动物营养学报 >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 8: 5182 - 5190

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.479

研究论文

补饲苜蓿干草对蒙贝利亚×荷斯坦杂交犊牛瘤胃内环境和胃肠道发育的影响

  • 付瑶 , 1, 2 ,
  • 郭江鹏 1 ,
  • 王俊 1 ,
  • 齐志国 1 ,
  • 金银姬 1 ,
  • 程柏丛 1 ,
  • 纪辰晨 3 ,
  • 李胜利 , 2, *
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  • 1 北京市畜牧总站,北京 100107
  • 2 中国农业大学动物科技学院,北京 100193
  • 3 北京市昌平区动物疫病预防控制中心,北京 102200
*李胜利,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

付 瑶(1992—),女,黑龙江哈尔滨人,高级畜牧师,硕士,从事畜牧技术研究与推广工作。E-mail:

Office editor: 武海龙

收稿日期: 2023-02-09

  网络出版日期: 2023-08-10

基金资助

畜牧业健康养殖技术推广项目

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Effects of Alfalfa Hay Supplementation on Rumen Internal Environment and Gastrointestinal Development of Montbeliard×Holstein Crossed Calves

  • FU Yao , 1, 2 ,
  • GUO Jiangpeng 1 ,
  • WANG Jun 1 ,
  • QI Zhiguo 1 ,
  • JIN Yinji 1 ,
  • CHENG Baicong 1 ,
  • JI Chenchen 3 ,
  • LI Shengli , 2, *
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  • 1 Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100107, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
  • 3 Changping District Animal Disease Control and Prevention Center, Beijing 102200, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-02-09

  Online published: 2023-08-10

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摘要

本试验旨在研究补饲苜蓿干草对蒙贝利亚×荷斯坦杂交犊牛(以下简称蒙×荷杂交犊牛)瘤胃内环境和胃肠道发育的影响。选择健康的初生蒙×荷杂交犊牛20头,随机分为饲喂颗粒化开食料的对照组和额外添加苜蓿干草的试验组,每组10头犊牛。试验期为10周,第8周断奶。对照组和试验组犊牛从第3天起采食开食料,试验组犊牛从第15天起额外添加苜蓿干草。试验期间,分别于犊牛28、56和70日龄晨饲后4 h采集瘤胃液,测定pH及挥发性脂肪酸、氨态氮含量;于56日龄晨饲后4 h,以颈静脉放血方式屠宰犊牛,采集内脏及胃肠道样品,测定内脏和胃肠道发育指标以及肠道消化酶活性。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验组的瘤胃液乙酸比例显著增加(P<0.05),丙酸比例显著降低(P<0.05),丁酸比例有降低趋势(P=0.057),但pH、乙酸/丙酸及氨态氮、总挥发性脂肪酸含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)日龄对瘤胃液pH、丙酸和丁酸比例、乙酸/丙酸及总挥发性脂肪酸、氨态氮含量有显著影响(P<0.05)。3)2组之间肠道消化酶活性及内脏器官和胃肠道发育指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。由此可见,补饲苜蓿干草显著影响了蒙×荷杂交犊牛瘤胃液乙酸、丙酸比例,但对内脏器官和胃肠道发育无不良影响。

关键词： 犊牛; 苜蓿; 瘤胃发酵; 胃肠道发育

本文引用格式

付瑶 , 郭江鹏 , 王俊 , 齐志国 , 金银姬 , 程柏丛 , 纪辰晨 , 李胜利 . 补饲苜蓿干草对蒙贝利亚×荷斯坦杂交犊牛瘤胃内环境和胃肠道发育的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023 , 35(8) : 5182 -5190 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.479

