动物营养学报 >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 8: 5152 - 5163

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.477

研究论文

饲粮玉米干酒糟及其可溶物水平对蛋鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标及营养物质利用率的影响

  • 雷兴燕 ,
  • 曾秋凤 ,
  • 白世平 ,
  • 丁雪梅 ,
  • 王建萍 ,
  • 吕莉 ,
  • 彭焕伟 ,
  • 玄玥 ,
  • 张克英 , *
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  • 四川农业大学动物营养研究所,动物抗病营养教育部、农业农村部和四川省重点实验室,成都 611130
*张克英,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

雷兴燕(1997—),女,四川大竹人,硕士研究生,研究方向为家禽营养。E-mail:

Office editor: 陈鑫

收稿日期: 2023-02-20

  网络出版日期: 2023-08-10

基金资助

现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-42-10)

收起

Effects of Dietary Corn Dried Distillers’ Grains with Solubles Levels on Laying Performance, Egg Quality, Serum Biochemical Indexes and Nutrient Utilization of Laying Ducks

  • LEI Xingyan ,
  • ZENG Qiufeng ,
  • BAI Shiping ,
  • DING Xuemei ,
  • WANG Jianping ,
  • LYU Li ,
  • PENG Huanwei ,
  • XUAN Yue ,
  • ZHANG Keying , *
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  • Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-02-20

  Online published: 2023-08-10

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摘要

本试验旨在通过考察饲粮玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)水平对蛋鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标和营养物质利用率的影响,确定蛋鸭饲粮玉米DDGS的适宜水平。试验采用单因子随机区组设计,玉米DDGS水平分别0、6%、12%、18%和24%,5个试验饲粮保持等能等氮等可消化赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、苏氨酸水平。选用600只健康且产蛋率接近的50周龄金定鸭,随机分为5组,每组10个重复,每个重复12只。试验期12周,试验期间蛋鸭自由采食和饮水。结果表明:1)饲粮玉米DDGS水平对蛋鸭的入舍鸭产蛋率、饲养日产蛋率、采食量和料蛋比均无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)随饲粮玉米DDGS水平增加,第8周鸭蛋的蛋黄颜色和蛋壳比率线性增加(P<0.05),蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度则呈先降后升的二次曲线变化(P<0.05),第12周鸭蛋蛋黄颜色和蛋清比率呈线性升高(P<0.05),蛋黄比率呈线性降低(P<0.05)。3)随饲粮玉米DDGS水平增加,血清甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量线性升高(P<0.05)。4)随饲粮玉米DDGS水平增加,蛋鸭饲粮干物质、粗蛋白质和能量利用率线性降低(P<0.05),粗脂肪利用率线性升高(P<0.05),必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸和总氨基酸利用率线性降低(P<0.05),且6%玉米DDGS组的干物质、粗蛋白质和能量利用率显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。以上结果提示,在不影响产蛋性能、蛋品质和机体健康的情况下,结合营养物质利用率,推荐蛋鸭饲粮玉米DDGS适宜水平为6%。

关键词： 玉米DDGS; 蛋鸭; 产蛋性能; 蛋品质; 营养物质利用率

本文引用格式

雷兴燕 , 曾秋凤 , 白世平 , 丁雪梅 , 王建萍 , 吕莉 , 彭焕伟 , 玄玥 , 张克英 . 饲粮玉米干酒糟及其可溶物水平对蛋鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标及营养物质利用率的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023 , 35(8) : 5152 -5163 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.477

Abstract

The study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary corn distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) levels on laying performance, egg quality, serum biochemical indexes and nutrient utilization of laying ducks. A single factor randomized trial design was used, with DDGS levels were 0, 6%, 12%, 18% and 24%, respectively. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental diets were formulated on a same digestible lysine, methionine, tryptophan and threonine basis. A total of 600 healthy 50-week-old Jinding ducks with similar laying rate were randomly allocated to 5 groups with 10 replicates per group and 12 hens per replicate. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks and the laying ducks were allowed to eat and drink freely throughout the experiment. The results showed as follows: 1) dietary corn DDGS levels had no significant effect on the duck-housed laying rate, feeding daily laying rate, feed intake,feed to egg ratio of laying ducks (P>0.05). 2) With increasing of dietary corn DDGS levels, a linear increase was observed in the yolk colour and eggshell percentage at week 8 (P<0.05), while eggshell strength and eggshell thickness showed a quadratic effect, first decreasing and then increasing (P<0.05). With the increase of corn DDGS level, the yolk color and albumen percentage were linearly increased (P<0.05), and the yolk percentage was linearly decreased (P<0.05). 3) With the increase of corn DDGS level, the contents of triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in serum were linearly increased (P<0.05). 4) With increasing of dietary corn DDGS levels, a linear decrease was observed in the utilization of dry matter, crude protein and energy (P<0.05), and the utilization of crude fat presented a linear increase (P<0.05). With the increase of corn DDGS level, the utilization of essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids and total amino acids showed a linear decrease (P<0.05). Compared with other groups, the utilization of dry matter, crude protein and energy in 6% corn DDGS group were significantly higher (P<0.05). These results indicate that the appropriate dosage of corn DDGS level for laying ducks is 6 %, considering laying performance, egg quality, body health and nutrient utilization.

