动物营养学报 >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 8: 5261 - 5270

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.486

研究论文

高精料饲粮中添加烟酸对绵羊瘤胃发酵参数、微生物蛋白浓度和血清生化指标的影响

  • 成志强 ,
  • 管勤超 ,
  • 臧长江 , ** ,
  • 张瑞 ,
  • 焦毅灵 ,
  • 李凤鸣 ,
  • 李晓斌 ,
  • 杨开伦 ,
  • 雒秋江 ,
  • 李浩东
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  • 新疆农业大学动物科学学院,新疆肉乳用草食动物营养实验室,乌鲁木齐 830052
**臧长江,副教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

*同等贡献作者

成志强(1995—),男,新疆博乐人,硕士研究生,研究方向为动物营养与饲料科学。E-mail:

Office editor: 菅景颖

收稿日期: 2023-02-13

  网络出版日期: 2023-08-10

基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(31960671)

大学生创新项目(dxscx2023189)

收起

Effects of Niacin Supplementation in High-Concentrate Diets on Rumen Fermentation Parameters, Microbial Protein Concentration and Serum Biochemical Indices of Sheep

  • CHENG Zhiqiang ,
  • GUAN Qinchao ,
  • ZANG Changjiang , ** ,
  • ZHANG Rui ,
  • JIAO Yiling ,
  • LI Fengming ,
  • LI Xiaobin ,
  • YANG Kailun ,
  • LUO Qiujiang ,
  • LI Haodong
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  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat & Milk Production, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
**associate professor, E-mail:

*Contributed equally

Received date: 2023-02-13

  Online published: 2023-08-10

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摘要

本试验旨在研究高精料饲粮中添加烟酸对绵羊瘤胃发酵参数、微生物蛋白浓度和血清生化指标的影响。选取8月龄左右、体重[(36.04±1.81) kg]相近且健康的哈萨克公羊24只,试验前安装好永久性瘤胃瘘管,随机分为4组,每组6只。对照组饲喂精粗比为70∶30的基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在饲喂基础饲粮的基础上补喂100、130和160 mg/d烟酸。试验期共18 d,其中预试期14 d,正试期4 d。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,饲喂后1、3、5、7 h试验Ⅱ组瘤胃液pH极显著提高(P<0.01);试验Ⅱ组瘤胃液氨态氮浓度在饲喂后1、3、5 h显著或极显著高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);试验Ⅱ组瘤胃液丙酸浓度在饲喂后3 h极显著高于对照组及试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组(P<0.01),在饲喂后5 h显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。2)试验Ⅱ组瘤胃液微生物蛋白浓度在饲喂前0 h以及饲喂后1、3、5、7 h均显著或极显著高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。3)试验Ⅱ组血清葡萄糖含量显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。综上所述,在精粗比为70∶30的高精料饲粮中添加130 mg/d烟酸提高了绵羊瘤胃液pH及氨态氮、丙酸及微生物蛋白浓度,同时提高了血清中葡萄糖含量。

关键词： 高精料饲粮; 烟酸; 绵羊; 瘤胃发酵; 微生物蛋白; 血清生化指标

本文引用格式

成志强 , 管勤超 , 臧长江 , 张瑞 , 焦毅灵 , 李凤鸣 , 李晓斌 , 杨开伦 , 雒秋江 , 李浩东 . 高精料饲粮中添加烟酸对绵羊瘤胃发酵参数、微生物蛋白浓度和血清生化指标的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023 , 35(8) : 5261 -5270 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.486

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of niacin supplementation in high-concentrate diets on rumen fermentation parameters, microbial protein concentration and serum biochemical indices of sheep. Twenty-four healthy Kazakh rams with similar body weight [(36.04±1.81) kg] and age (around 8 months) were selected, they were fitted with permanent rumen fistula before the trial and randomly divided into four groups with six sheep in each group. Sheep in control group were fed a basal diet with a concentrate-to-forage ratio of 70∶30, and those in trial groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were fed the basal diet supplemented with 100, 130 and 160 mg/d of niacin, respectively. The trial period was 18 days, which the preliminary trial period was 14 days and the formal trial period was 4 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the rumen fluid pH at 1, 3, 5 and 7 h after feeding in the trial group Ⅱ was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01); the rumen fluid ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration at 1, 3 and 5 h after feeding in the trial group Ⅱ was significantly or extremely significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01); the rumen fluid propionate concentration at 3 h after feeding in the trial group Ⅱ was extremely significantly higher than that in the control group and the trail groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.01), and the propionate concentration at 5 h after feeding in the trail group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that in the control group and the trail group Ⅰ (P<0.05). 2) The rumen fluid microbial protein concentration in the trail group Ⅱ was significantly or extremely significantly higher than that in the control group at 0 h before feeding and 1, 3, 5 and 7 h after feeding (P<0.05 or P<0.01). 3) The content of serum glucose in the trail group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that in the control group and the trail group Ⅰ (P<0.05). In conclusion, adding 130 mg/d niacin into the high-concentrate diet with the concentrate-to-forage ratio of 70∶30 can increase rumen fluid pH, and the concentrations of NH3-N, propionate and microbial protein in rumen fluid, also can increase the serum glucose content of sheep.