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of alfalfa hay supplementation on rumen internal environment and gastrointestinal development of Montbeliard×Holstein crossed calves. Twenty healthy newborn Montbeliard×Holstein crossed calves were randomly divided into control group fed with pelleted starter and experimental group supplemented with alfalfa hay, with 10 calves in each group. The trial period was 10 weeks, weaning at 8 weeks. All the calves were fed starter from day 3, and calves in experimental group were supplemented with alfalfa hay from day 15. During the trial, collected the rumen fluid after morning feeding 4 hours of calves at 28, 56 and 70 days of age, respectively, and measured the pH and volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen contents; at 56 days of age, calves were slaughtered with jugular vein bloodletting at 4 h after morning feeding, the internal organs and gastrointestinal tract samples were collected to determine organs and gastrointestinal tract development indexes and intestinal digestive enzyme activities. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the rumen fluid acetate proportion of experimental group was significantly increased (P<0.05), the propionate proportion was significantly decreased (P<0.05), the butyrate proportion showed a decreasing trend (P=0.057), and the pH, acetate/propionate and ammonia nitrogen and total volatile fatty acid contents were no significant differences (P>0.05). 2) The days of age significantly affected the pH, propionate and butyrate proportions, acetate/propionate and ammonia nitrogen and total volatile fatty acid contents in rumen fluid (P<0.05). 3) There were no significant differences on intestinal digestive enzyme activities and organs and gastrointestinal tract development indexes between 2 groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, the alfalfa hay supplementation has significant effects on the proportions of acetate and propionate in rumen fluid but has no adverse effects on organs and gastrointestinal tract development of Montbeliard×Holstein crossed calves.

Key words： calves; alfalfa hay; rumen fermentation; gastrointestinal tract development

犊牛既是优质奶牛养殖场的后备力量,也是未来奶牛高产的希望。犊牛4个胃室的容量及其相对容积都较成年牛相差甚多,初生犊牛的皱胃相对容积很大,并随着年龄的增长逐渐缩小,但瘤胃与此相反,其相对容积随着年龄的增长逐渐增大,占据主导[1-2]。可以说犊牛瘤胃的发育对于其生长发育极为重要,而适宜的补饲方式对瘤胃的充分发育具有重要作用,可以为日后更好地利用粗饲料打下基础。
关于在哺乳期犊牛饲喂开食料的基础上添加干草是否对其产生影响的研究结果一直存在争议。有学者建议不添加干草,因为干草会增加消化道的充盈度,使瘤胃pH发生改变,影响纤维分解菌的活性,进而导致纤维发酵利用受限,过慢的发酵速率会使其在瘤胃中滞留时间加长,进而降低犊牛开食料的采食量[3-4],并造成伪增重现象。也有研究发现,尽管开食料和干草均有助于微生物区系的建立并促进引起瘤胃上皮发育的产物产生,但是结果表明,开食料在其中发挥的积极效果远远大于干草[5-6]。瘤胃内的发酵产物中,能够促进瘤胃乳头正常生长发育的主要是丁酸,其次是丙酸,最后是乙酸[7⇓-9],而因为干草在瘤胃中的发酵产物主要是乙酸,故其对瘤胃乳头的正常发育无明显的积极作用[10]。但是,也有学者建议补饲干草,因为在干草的刮擦作用下,可以提高瘤胃上皮对挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的吸收率,同时能够促进犊牛反刍,增加唾液分泌,弥补采食开食料造成的瘤胃pH降低的不足,对减少瘤胃酸中毒有一定的效果[11⇓-13]。由此可见,关于补饲干草在哺乳期犊牛饲粮中的应用还没有一个明确的定论,仍有很大的空间等待深入地挖掘和探索。同时,因为乳肉兼用的蒙贝利亚×荷斯坦杂交犊牛(以下简称蒙×荷杂交犊牛)的优秀市场开发潜力,使得补饲干草的研究具有明显的实用价值。因此,本试验旨在研究在蒙×荷杂交犊牛采食开食料的基础上添加苜蓿干草对其瘤胃内环境和胃肠道发育的影响,进而为蒙×荷杂交犊牛合理饲喂提供重要参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

选取健康的初生蒙×荷杂交犊牛20头,其中母犊14头,出生体重为(40.5±5.8) kg;公犊6头,出生体重为(46.7±6.7) kg。公犊和母犊分别随机均匀分配到2个组中,即饲喂颗粒化开食料的对照组(CON组)和额外添加苜蓿干草的试验组(AH组),每组10头犊牛,其中7头母犊、公犊3头。