Key words： corn DDGS; laying ducks; laying performance; egg quality; nutrient utilization

玉米和豆粕作为畜禽饲粮的主要饲料原料,其价格上涨给饲料和养殖产业带来较大压力,促进玉米、豆粕的减量替代,调整优化饲料配方结构,达到降本增效的目的是相关产业努力的方向之一。玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)是玉米生产乙醇的副产物,含有蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸、矿物元素、叶黄素、玉米黄质和大量水溶性维生素以及生物活性物质[1-2]。随着玉米和豆粕成本的增加,在家禽饲粮中使用DDGS是降低成本的良好策略[3-4]。家禽饲粮中使用DDGS可以减少氨的排放[5],提高有机磷利用率,减少无机磷需要量[1,6],在节约饲料成本的同时减少环境污染。在肉禽上,饲粮中使用适宜水平DDGS可以通过提高多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比例进而改善肉质[7];使用5%的DDGS使肉鸡每千克增重的饲料成本与饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲粮的对照组相比降低2.9%[8];饲粮中使用15% DDGS可以在不影响肉鸡生长性能和肉品质的情况下替代部分玉米和豆粕,从而降低饲料成本[8];北京鸭饲粮中使用25% DDGS可使豆粕和小麦用量分别减少8%和17.5%[9];饲粮中高达30%的DDGS对北京鸭生产性能和肉品质没有负面影响[10]。在蛋鸡上,DDGS可通过提高蛋黄颜色、蛋壳厚度、哈氏单位和叶黄素含量来提高蛋品质[11⇓-13]。玉米DDGS脂肪含量高,高脂肪水平与高能量有关,但能量利用率是可变的。DDGS含有大约35%的不溶性膳食纤维和6%的可溶性膳食纤维,单胃动物对膳食纤维的表观全肠道消化率为43.7%,导致干物质消化率较低[14],从而降低粗蛋白质消化率[15],这也是DDGS的消化能低于其他饲料原料的原因。目前,玉米DDGS作为家禽饲料原料在肉鸡、肉鸭、蛋鸡上进行了诸多研究[16⇓⇓⇓⇓-21],而在蛋鸭上的研究较少。因此,本试验旨在探讨饲粮玉米DDGS水平对蛋鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标和营养物质利用率的影响,确定蛋鸭饲粮中玉米DDGS的适宜水平,为玉米DDGS在蛋鸭饲粮中的科学使用以及玉米-豆粕的减量替代提供数据支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计及饲粮

试验采用单因子随机区组设计,饲粮玉米DDGS水平分别为0、6%、12%、18%和24%,选取600只产蛋率、体重接近且健康的50周龄金定鸭,随机分为5个组,每组10个重复,每个重复12只。每组分别饲喂相应的试验饲粮。
玉米DDGS购自中国河南,营养成分组成(实测值)为干物质89.2%、粗脂肪12.84%和粗蛋白质25.57%。基础饲粮为玉米-豆粕型,营养水平参考蛋鸭营养需要量(GB/T 41189—2021),并参照中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2019年第30版)设计配方,保持各组等能等氮和等可消化赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、苏氨酸。饲粮组成及营养水平见表1,饲粮氨基酸实测值见表2,所有组饲粮均加工成颗粒料。试验期为12周,试验期间蛋鸭自由饮水和采食,温度控制在20~25 ℃,设置光照16 h(04:00~20:00),每天09:00捡蛋并称重,定期打扫圈舍卫生。
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 饲粮玉米DDGS水平Dietary corn DDGS levels/%
0 6 12 18 24
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 43.350 40.513 37.675 34.838 32.000
麸皮Wheat bran 11.000 11.000 11.000 11.000 11.000
面粉Flour 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000
大豆油Soybean oil 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200
豆粕Soybean meal (CP 43%) 23.760 20.565 17.370 14.175 10.980
玉米干酒糟及其可溶物Corn DDGS 6.000 12.000 18.000 24.000
石粉Limestone 8.280 8.285 8.290 8.295 8.300
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.210 1.163 1.115 1.068 1.020
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl 0.130 0.195 0.260 0.325 0.390
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met (99%) 0.125 0.115 0.105 0.095 0.085
L-苏氨酸L-Thr 0.050 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.075
L-色氨酸L-Trp 0.009 0.018 0.026 0.035
氯化钠NaCl 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120
矿物质预混料Mineral premix1) 0.200 0.200 0.200 0.200 0.200
维生素预混料Vitamin premix2) 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020
统糠Rice bran and hull 1.355 1.310 1.265 1.220 1.175
合计Total 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000
营养水平Nutrient levels3)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 10.46 10.46 10.46 10.46 10.46
粗蛋白质CP 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00
钙Ca 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60
非植酸磷NPP 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
可消化赖氨酸DLys 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
可消化蛋氨酸DMet 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
可消化苏氨酸DThr 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58
可消化色氨酸DTrp 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18

1)矿物质预混料为每千克饲粮提供The mineral premix provided the following per kg of diets:Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 60 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 100 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 60 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.4 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg。

2)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供The vitamin premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 8 000 IU,VD3 2 000 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 3.2 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 6.4 mg,VB6 4 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,烟酸 niacin acid 40 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 12 mg,生物素 biotin 0.11 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.0 mg。

3)营养水平均为计算值。 Nutrient levels were calculated values.