Key words： high-concentrate diet; niacin; sheep; ruminal fermentation; microbial protein; serum biochemical indices

烟酸属于B族维生素,是烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADP)的前体物质,这2种辅酶在反刍动物体内参与脂肪酸、碳水化合物和蛋白质的代谢,烟酸缺乏会影响反刍动物瘤胃的发酵,进而影响反刍动物的健康生长及生产性能[1]。本课题组前期研究结果表明,在高精料饲粮中添加烟酸显著了提高绵羊的干物质采食量、平均日增重等[2]。反刍动物饲粮中的碳水化合物经瘤胃微生物发酵降解为单糖,单糖经过一系列酶的作用首先生成丙酮酸,再经不同的代谢途径生成各种挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)——乙酸、丙酸、丁酸,其中丙酸的生成有利于机体能量代谢;丙酮酸和乳酸是重要的中间代谢产物,在单糖生成丙酮酸,丙酮酸进一步生成乳酸的过程中需要NAD+、NADH的作用。而作为NAD+前体物质的烟酸可以提供大量的NAD+,大量NAD+可以抑制乳酸脱氢酶的活性,使丙酮酸生成乳酸的可逆反应向丙酮酸方向进行,减少乳酸的生成,因此NAD+在此过程发挥着重要的作用[3]。一般情况下,反刍动物从饲粮中获取的烟酸和瘤胃内合成的烟酸能够满足自身的需要,不需要额外添加[4]。在反刍动物实际生产中,为提高生产性能常常通过增加饲粮中精料比例来满足动物营养需要,但是反刍动物长时间采食高精料饲粮易患以瘤胃酸中毒为主的营养代谢疾病[5-6]。目前,绵羊高精料育肥已在生产实践中广泛应用,高精料饲粮虽能够达到短期育肥的目的,但其引起的瘤胃酸中毒风险不容忽视。有研究表明,在反刍动物饲粮中添加烟酸可以改善瘤胃发酵,从而改善生长性能[7-8];在奶牛饲粮中添加8或15 g/d烟酸能够降低奶牛血清中胆固醇和甘油三酯的含量[9]。目前关于高精料饲粮条件下添加烟酸对绵羊瘤胃发酵、微生物蛋白(MCP)合成影响的研究鲜有报道。因此,本试验从烟酸作为NAD+的前体物质,可提供大量的NAD+调控瘤胃微生物的角度出发,在高精料饲粮中添加烟酸,研究其对哈萨克绵羊瘤胃发酵参数、MCP浓度及血清生化指标的影响,为烟酸在反刍动物实际生产中的应用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

选取8月龄、体重[(36.04±1.81) kg]相近且健康的哈萨克公羊24只,试验前安装好永久性瘤胃瘘管,随机分为4组,每组6只。对照组饲喂精粗比为70∶30的基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在饲喂基础饲粮的基础上补喂100、130和160 mg/d烟酸(购自上海某生物科技有限公司,为分析纯,纯度≥99%)。提前将每日的烟酸补喂量称量好,平均分成2份,单独装袋,饲喂前将烟酸与25 g精料混匀进行补喂,确保试验羊全部采食后,再进行先精后粗饲喂。试验期为18 d,其中预试期14 d,正试期4 d。

1.2 饲粮配制

基础饲粮营养水平参照《肉羊饲养标准》(NY/T 816—2004)的1.2倍配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) %

原料Ingredients 含量Content 营养水平Nutrient levels2) 含量Content
玉米秸秆Corn stalk 21.00 干物质DM 91.33
苜蓿Alfalfa 9.00 粗蛋白质CP 17.13
玉米Corn 35.00 粗脂肪EE 1.91
小麦麸Wheat bran 8.40 纤维素CEL 13.59
豆粕Soybean meal 14.00 半纤维素HC 9.71
棉籽粕Cottonseed meal 9.10 木质素Lignin 3.31
预混料Premix1) 3.50 钙Ca 1.02
合计Total 100.00 磷P 0.55
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 14.12