1.2 试验饲粮

本试验使用的成品颗粒化开食料购自辽宁某集团,主要成分为玉米、大豆及其加工产品、酒糟类、磷酸氢钙、石粉、氯化钠及专用复合预混料;使用的苜蓿干草铡切长度为2 cm。颗粒化开食料、液体饲料(牛奶)及苜蓿干草的营养水平见表1。
表1 颗粒化开食料、液体饲料(牛奶)及苜蓿干草的营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Nutrient levels of pelleted starter, liquid feed (milk) and alfalfa hay (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 颗粒化开食料
Pelleted starter		 液体饲料(牛奶)
Liquid feed (milk)		 苜蓿干草
Alfalfa hay
干物质DM 88.56 13.86 87.58
粗蛋白质CP 21.90 21.67
粗脂肪EE 2.00 2.01
中性洗涤纤维NDF 16.30 47.68
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 8.39 30.48
粗灰分Ash 6.91 11.79
钙Ca 1.30 0.23
总磷TP 0.75 1.79
乳蛋白Milk protein 25.76
乳脂肪Milk fat 30.66

1.3 饲养管理

试验期内,犊牛在犊牛岛中单独饲养10周,第8周断奶。液体饲料(牛奶)的饲喂量详见表2,喂奶2次/d(07:00和15:00),遵循定时、定温、定量。每次喂奶30 min后,需给犊牛提供足量的饮水。
表2 液体饲料(牛奶)的饲喂量

Table 2 Feeding volume of liquid feed (milk) L/(头·d)

日龄Days of age 饲喂量Feeding volume
2~21 6
22~42 8
43~49 6
50~52 4
53~56 3
为了防止犊牛采食犊牛岛地面垫草,地面垫料改用填充了秸秆的麻袋。对照组和试验组犊牛从试验第3天起饲喂开食料,此外,试验组犊牛从试验第15天起额外添加苜蓿干草,开食料和苜蓿干草均为自由采食。

1.4 样品采集及指标测定

1.4.1 瘤胃内环境指标的测定

在28、56和70日龄晨饲后4 h,使用犊牛专用口腔插管抽取瘤胃液,随后用4层纱布过滤。采集好瘤胃液后,使用pH计(美国丹佛仪器公司)测定pH,分装至离心管中,保存在-20 ℃冰柜中,待测VFA和氨态氮含量。其中,VFA含量使用Erwin等[14]的方法进行测定,氨态氮含量使用Broderick等[15]的方法进行测定。

1.4.2 胃肠道发育指标的测定

在56日龄晨饲后4 h,以颈静脉放血方式屠宰公犊,随后立刻剖开腹腔,并进行无菌采样。迅速对真胃与十二指肠相连部位以及回肠与盲肠相连部位进行结扎,剪下小肠,将肠黏膜剥离,置于放有冰袋的白瓷盘中,用于肠道发育指标测定;取出瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃和皱胃,置于放有冰袋的白瓷盘中,用于胃发育指标测定;对十二指肠、空肠及回肠中段部位进行结扎,剪下后采集食糜放置在2 mL冻存管中,迅速置于液氮罐中贮存,用于肠道消化酶活性测定。

1.4.2.1 内脏器官和胃肠道指标的测定

对去除内脏后的胴体重量进行称重并记录;对清除内容物后的胃室重量进行称重,采用注水法计算瘤胃容积并记录;对清除食糜后的小肠重量进行称重,测量小肠总长度并记录。

1.4.2.2 肠道消化酶活性的测定

肠道食糜样品的淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶、糜蛋白酶和乳糖酶活性由九强生物公司进行检测。

1.5 统计分析方法

在Excel 2010中进行数据初处理,然后运用SAS 9.2软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),组间差异显著性通过t检验进行比较。P<0.01表示差异显著,若0.05<P<0.10表示有显著趋势。分析结果以最小二乘均值(least squares means,LSM)和均值标准误(stand error of mean,SEM)的形式表示。

2 结果

2.1 补饲苜蓿干草对蒙×荷杂交犊牛瘤胃内环境的影响

由表3可见,CON组和AH组的犊牛瘤胃发酵参数均在正常值范围内。补饲苜蓿干草对28、56和70日龄犊牛瘤胃液pH、氨态氮含量及其平均值无显著影响(P>0.05)。补饲苜蓿干草对犊牛瘤胃液乙酸、丙酸比例的平均值有显著影响(P<0.05),对丁酸比例的平均值有显著趋势(P=0.057),但对乙酸/丙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量的平均值无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表3 补饲苜蓿干草对蒙×荷杂交犊牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响