表2 饲粮氨基酸含量实测值(饲喂基础)

Table 2 Measured amino acid contents of diets (as-fed basis)

项目
Items		 饲粮玉米DDGS水平Dietary corn DDGS levels/%
0 6 12 18 24
苏氨酸Thr/% 0.716 0.717 0.739 0.747 0.729
缬氨酸Val/% 0.802 0.796 0.813 0.811 0.773
蛋氨酸Met/% 0.301 0.305 0.285 0.306 0.323
异亮氨酸Ile/% 0.708 0.688 0.673 0.662 0.610
亮氨酸Leu/% 1.427 1.473 1.581 1.636 1.619
苯丙氨酸Phe/% 0.804 0.801 0.832 0.823 0.791
赖氨酸Lys/% 1.020 1.031 1.090 1.106 1.038
组氨酸His/% 0.434 0.437 0.457 0.451 0.438
精氨酸Arg/% 1.020 0.995 0.982 0.957 0.868
必需氨基酸EAA/% 7.232 7.243 7.453 7.502 7.189
天冬氨酸Asp/% 1.677 1.593 1.577 1.503 1.406
酪氨酸Tyr/% 0.633 0.643 0.636 0.641 0.652
丝氨酸Ser/% 0.881 0.848 0.890 0.885 0.873
谷氨酸Glu/% 3.494 3.466 3.594 3.601 3.477
甘氨酸Gly/% 0.783 0.748 0.767 0.774 0.739
丙氨酸Ala/% 0.806 0.832 0.899 0.941 0.947
半胱氨酸Cys/% 0.194 0.170 0.208 0.209 0.236
脯氨酸Pro/% 1.253 1.332 1.336 1.380 1.405
非必需氨基酸NEAA/% 9.719 9.634 9.907 9.934 9.735
必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸EAA/NEAA 0.744 0.752 0.752 0.755 0.738
总氨基酸Total AA/% 16.952 16.877 17.361 17.436 16.924

1.2 测定指标及方法

1.2.1 产蛋性能

记录每个重复每日产蛋数、蛋重和死淘数,死淘数以死亡或脱肛作为死淘标准。记录每个重复每周饲粮消耗量、产蛋量。料蛋比、产蛋率及平均蛋重等参照NY/T 823—2004《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量统计方法》来计算。
入舍鸭产蛋数(枚)=统计期总产蛋数/入舍鸭数;
入舍鸭产蛋率(%)=[统计期内总产蛋数/(入舍鸭数×统计日数)]×100;
饲养日产蛋率(%)=(总产蛋数/每日存栏鸭数的累加数)×100;
平均蛋重(g/枚)=总产蛋重/总产蛋数;
平均日采食量(g/只)=统计期耗料量/实际饲养日蛋鸭只数的累加只数;
料蛋比=总耗料量/总产蛋重;
死淘率(%)=(统计期死淘鸭数/入舍鸭数)×100。

1.2.2 蛋品质

在试验第4、8和12周结束时每个重复收集3枚外形完好(接近平均蛋重)的鸭蛋用于测定蛋重、蛋黄颜色、蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋黄重量、蛋壳重量、蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度。蛋重、哈氏单位、蛋白高度、蛋黄颜色由EMT-7300全自动蛋品质测定仪测定,蛋壳重量和蛋黄重量使用精度为0.01 g的电子秤测定,蛋壳强度用MODEL-Ⅱ蛋壳强度测定仪测定,蛋壳厚度由蛋壳厚度测量仪测定。

1.2.3 血清生化指标

试验第12周末,每个重复中随机抽取1只试鸭,翅静脉采血5 mL,4 ℃下3 000 r/min离心制备血清。血清中总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)含量及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性采用全自动生化分析仪测定。

1.2.4 营养物质利用率

于试验第12周结束时每个重复随机选取1只蛋鸭进行代谢试验,蛋鸭转移至代谢笼中适应后,饲喂试验饲粮,收集蛋鸭粪便,剔除皮屑、羽毛、颗粒饲料,收集的排泄物置于65 ℃烘干至恒重,室内回潮24 h,粉碎过40目筛后制成风干样品,测定饲粮及粪样中干物质、粗蛋白质、能量、粗脂肪及氨基酸含量,计算饲粮表观代谢能(AME)和干物质、粗蛋白质、能量、粗脂肪及氨基酸利用率。饲粮和粪便样品中的干物质含量根据GB/T 6435—2006方法测定,粗蛋白质含量根据GB/T 6432—2018方法测定,能量采用氧弹式测热法测定,粗脂肪含量采用索氏提取法测定。本试验采用内源指示剂盐酸不溶灰分(AIA)法进行营养物质利用率的测定,计算公式如下:
某营养物质利用率(%)=100-100×[(饲粮中AIA含量/粪中AIA含量)×(粪中该营养物质含量/饲粮中该营养物质含量)];
饲粮AME(MJ/kg)=饲粮总能×饲粮能量利用率。