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 7 000 IU,VD3 1 785 IU,VE 14 IU,生物素 biotin 0.04 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8.8 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 26.32 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 29.14 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 35.53 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.57 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.23 mg。

2)代谢能为计算值,其余均为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

绵羊进行单栏饲养,试验前进行统一驱虫,对圈舍进行消毒处理。每日分别于07:00和19:00进行饲喂,每次饲喂量为当日总量的1/2,自由采食,自由饮水,保持圈舍光照、干燥通风。

1.4 样品采集

于正试期第1天晨饲后3 h对每只羊进行血样的采集。使用肝素钠抗凝管采集颈静脉血样9 mL,在4 ℃条件下3 000 r/min离心15 min分离血清,将血清分装于1.5 mL的Eppendorf管中,-20 ℃冷冻保存。
于正试期第2~4天每天晨饲前0 h以及饲喂后1、3、5、7 h采集瘤胃液样品。为了避免瘤胃液污染,丢弃前50 mL瘤胃液样品。将剩余的30 mL瘤胃液通过4层纱布过滤,使用pH计(型号为METTLER TOLEDO-FE2000)立即测定pH。取5 mL过滤后的瘤胃液保存于冻存管内,用于测定氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度;取5 mL过滤后的瘤胃液保存于冻存管内,用于测定挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度;另取5 mL过滤后的瘤胃液保存于冻存管内,用于测定MCP浓度。

1.5 指标测定

冷冻的瘤胃液样品经过解冻,在4 ℃条件下离心10 min,然后吸取上清液用于测定NH3-N和VFA(乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸)浓度,其中NH3-N浓度使用靛酚蓝比色法[10]测定;VFA浓度使用气相色谱仪(GC 2010型,岛津,日本)进行测定[11];MCP浓度测定参照高雨飞[12]的测定方法,包括原虫蛋白(PP)和细菌蛋白(BCP)浓度。
血清中葡萄糖(GLU)、尿素氮(UN)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLO)、总蛋白(TP)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量与谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性采用全自动生化分析仪(AU5821,贝克曼)测定。

1.6 数据处理与分析

用Excel 2013进行试验数据的初步整理,统计分析采用SPSS 19.0统计软件中的单因素方差分析进行,多重比较采用Duncan氏法进行,试验结果均以平均值表示,各组的变异程度用均值标准误(SEM)表示,以P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 高精料饲粮中添加烟酸对绵羊瘤胃液pH的影响

由表2可知,除饲喂前0 h外,其余时间点试验Ⅱ组pH均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);饲喂后1 h,试验Ⅲ组pH显著高于对照组(P<0.05);饲喂后3 h,试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组pH极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),试验Ⅱ组pH显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05);饲喂后5 h,试验Ⅱ组pH显著高于试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05);饲喂后7 h,试验Ⅲ组pH极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组pH显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ组pH显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
表2 高精料饲粮中添加烟酸对绵羊瘤胃液pH的影响

Table 2 Effects of niacin supplementation in high-concentrate diets on rumen fluid pH of sheep (n=6)

采样时间点
Sampling time points		 对照组
Control
group		 试验Ⅰ组
Trial
group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Trial
group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Trial
group Ⅲ		 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
饲喂前0 h 0 h before feeding 6.22 6.17 6.18 6.20 0.013 0.532
饲喂后1 h 1 h after feeding 5.83Bb 5.95ABab 6.03Aa 5.98ABa 0.026 0.009
饲喂后3 h 3 h after feeding 5.61Bc 5.77Ab 5.87Aa 5.81Aab 0.024 0.001
饲喂后5 h 5 h after feeding 5.83Bb 5.90ABb 6.02Aa 5.90ABb 0.022 0.008
饲喂后7 h 7 h after feeding 5.94Bc 6.01ABb 6.09Aa 6.08Aa 0.016 0.001

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

2.2 高精料饲粮中添加烟酸对绵羊瘤胃液NH3-N浓度的影响

由表3可知,饲喂后1 h,试验Ⅱ组NH3-N浓度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);饲喂后3 h,试验Ⅱ组NH3-N浓度显著高于对照组及试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05);饲喂后5 h,试验Ⅱ组NH3-N浓度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),显著高于试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。
表3 高精料饲粮中添加烟酸对绵羊瘤胃液NH3-N浓度的影响