Table 3 Effects of alfalfa hay supplementation on rumen fermentation parameters of Montbeliard×Holstein crossed calves

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM 固定效应P值P-value of fixed effects
处理
Treatment		 日龄
Days of age		 处理×日龄
Treatment×
days of age
CON AH
pH
平均值Mean 5.50 5.55 0.102 0.643 0.016 0.981
28日龄28 days of age 5.76 5.79 0.197 0.876
56日龄56 days of age 5.38 5.43 0.100 0.648
70日龄70 days of age 5.37 5.42 0.137 0.714
氨态氮NH3-N/(mg/dL)
平均值Mean 8.00 8.61 1.077 0.919 <0.001 0.513
28日龄28 days of age 10.51 11.62 1.686 0.521
56日龄56 days of age 8.24 8.53 1.921 0.886
70日龄70 days of age 5.26 5.70 0.436 0.359
乙酸Acetate/%
平均值Mean 46.14 49.79 1.434 0.006 0.917 0.447
28日龄28 days of age 47.43 48.99 2.993 0.611
56日龄56 days of age 45.79 48.74 1.154 0.034
70日龄70 days of age 45.19 51.66 2.447 0.030
丙酸Propionate/%
平均值Mean 40.61 38.28 1.521 0.046 0.025 0.827
28日龄28 days of age 37.13 35.16 2.491 0.442
56日龄56 days of age 41.74 40.72 2.002 0.626
70日龄70 days of age 42.96 38.96 2.926 0.210
乙酸/丙酸Acetate/propionate
平均值Mean 1.12 1.24 0.069 0.571 0.047 1.000
28日龄28 days of age 1.22 1.29 0.163 0.534
56日龄56 days of age 1.08 1.28 0.085 0.006
70日龄70 days of age 1.05 1.15 0.085 0.676
丁酸Butyrate/%
平均值Mean 8.74 7.62 0.562 0.057 0.002 0.781
28日龄28 days of age 10.40 9.79 1.059 0.570
56日龄56 days of age 7.95 6.73 0.898 0.334
70日龄70 days of age 7.86 6.35 0.990 0.164
总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA/(mmol/L)
平均值Mean 101.70 111.00 3.311 0.220 <0.001 0.587
28日龄28 days of age 88.31 90.36 3.380 0.544
56日龄56 days of age 105.53 104.99 3.590 0.921
70日龄70 days of age 111.25 117.00 8.626 0.032
日龄对pH、氨态氮含量有显著影响(P<0.05),从28到70日龄,CON组和AH组犊牛的瘤胃液pH分别下降0.39和0.37,氨态氮含量分别下降5.25和5.92 mg/dL。同时,日龄对丙酸比例、丁酸比例、乙酸/丙酸及TVFA含量有显著影响(P<0.05),但对乙酸比例无显著影响(P>0.05)。此外,处理和日龄对各指标不存在显著交互作用(P>0.05)。

2.2 补饲苜蓿干草对蒙×荷杂交犊牛肠道消化酶活性的影响

由表4可见,补饲苜蓿干草对犊牛十二指肠、空肠和回肠淀粉酶、乳糖酶、糜蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性均无显著影响(P>0.05)。但从数值上来看,空肠脂肪酶活性低,而十二指肠和回肠脂肪酶活性高;AH组的十二指肠、空肠和回肠淀粉酶、乳糖酶、糜蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活性均高于CON组。
表4 补饲苜蓿干草对蒙×荷杂交犊牛肠道消化酶活性的影响

Table 4 Effects of alfalfa hay supplementation on intestinal digestive enzyme activities of Montbeliard×Holstein crossed calves U/mg