1.3 数据统计分析

使用Excel 2021进行数据录入,数据采用SPSS 27.0软件的one-way ANOVA程序进行统计分析,进行线性和二次回归分析,差异显著性采用Duncan氏多重比较检验。P<0.05表示差异显著,数据采用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示。

2 结果与分析

2.1 玉米DDGS水平对蛋鸭产蛋性能的影响

由表3可知,饲粮玉米DDGS水平对试验组入舍鸭产蛋率、饲养日产蛋率、平均日采食量、料蛋比、死淘率均无显著影响(P>0.05),但随着饲粮玉米DDGS水平的增加,采食量有降低的趋势(P=0.086),6%玉米DDGS组的料蛋比较其他组更低。
表3 玉米DDGS水平对蛋鸭产蛋性能的影响(50~62周龄)

Table 3 Effects of corn DDGS levels on laying performance of laying ducks (50 to 62 weeks of age)

项目
Items		 饲粮玉米DDGS水平
Dietary corn DDGS levels/%		 SEM P值P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0 6 12 18 24
入舍鸭产蛋率
Duck-housed laying rate/%		 79.42 76.81 78.04 76.22 76.77 3.432 0.829 0.401 0.744
饲养日产蛋率
Feeding daily laying rate/%		 81.17 79.73 78.83 78.65 79.19 2.908 0.913 0.442 0.546
采食量Feed intake/g 177.0 171.7 175.4 171.9 170.3 3.402 0.256 0.086 0.987
料蛋比Feed to egg ratio 2.899 2.873 2.902 2.905 2.896 0.086 0.996 0.897 0.971
平均蛋重Average egg weight/g 75.5 75.1 75.8 75.7 74.7 0.793 0.616 0.565 0.334
平均日产蛋重
Average daily egg weight/(g/只)		 60.0 59.9 59.3 57.5 57.2 0.669 0.879 0.494 0.848
死淘率Mortality/% 5.83 7.50 2.50 9.17 6.67 3.315 0.363 0.655 0.706

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 玉米DDGS水平对鸭蛋蛋品质的影响

由表4可知,5个组蛋鸭第4周后鸭蛋的蛋重、哈氏单位、蛋白高度、蛋黄颜色、蛋清比率、蛋黄比率、蛋壳比率均无显著差异(P>0.05);第8周后鸭蛋的蛋黄颜色、蛋壳比率随饲粮玉米DDGS水平升高而线性增加(P<0.05),蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度则呈现先降后升的二次曲线变化(P<0.05),5个组的蛋重、哈氏单位、蛋清比率和蛋黄比率均无显著差异(P>0.05);各组蛋鸭第12周鸭蛋蛋黄颜色、蛋清比率随饲粮玉米DDGS水平升高而线性升高(P<0.05),蛋黄比率随饲粮玉米DDGS水平升高线性降低(P<0.05),蛋重、哈氏单位、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳比率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 玉米DDGS水平对鸭蛋蛋品质的影响