Table 3 Effects of niacin supplementation in high-concentrate diets on NH3-N concentration in rumen fluid of sheep (n=6) mg/dL

采集时间点
Sampling time points		 对照组
Control
group		 试验Ⅰ组
Trial
group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Trial
group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Trial
group Ⅲ		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
饲喂前0 h 0 h before feeding 11.27 15.34 17.74 16.69 1.166 0.222
饲喂后1 h 1 h after feeding 15.64Bb 18.30ABab 23.16Aa 19.43ABab 0.874 0.002
饲喂后3 h 3 h after feeding 13.91b 14.08b 20.62a 15.50b 0.977 0.038
饲喂后5 h 5 h after feeding 10.43Bb 12.23ABb 17.51Aa 13.11ABb 0.827 0.009
饲喂后7 h 7 h after feeding 13.70 14.97 16.56 15.98 0.705 0.524

2.3 高精料饲粮中添加烟酸对绵羊瘤胃液VFA浓度的影响

由表4可知,饲喂后3 h,试验Ⅱ组丙酸浓度极显著高于对照组及试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组(P<0.01);饲喂后5 h,试验Ⅱ组丙酸浓度显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。饲喂后3 h,试验Ⅱ组丁酸浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。饲喂后3 h,对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组乙酸/丙酸极显著高于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.01),对照组乙酸/丙酸显著高于试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05);饲喂后5 h,对照组和试验Ⅰ组乙酸/丙酸显著高于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05);饲喂后7 h,对照组乙酸/丙酸显著高于试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。各组间乙酸、异丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度差异均不显著(P>0.05)。
表4 高精料饲粮中添加烟酸对绵羊瘤胃液VFA浓度的影响

Table 4 Effects of niacin supplementation in high concentrate diets on VFA concentrations in rumen fluid of sheep (n=6)

项目
Items		 采样时间点
Sampling time points		 对照组
Control
group		 试验Ⅰ组
Trial
group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Trial
group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Trial
group Ⅲ		 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
饲喂前0 h 0 h before feeding 57.55 56.12 46.48 51.88 2.146 0.268
乙酸 饲喂后1 h 1 h after feeding 71.02 65.47 62.74 64.91 2.438 0.694
Acetate/ 饲喂后3 h 3 h after feeding 68.83 65.37 61.24 64.82 1.837 0.571
(mmol/L) 饲喂后5 h 5 h after feeding 67.58 63.54 60.61 62.80 1.722 0.572
饲喂后7 h 7 h after feeding 66.36 62.28 60.00 61.05 1.735 0.616
饲喂前0 h 0 h before feeding 17.84 18.95 17.18 17.62 0.617 0.798
丙酸 饲喂后1 h 1 h after feeding 25.88 26.02 28.38 26.67 0.986 0.820
Propionate/ 饲喂后3 h 3 h after feeding 24.48Bb 24.73Bb 32.34Aa 26.62Bb 0.749 0.001
(mmol/L) 饲喂后5 h 5 h after feeding 23.28b 23.65b 29.99a 25.41ab 0.957 0.037
饲喂后7 h 7 h after feeding 23.05 24.44 26.31 24.86 0.734 0.501
饲喂前0 h 0 h before feeding 1.48 1.28 1.40 1.50 0.062 0.605
异丁酸 饲喂后1 h 1 h after feeding 1.16 1.21 1.17 1.44 0.053 0.199
Isobutyrate/ 饲喂后3 h 3 h after feeding 1.48 1.53 1.71 1.57 0.074 0.723
(mmol/L) 饲喂后5 h 5 h after feeding 1.47 1.45 1.45 1.43 0.038 0.985
饲喂后7 h 7 h after feeding 1.44 1.41 1.38 1.40 0.058 0.986
饲喂前0 h 0 h before feeding 8.00 9.55 9.93 9.91 0.295 0.054
丁酸 饲喂后1 h 1 h after feeding 9.80 10.47 12.51 10.81 0.445 0.165
Butyrate/ 饲喂后3 h 3 h after feeding 14.18b 15.49ab 18.42a 15.63ab 0.544 0.032
(mmol/L) 饲喂后5 h 5 h after feeding 11.54 11.34 10.13 10.70 0.322 0.421
饲喂后7 h 7 h after feeding 10.44 10.31 8.86 10.27 0.343 0.333
饲喂前0 h 0 h before feeding 2.14 2.32 2.33 2.57 0.109 0.612
饲喂后1 h 1 h after feeding 1.62 1.58 1.51 1.53 0.611 0.930
异戊酸 饲喂后3 h 3 h after feeding 1.50 1.43 1.38 1.42 0.058 0.912
Isovalerate/ 饲喂后5 h 5 h after feeding 1.44 1.37 1.23 1.37 0.068 0.761
(mmol/L) 饲喂后7 h 7 h after feeding 1.34 1.28 1.14 1.23 0.109 0.418
饲喂前0 h 0 h before feeding 1.51 1.76 1.89 1.80 0.118 0.734
戊酸 饲喂后1 h 1 h after feeding 1.67 1.88 2.20 2.06 0.114 0.403
Valerate/ 饲喂后3 h 3 h after feeding 1.71 1.94 2.34 2.04 0.117 0.290
(mmol/L) 饲喂后5 h 5 h after feeding 1.56 1.54 1.46 1.48 0.039 0.964
饲喂后7 h 7 h after feeding 1.48 1.47 1.41 1.44 0.074 0.988
饲喂前0 h 0 h before feeding 3.23 3.01 2.71 2.91 0.165 0.662
乙酸/丙酸 饲喂后1 h 1 h after feeding 2.80 2.58 2.22 2.46 0.102 0.246
Acetate/ 饲喂后3 h 3 h after feeding 2.81Aa 2.66Aab 1.89Bc 2.43Ab 0.090 0.001
propionate 饲喂后5 h 5 h after feeding 3.01a 2.83a 2.02b 2.47ab 1.342 0.031
饲喂后7 h 7 h after feeding 2.95a 2.55ab 2.31b 2.44b 0.865 0.048
饲喂前0 h 0 h before feeding 88.53 89.96 79.45 85.04 2.297 0.395
总挥发性脂肪酸 饲喂后1 h 1 h after feeding 111.14 106.65 108.50 107.43 3.162 0.968
Total VFA/ 饲喂后3 h 3 h after feeding 112.18 110.49 117.44 112.11 1.924 0.632
(mmol/L) 饲喂后5 h 5 h after feeding 106.86 102.89 105.44 102.60 2.081 0.882
饲喂后7 h 7 h after feeding 104.10 103.02 99.09 100.26 2.090 0.837