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值
P-value
CON AH
淀粉酶Amylase
十二指肠Duodenum 1.69 2.12 0.642 0.540
空肠Jejunum 1.90 2.27 0.188 0.119
回肠Ileum 1.79 2.21 0.288 0.224
乳糖酶Lactase
十二指肠Duodenum 212.58 218.93 57.434 0.917
空肠Jejunum 219.42 224.24 87.395 0.959
回肠Ileum 134.44 150.49 37.242 0.688
糜蛋白酶Chymase
十二指肠Duodenum 48.93 50.13 9.758 0.908
空肠Jejunum 37.61 41.40 9.373 0.707
回肠Ileum 30.25 33.62 3.502 0.390
胰蛋白酶Trypsase
十二指肠Duodenum 1 374.80 1 539.74 378.880 0.686
空肠Jejunum 695.65 700.34 152.680 0.977
回肠Ileum 511.04 589.64 90.734 0.435
脂肪酶Lipase
十二指肠Duodenum 783.48 784.40 147.660 0.995
空肠Jejunum 494.62 465.84 90.676 0.767
回肠Ileum 533.02 553.84 178.510 0.913

2.3 补饲苜蓿干草对蒙×荷杂交犊牛内脏器官和胃肠道发育的影响

由表5可见,补饲苜蓿干草对内脏器官和胃肠道发育指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。但从数值上看,与CON组相比,AH组的瘤胃容积较大,而瘤网胃重/活体重和瘤网胃重/复胃鲜重较低;小肠长度较长,而小肠重/活体重较低。
表5 补饲苜蓿干草对蒙×荷杂交犊牛内脏器官和胃肠道发育的影响

Table 5 Effects of alfalfa hay supplementation on internal organs and gastrointestinal tract development of Montbeliard×Holstein crossed calves

项目
Items		 组别Groups SEM P值
P-value
CON AH
去除内脏后体重Body weight after evisceration/kg 46.58 49.61 3.973 0.487
瘤胃容积Rumen volume/L 5.99 6.19 0.670 0.778
瘤网胃重/活体重Rumen and reticulum weight/live body weight/% 1.53 1.36 0.129 0.247
瓣胃重/活体重Omasum weight/live body weight/% 0.39 0.37 0.070 0.775
皱胃重/活体重Abomasum weight/live body weight/% 0.57 0.51 0.044 0.280
瘤网胃重/复胃鲜重
Rumen and reticulum weight/fresh weight of stomachus compositue/%		 61.34 60.62 3.222 0.834
瓣胃重/复胃鲜重
Omasum weight/fresh weight of stomachus compositue/%		 15.77 16.33 2.168 0.810
皱胃重/复胃鲜重
Abomasum weight/fresh weight of stomachus compositue/%		 22.88 23.05 1.649 0.923
小肠重/活体重Small intestine weight/live body weight/% 2.93 2.42 0.362 0.233
小肠长度Small intestine length/m 28.39 29.38 1.354 0.505

3 讨论

3.1 补饲苜蓿干草对蒙×荷杂交犊牛瘤胃内环境的影响

犊牛瘤胃内环境指标中,瘤胃液pH和VFA、氨态氮含量是判断瘤胃发育好与坏的重要参考数据。瘤胃液的pH受瘤胃上皮吸收VFA的能力、瘤胃内容物中VFA与唾液中缓冲物质的反应和瘤胃内容物外流等因素共同影响[16]。苜蓿干草中的高纤维组分一般会导致瘤胃pH的升高[11,17-18],因为它能够促进犊牛反刍,增加唾液分泌量,且在瘤胃中具有较低的发酵速度。本研究条件下,补饲苜蓿干草的试验组犊牛的瘤胃液pH略高于对照组,但无显著差异。随着日龄的增加,犊牛瘤胃pH显著降低,这与前人研究结果[19]类似。瘤胃液氨态氮含量可以反映饲料营养成分中蛋白质、多肽、氨基酸、尿素等分解代谢情况,同时瘤胃微生物蛋白质主要来自于氨态氮[20],氨态氮的含量影响着瘤胃微生物的菌群活跃度[13]。但研究发现,补饲牧草和只采食颗粒料犊牛的氨态氮含量无显著差异[19,21],这与本试验结果相似,说明苜蓿干草未使瘤胃微生物的菌群活跃度产生显著变化。但是,本试验日龄对瘤胃液氨态氮含量有显著影响,从28到70日龄逐渐降低,这可能因为在细菌的作用下,菌体蛋白的合成能力得到增强[22]。
饲粮碳水化合物发酵产生VFA[23],以此作为反刍动物维持和生产过程中所需要的养分和能量的主要来源。其中,乙酸为乳脂合成做出主要贡献,丙酸为葡萄糖合成做出主要贡献,两者均可以反映瘤胃的发酵模式。犊牛采食牧草进入瘤胃后,其消化的纤维物质可对瘤胃壁上皮细胞产生物理摩擦,通过清除瘤胃壁脱落的上皮细胞增加瘤胃壁吸收表面积,从而改变VFA比例[24]。本研究条件下,丙酸和丁酸比例在只采食颗粒料犊牛的瘤胃液中较高,而乙酸比例在额外采食苜蓿干草犊牛的瘤胃液中较高,这是因为精饲料和粗饲料在瘤胃中的主要发酵产物不同,前者主要为丙酸和丁酸,后者主要为乙酸[25]。研究表明,丁酸能够促进瘤胃乳头的正常生长发育[26⇓-28]。本试验中,2组犊牛瘤胃液丁酸含量具有差异趋势,补饲苜蓿干草的试验组略低,但这并不能完全说明刺激在瘤胃乳头发育方面哪一组的作用更大,应通过形态学等方面的研究得到进一步的结论。