Table 4 Effects of corn DDGS levels on egg quality of laying ducks

项目
Items		 时间
Time		 饲粮玉米DDGS水平
Dietary corn DDGS levels/%		 SEM P值P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0 6 12 18 24
蛋重
Egg weight/g		 第4周Week 4 76.23 75.92 75.62 75.71 74.87 0.840 0.578 0.121 0.770
第8周Week 8 74.22 74.54 73.88 74.37 73.70 0.750 0.791 0.469 0.678
第12周Week 12 73.68 73.01 73.09 72.16 72.45 0.736 0.276 0.047 0.643
蛋清比率
Albumen
percentage/%		 第4周Week 4 56.75 56.91 56.63 56.72 57.20 0.506 0.811 0.529 0.454
第8周Week 8 57.16 57.33 57.44 56.45 57.83 0.500 0.082 0.676 0.329
第12周Week 12 57.09ab 56.41b 57.36ab 58.00a 57.71ab 0.523 0.034 0.017 0.742
蛋黄比率
Yolk
percentage/%		 第4周Week 4 33.66 33.52 34.00 33.57 33.11 0.490 0.506 0.343 0.235
第8周Week 8 33.28 33.32 33.11 34.04 32.74 0.495 0.131 0.757 0.252
第12周Week 12 33.21ab 34.20a 33.35ab 32.61b 32.61b 0.504 0.012 0.014 0.166
蛋壳比率
Eggshell
percentage/%		 第4周Week 4 9.59 9.56 9.38 9.71 9.69 0.161 0.250 0.363 0.204
第8周Week 8 9.58b 9.42b 9.44b 9.73ab 10.03a 0.161 0.002 0.001 0.006
第12周Week 12 9.59 9.40 9.42 9.53 9.61 0.159 0.588 0.648 0.147
蛋白高度
Albumen
height/mm		 第4周Week 4 7.90 7.62 7.27 8.31 7.93 0.632 0.560 0.595 0.479
第8周Week 8 8.33 8.56 7.37 7.64 7.97 0.658 0.363 0.266 0.343
第12周Week 12 7.91 8.59 8.14 7.94 8.54 0.196 0.708 0.664 0.965
蛋黄颜色
Yolk color		 第4周Week 4 13.05 12.79 12.88 13.29 13.15 0.255 0.305 0.222 0.409
第8周Week 8 12.76c 13.29ab 13.29ab 13.17b 13.66a 0.201 0.001 <0.001 0.726
第12周Week 12 12.41bc 12.32b 12.73bc 12.77b 13.20a 0.070 <0.001 <0.001 0.022
哈氏单位
Haugh unit		 第4周Week 4 82.02 81.47 79.58 85.05 83.30 3.355 0.565 0.414 0.577
第8周Week 8 84.69 85.17 79.51 81.65 82.96 3.643 0.523 0.393 0.328
第12周Week 12 84.01 87.12 84.91 83.44 85.15 3.591 0.873 0.862 0.827
蛋壳强度
Eggshell strength/
(kg/cm2)		 第4周Week 4 4.632a 4.793a 3.964b 4.399a 4.588a 0.219 0.002 0.318 0.021
第8周Week 8 4.408ab 4.631a 3.996b 4.034b 4.553a 0.207 0.003 0.501 0.020
第12周Week 12 3.920 4.008 3.717 4.224 4.024 0.223 0.243 0.396 0.706
蛋壳厚度
Eggshell
thickness/mm		 第4周Week 4 0.363 0.360 0.350 0.362 0.365 0.007 0.219 0.692 0.069
第8周Week 8 0.355b 0.353bc 0.348bc 0.344c 0.371a 0.005 <0.001 0.063 <0.001
第12周Week 12 0.342 0.346 0.351 0.348 0.355 0.006 0.193 0.027 0.979

2.3 玉米DDGS水平对蛋鸭血清生化指标的影响

由表5可知,血清TG、LDL-C含量随饲粮玉米DDGS水平升高线性升高(P<0.05)。玉米DDGS水平对血清AST、ALT和ALP活性,血清TP、ALB、GLB、TC、HDL-C和VLDL-C含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表5 玉米DDGS水平对蛋鸭血清生化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of corn DDGS levels on serum biochemical parameters of laying ducks

项目
Items		 饲粮玉米DDGS水平
Dietary corn DDGS levels/%		 SEM P值P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0 6 12 18 24
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 55.5 53.8 54.8 54.4 57.2 2.904 0.845 0.572 0.343
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 22.2 22.1 22.3 22.2 24.6 1.672 0.506 0.653 0.795
球蛋白GLO/(g/L) 33.3 30.9 33.2 32.2 33.1 1.843 0.691 0.837 0.502
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 31.0 33.6 36.8 31.3 39.3 4.379 0.273 0.153 0.853
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 17.8 14.9 27.8 21.4 15.5 6.030 0.159 0.886 0.112
碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) 151.9 136.4 192.0 174.6 145.5 33.938 0.446 0.741 0.264
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 2.78 2.30 2.97 3.23 2.88 0.434 0.372 0.199 0.887
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 6.12b 8.20ab 11.89a 8.57ab 10.71a 1.812 0.022 0.019 0.141
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇
HDL-C/(mmol/L)		 0.41 0.39 0.31 0.49 0.33 0.134 0.650 0.834 0.935
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇
LDL-C/(mmol/L)		 0.13b 0.08b 0.09b 0.41a 0.14b 0.084 0.001 0.045 0.536
极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇
VLDL-C/(mmol/L)		 2.28 1.76 2.57 2.20 2.41 0.425 0.428 0.459 0.819

2.4 玉米DDGS水平对营养物质利用率的影响

由表6可知,随着饲粮玉米DDGS水平的升高,蛋鸭干物质、粗蛋白质、能量利用率和表观代谢能线性降低(P<0.05),粗脂肪利用率线性升高(P<0.05),6%玉米DDGS组的干物质、粗蛋白质、能量利用率和表观代谢能显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。
表6 玉米DDGS水平对蛋鸭饲粮营养物质利用率的影响

Table 6 Effects of corn DDGS levels on nutrient utilization of laying ducks

项目
Items		 饲粮玉米DDGS水平
Dietary corn DDGS levels/%		 SEM P值P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0 6 12 18 24
干物质DM/% 69.3b 73.9a 64.2c 62.0cd 61.1d 1.268 <0.001 <0.001 0.306
粗蛋白质CP/% 55.5b 62.6a 50.0b 50.7b 48.8b 3.203 0.001 0.001 0.571
粗脂肪EE/% 85.7d 90.6b 93.4ab 93.5ab 95.6a 1.996 <0.001 <0.001 0.133
能量Energy/% 77.3b 80.6a 74.2c 73.1c 77.8c 0.923 <0.001 <0.001 0.974
表观代谢能AME/(MJ/kg) 11.4b 11.9a 10.9c 10.8c 10.8c 0.145 <0.001 <0.001 0.666
由表7可知,苏氨酸(Thr)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)、赖氨酸(Lys)、组氨酸(His)、精氨酸(Arg)和必需氨基酸(EAA)的利用率随着饲粮玉米DDGS水平的升高线性降低(P<0.05),6%玉米DDGS组的EAA利用率高于其他组。
表7 玉米DDGS水平对蛋鸭必需氨基酸利用率的影响

