups | 腺胃指数 Proventriculus index/(g/kg) | 肌胃指数 Gizzard index/ (g/kg) | 小肠指数 Small intestin indexe/(cm/kg) | 盲肠指数 Cecum index/ (cm/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 燕麦麸OB | 0.44 | 1.12 | 140.1 | 12.2 |
| 木质纤维素LC | 0.45 | 1.15 | 141.6 | 12.6 |
| 小麦麸WB | 0.43 | 1.11 | 135.4 | 12.3 |
| SEM | 0.02 | 0.04 | 2.2 | 0.3 |
| P值P-value | 0.720 | 0.674 | 0.123 | 0.700 |
2.4 肉鸡肠道形态
图2 不同来源纤维对21和28日龄肉鸡肠道形态的影响A:21日龄 21 days of age; B:28日龄 28 days of age。 数据柱形标注不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下图同。 Fig.2 Effects of different fiber sources on intestinal morphology of broilers aged 21 and 28 days Data columns with different letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.5 肉鸡盲肠微生物区系
表6 不同来源纤维对21日龄肉鸡α-多样性指数的影响Table 6 Effects of different fiber sources on α-diversity indexes of broilers aged 21 days |
| 组别 Groups | ACE指数 ACE index | Chao1指数 Chao1 index | Shannon指数 Shannon index | Simpson指数 Simpson index |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 燕麦麸OB | 69.00 | 69.00 | 3.07 | 0.09 |
| 木质纤维素LC | 65.50 | 65.50 | 2.94 | 0.10 |
| 小麦麸WB | 67.83 | 67.83 | 3.11 | 0.07 |
| SEM | 2.43 | 2.43 | 0.08 | 0.01 |
| P值P-value | 0.620 | 0.620 | 0.248 | 0.143 |
图3 不同来源纤维对21日龄肉鸡盲肠微生物属水平组成和SCFAs含量的影响a:基于PCoA的β多样性分析; b:差异微生物; c:SCFAs含量。下图同。 Fig.3 Effects of different fiber sources on genus-level composition of cecal microbiota and SCFAs contents of broilers aged 21 days a: β diversity analysis based on PCoA; b: differed microflora; c: SCFAs content. The same as below. unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae:未分类的毛螺菌科;Lactobacillus: 乳杆菌属;Bacteroides: 拟杆菌属; norank_f_Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group: 产粪甾醇真杆菌科未知属群; Tyzzerella: 泰泽雷拉菌属; Enterococcus: 肠球菌属; Lachnospiraceae_UCG-010: 毛螺菌科UCG-010; Holdemania: 霍尔德曼氏菌属; Eubacterium_brachy_group: 短真杆菌群。 |
图4 不同来源纤维对28日龄肉鸡盲肠微生物属水平组成和SCFAs含量的影响norank_f_Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group: 产粪甾醇真杆菌科未知属群; norank_f_Peptococcaceae: 蛋白胨链球菌科未知属; unclassified_c_Clostridia: 未分类的梭状芽孢杆菌属; unclassified_f_Butyricicoccaceae: 未分类的丁酸菌球科; Anaerostipes: 厌氧棒菌属; V9D2013_group: V9D2013群。 Fig.4 Effects of different fiber sources on genus-level composition of cecal microbiota and SCFAs contents of broilers aged 28 days |

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