3.2 补饲苜蓿干草对蒙×荷杂交犊牛肠道消化酶活性的影响

反映饲粮营养物质在小肠消化情况的消化酶活性对犊牛的消化过程起决定性作用,饲粮组成等因素均会影响消化酶活性[29-30]。饲粮中淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪含量的改变,可引起小肠中淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性的变化[31]。胰液和胰腺组织中的淀粉酶活性与日龄变化呈正相关,成年时可达最高水平,淀粉酶活性的增加可以促进小肠对淀粉的消化和吸收[32]。对饲料蛋白质起消化作用的酶主要有2种,即糜蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶。学者认为,犊牛采食的饲料类型会影响小肠内淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性[33]。本研究中,肠道糜蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活性的不同可能与不同的补饲模式有关,而不同补饲模式之间肠道淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性没有显著差异,可能因为哺乳期均采食相同量的牛奶,而补饲苜蓿干草对犊牛的优势没有在哺乳期体现出来。研究表明,小肠脂肪酶酶活性随饲粮能量水平的增加而增加[31,34],因为本试验具有相似的饲粮组成,2组犊牛肠道脂肪酶活性无显著差异。本试验中,2组犊牛的肠道乳糖酶活性无显著差异,但乳糖酶活性在空肠中最高,其次为十二指肠,在回肠中最低,该规律与前人的研究结果相似,这是因为空肠中含有分泌乳糖酶的腺体[35]。

3.3 补饲苜蓿干草对蒙×荷杂交犊牛内脏器官和胃肠道发育的影响

本研究中,通过消化道重量占活体重的百分比、各个胃室重量占复胃鲜重的百分比来评估犊牛内脏器官和胃肠道发育,此方法有助于消除犊牛个体体重的差异[21]。前人的研究结果发现,丁酸能够刺激瘤胃乳头的发育,进而提高瘤网胃的重量[36],但与此同时,瘤胃乳头过多过密会减少瘤胃壁与瘤胃内容物的摩擦,影响瘤胃发育及营养物质的吸收,添加牧草可在一定程度上缓解这种状况[37]。本研究中,未发现额外添加苜蓿干草显著影响蒙×荷杂交犊牛瘤网胃发育,可见其并未对瘤胃乳头正常生长发育产生消极影响,同时此结果也与前文2组犊牛瘤胃液丁酸比例有差异趋势但未达到显著影响的结果相呼应。此外,肠黏膜厚度受小肠重量、长度2项重要指标影响,可能会影响营养物质的吸收转运[38]。本研究中,与只饲喂颗粒化开食料的对照组相比,额外添加苜蓿干草的试验组具有更长的小肠长度和更低的小肠重量,但2组间无显著差异,可能因为补饲苜蓿干草的试验组犊牛的肠黏膜厚度相对较薄。

4 结论

补饲苜蓿干草后,蒙×荷杂交犊牛瘤胃液乙酸比例增加,丙酸比例降低,且对内脏器官和胃肠道发育无不良影响。同时,随着日龄的增长,开食料和苜蓿干草改变了蒙×荷杂交犊牛瘤胃发酵特性,促进了瘤胃发育。

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