Table 7 Effects of corn DDGS levels on essential amino acid utilization of laying ducks %

项目
Items		 饲粮玉米DDGS水平
Dietary corn DDGS levels/%		 SEM P值P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0 6 12 18 24
苏氨酸Thr 87.20a 86.53a 81.68b 81.93b 80.57b 1.681 0.001 <0.001 0.424
缬氨酸Val 79.92 82.70 80.59 81.96 81.35 1.971 0.664 0.648 0.547
蛋氨酸Met 83.44 87.17 83.50 87.27 87.85 1.526 0.570 0.792 0.114
异亮氨酸Ile 87.84a 86.56a 82.44b 82.13b 80.26b 1.368 <0.001 <0.001 0.488
亮氨酸Leu 88.77 89.00 86.82 89.09 88.20 1.015 0.201 0.658 0.433
苯丙氨酸Phe 90.74a 90.04a 87.24b 89.06ab 86.93b 1.099 0.005 0.002 0.561
赖氨酸Lys 92.02a 90.98ab 88.62b 89.11b 84.96c 1.180 <0.001 <0.001 0.306
组氨酸His 91.98a 91.44a 89.41b 89.54b 88.56b 1.180 <0.001 <0.001 0.518
精氨酸Arg 93.03ab 94.18a 92.06bc 92.95ab 90.29c 0.715 0.002 0.001 0.052
必需氨基酸EAA 88.79ab 89.01a 86.27bc 87.44abc 85.67c 1.125 0.022 0.005 0.985
由表8可知,随着饲粮玉米DDGS水平的升高,天冬氨酸(Asp)、酪氨酸(Tyr)、丝氨酸(Ser)、谷氨酸(Glu)、甘氨酸(Gly)、脯氨酸(Pro)、非必需氨基酸(NEAA)和总氨基酸利用率线性降低(P<0.05),丙氨酸(Ala)、半胱氨酸(Cys)利用率线性升高(P<0.05),6%玉米DDGS组的NEAA和总氨基酸利用率最高。
表8 玉米DDGS水平对蛋鸭非必需氨基酸利用率的影响

Table 8 Effects of corn DDGS levels on nonessential amino acid utilization of laying ducks %

项目
Items		 饲粮玉米DDGS水平
Dietary corn DDGS levels/%		 SEM P值P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0 6 12 18 24
天冬氨酸Asp 89.80a 88.87a 83.81b 83.11bc 80.43c 1.341 <0.001 <0.001 0.819
酪氨酸Tyr 94.56a 89.89b 83.89c 86.15c 83.31c 1.370 <0.001 <0.001 0.003
丝氨酸Ser 90.17a 89.32a 85.00b 85.99b 84.98b 1.526 0.002 <0.001 0.241
谷氨酸Glu 91.62a 91.58a 88.76b 89.70ab 89.23ab 1.078 0.032 0.012 0.338
甘氨酸Gly 64.12ab 68.85a 60.39b 61.23b 61.41b 2.897 0.049 0.062 0.980
丙氨酸Ala 71.21c 77.31bc 77.13bc 82.49ab 83.67a 2.726 0.041 0.329 0.111
半胱氨酸Cys 67.14c 65.37c 75.34bc 86.86a 82.92ab 4.904 <0.001 <0.001 0.837
脯氨酸Pro 91.58a 90.19a 83.56c 84.70bc 86.85b 1.198 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
非必需氨基酸NEAA 86.96a 87.17a 83.09b 84.49ab 84.03b 1.276 0.009 0.007 0.243
总氨基酸Total AA 89.13a 89.23a 87.61a 87.17a 83.73b 1.278 0.003 <0.001 0.115

2.5 玉米DDGS水平对经济效益的影响

以试验当时市场报价,每千克鸭蛋11.6元计算,可计算各组的每个重复于每阶段的蛋鸭利润。由表9可知,随着饲粮玉米DDGS水平的升高,饲料单价逐渐降低。与0%玉米DDGS组相比,6%、12%、18%和24%玉米DDGS组每个重复于1~4周时相对效益分别为2.9、-1.0、1.3、2.3元;5~8周时分别为4.3、-1.9、4.8、-0.1元;9~12周时分别为-6.1、-5.4、-6.3、-0.1元;1~12周时分别为1.1、-8.3、-0.1、2.1元。6%和24%玉米DDGS组在1~12周利润高于0%玉米DDGS组,12%和18%玉米DDGS组低于0%玉米DDGS组。
表9 玉米DDGS水平对蛋鸭经济效益的影响

Table 9 Effects of corn DDGS levels on economic benefit of laying ducks

项目
Items		 时间
Time		 饲粮玉米DDGS水平
Dietary corn DDGS levels/%
0 6 12 18 24
饲料单价Feed unit price/(元/kg) 3.029 3.013 2.998 2.982 2.967
总产蛋重
Total egg weight/(kg/重复)		 1~4周1 to 4 weeks 20.9 20.4 20.6 20.4 20.1
5~8周5 to 8 weeks 20.3 19.9 20.0 19.9 19.3
9~12周9 to 12 weeks 19.3 17.7 19.1 17.6 18.3
1~12周1 to 12 weeks 60.5 57.9 59.7 57.9 57.6
总合格蛋重
Total qualified egg
weight/(kg/重复)		 1~4周1 to 4 weeks 20.7 20.3 20.3 20.1 19.8
5~8周5 to 8 weeks 20.0 19.6 19.7 19.7 19.1
9~12周9 to 12 weeks 19.0 17.5 18.8 17.4 18.0
1~12周1 to 12 weeks 59.8 57.4 58.9 57.2 56.9
总鸭蛋收入
Total egg revenue/
(元/重复)		 1~4周1 to 4 weeks 240.5 235.4 235.5 233.0 230.0
5~8周5 to 8 weeks 232.4 227.9 229.0 228.9 221.0
9~12周9 to 12 weeks 220.7 203.2 218.2 201.8 208.8
1~12周1 to 12 weeks 693.7 666.4 682.7 663.7 659.7
总耗料量
Total feed consumption/
(kg/重复)		 1~4周1 to 4 weeks 61.4 59.0 60.7 59.4 58.3
5~8周5 to 8 weeks 58.0 55.3 58.0 56.1 55.3
9~12周9 to 12 weeks 55.2 51.7 56.7 51.8 52.3
1~12周1 to 12 weeks 174.5 166.0 175.4 167.2 166.0
总饲料成本
Total feed cost/
(元/重复)		 1~4周1 to 4 weeks 185.9 177.9 181.8 177.0 173.0
5~8周5 to 8 weeks 175.5 166.7 174.0 167.2 164.2
9~12周9 to 12 weeks 167.2 155.7 170.1 154.6 155.3
1~12周1 to 12 weeks 528.6 500.2 525.9 498.8 492.5
总利润
Total profit/(元/重复)		 1~4周1 to 4 weeks 54.6 57.5 53.7 56.0 56.9
5~8周5 to 8 weeks 56.9 61.2 55.0 61.7 56.8
9~12周9 to 12 weeks 53.6 47.5 48.2 47.3 53.5
1~12周1 to 12 weeks 165.1 166.1 156.8 164.9 167.2
相对效益
Relative profit/(元/重复)		 1~4周1 to 4 weeks 0 2.9 -1.0 1.3 2.3
5~8周5 to 8 weeks 0 4.3 -1.9 4.8 -0.1
9~12周9 to 12 weeks 0 -6.1 -5.4 -6.3 -0.1
1~12周1 to 12 weeks 0 1.1 -8.3 -0.1 2.1

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮玉米DDGS水平对蛋鸭产蛋性能的影响

玉米DDGS粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量较高,氨基酸、维生素及矿物质含量丰富,是替代玉米和豆粕的重要原料,广泛应用于畜禽饲粮中。El-Hack等[22]、Cortes-Cuevas等[23]研究表明,蛋鸡饲粮中添加12%玉米DDGS时不会对蛋鸡产蛋性能产生不利影响。Niemiec等[24]推测当玉米DDGS添加量超过15%时,预计生产效果会略有下降。Saeed等[13]研究表明,蛋鸡饲粮中玉米DDGS用量达16.5%时会降低产蛋率和产蛋量。但Shin等[25]、Trupia等[18]研究表明,在不影响产蛋性能情况下,蛋鸡饲粮中玉米DDGS用量可达20%。Pineda等[26]研究发现,添加23%玉米DDGS会降低蛋鸡产蛋性能。Ruan等[27]在蛋鸭上的研究表明,在产蛋早期和产蛋高峰期,饲喂0~30%玉米DDGS的蛋鸭产蛋量、蛋重和饲料转化率均无显著差异。Shih等[28]研究发现,蛋鸡饲粮中添加玉米DDGS会线性降低采食量。同样,本研究也发现,给产蛋后期蛋鸭饲喂含0~24%玉米DDGS饲粮对蛋鸭产蛋率、平均日采食量、平均蛋重均无显著影响。

3.2 饲粮玉米DDGS水平对蛋鸭鸭蛋品质的影响

饲粮是影响蛋品质的重要因素。Shin等[25]研究表明,饲粮添加20%玉米DDGS可提高鸡蛋蛋黄颜色。Jiang等[29]的研究发现,将玉米DDGS用量从0、10%提高至20%,蛋黄颜色和蛋壳厚度随饲粮玉米DDGS水平的增加而增加。但 S 'wiatkiewicz等[30]的研究却发现,蛋鸡饲粮中的玉米DDGS水平对鸡蛋的蛋壳品质参数没有显著影响,蛋黄颜色随饲粮玉米DDGS水平增加而线性增加。此外,Cheon等[31]研究发现,将饲粮玉米DDGS水平增加到20%不会影响蛋鸡鸡蛋的哈氏单位、蛋壳重量和蛋壳强度,但10%、15%或20%的玉米DDGS会增加蛋黄的颜色。Ruan等[27]研究表明,饲粮玉米DDGS水平超过18%显著降低了鸭蛋哈氏单位,超过24%降低蛋白重量,但蛋黄颜色随饲粮玉米DDGS水平升高线性增加。Abd El-Hack等[11]研究表明,玉米DDGS用量从0、5.5%、11%增加至16.5%时蛋白比率和蛋壳厚度呈线性增加,本试验结果与之类似。本试验结果也表明,24%玉米DDGS组鸭蛋蛋壳厚度和蛋壳比率显著高于其他组。玉米DDGS是叶黄素及其底物(叶黄素和玉米黄质)的集中来源[1,32],因此可作为蛋鸡改善蛋黄颜色的潜在成分[12],应用于蛋禽饲粮中可使蛋黄颜色加深[18,23,31,33]。

3.3 饲粮玉米DDGS水平对蛋鸭血清生化指标的影响

血液参数可以反映机体健康状况,也是反映动物生理和营养状况的良好信号。Shih等[28]、Saeed等[13]研究发现,提高饲粮DDGS水平使蛋鸡血清TG含量增加。Ruan等[27]在蛋鸭上的研究也发现,血清TG含量与玉米DDGS水平呈正相关。本研究结果发现,饲粮DDGS水平增加使蛋鸭血清LDL-C含量增加,这与Ruan等[27]、Saeed等[13]的研究结果一致。肝脏是TG和胆固醇合成的主要场所,蛋禽体内的内源性胆固醇主要是在肝脏合成并通过LDL-C转运至肝脏外组织,而HDL-C主要负责将胆固醇从外周组织转运至肝脏并通过胆汁途径排出体外[34]。本试验中,随着饲粮玉米DDGS水平的提高,饲粮粗脂肪含量以及血清TG、LDL-C含量显著升高,血清ALT活性以及TC含量有升高趋势。玉米DDGS不饱和脂肪酸比例较高,高水平的DDGS会增加脂质过氧化水平[35],肝脏的脂质过氧化水平会影响脂质合成和运输[36],血清LDL-C和TC含量的升高表明过量玉米DDGS可能会影响胆固醇从血液运输到肝脏的能力。结果提示,饲粮中DDGS用量增加可能对蛋鸭肝脏功能产生一定的负面影响。

3.4 饲粮玉米DDGS水平对蛋鸭营养物质利用率的影响

营养物质利用率受饲料组成、饲料可消化性、动物机体状态等多种因素的影响。El-Hack等[22]研究发现,饲喂6%玉米DDGS饲粮的蛋鸡营养物质利用率最高,DDGS用量增至18%时营养物质利用降低。Abd El-Hack等[37]的研究结果表明,给蛋鸡饲喂5.5%玉米DDGS饲粮时其对营养物质的消化能力最高,而饲喂22%玉米DDGS时其营养物质代谢率显著降低;Ghazalah等[38]证明将玉米DDGS水平提高至23.17%,粗蛋白质利用率最低,这与本研究结果类似。本研究也发现,6%玉米DDGS组蛋鸭对饲粮营养物质利用率最高,而随着饲粮玉米DDGS水平逐渐增加至24%,营养物质利用率线性降低,这种现象可能与蛋白质和氨基酸利用率低有关。Ding等[17]研究发现,给北京鸭饲喂0~20%玉米DDGS饲粮不影响其粗蛋白质和标准回肠氨基酸消化率。Foltyn等[39]在肉鸡上的研究结果发现,高水平的玉米DDGS会降低氨基酸回肠表观消化率。本研究结果也发现,EAA、NEAA和总氨基酸利用率与玉米DDGS水平呈负相关。若玉米DDGS干燥过程中温度过高,可能引发美拉德反应,降低蛋白质和氨基酸利用率[40]。此外,营养物质利用率降低可能与随着饲粮玉米DDGS水平的升高而增加膳食粗纤维有关,纤维含量的增加可能会增加氮的内源损失,从而降低蛋白质的表观利用率。

3.5 饲粮玉米DDGS水平对经济效益的影响

本试验发现,随着饲粮玉米DDGS水平的增加,饲料单价逐渐降低,6%玉米DDGS组在1~8周利润高于对照组。与此同时,饲粮中加入6%~24%玉米DDGS,可以替代2.84%~11.35%玉米以及3.20%~12.78%豆粕。由此可见,蛋鸭饲粮中使用适量玉米DDGS能在增加经济效益的同时,替代部分玉米豆粕。
饲料原料价格随市场波动较大,可根据DDGS价位和价位处于何值时达到利润平衡,从而更适应生产实践的选择。

4 结论

① 蛋鸭饲粮中使用0~24%玉米DDGS不会影响蛋鸭生产性能,并可增加蛋黄颜色。
② 蛋鸭饲粮中玉米DDGS水平为6%时,其料蛋比最低,营养物质利用率最高。

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