2.4 高精料饲粮中添加烟酸对绵羊瘤胃液MCP浓度的影响

由表5可知,饲喂前0 h,试验Ⅱ组MCP浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);饲喂后1 h,试验Ⅱ组PP浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ组MCP浓度显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05);饲喂后3 h,试验Ⅱ组MCP浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);饲喂后5 h,试验Ⅱ组BCP浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组MCP浓度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),试验Ⅰ组MCP浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);饲喂后7 h,试验Ⅱ组PP和MCP浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
表5 高精料饲粮中添加烟酸对绵羊瘤胃液MCP浓度的影响

Table 5 Effects of niacin supplementation in high concentrate diets on MCP concentration in rumen fluid of sheep (n=6) mg/dL

项目
Items		 采集时间点
Sampling time points		 对照组
Control
group		 试验Ⅰ组
Trial
group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Trial
group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Trial
group Ⅲ		 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
饲喂前0 h 0 h before feeding 33.42 34.85 37.09 36.50 0.703 0.249

原虫蛋白		 饲喂后1 h 1 h after feeding 51.41b 52.58ab 57.12a 54.96ab 0.828 0.032

PP		 饲喂后3 h 3 h after feeding 54.94 57.13 66.88 58.75 2.047 0.183
饲喂后5 h 5 h after feeding 48.98 53.68 55.67 55.59 1.349 0.264
饲喂后7 h 7 h after feeding 41.86b 42.81ab 47.88a 43.88ab 0.977 0.032
饲喂前0 h 0 h before feeding 35.94 36.38 39.42 37.27 0.854 0.508

细菌蛋白		 饲喂后1 h 1 h after feeding 36.91 37.88 38.38 39.68 0.567 0.396

BCP		 饲喂后3 h 3 h after feeding 48.99 50.82 54.62 51.49 0.931 0.191
饲喂后5 h 5 h after feeding 47.97b 50.58ab 54.13a 51.37ab 0.881 0.042
饲喂后7 h 7 h after feeding 35.24 35.88 38.19 37.77 0.565 0.185
饲喂前0 h 0 h before feeding 69.35b 71.24ab 76.52a 73.77ab 1.160 0.014

微生物蛋白		 饲喂后1 h 1 h after feeding 88.32b 90.46b 95.50a 94.65ab 1.125 0.015

MCP		 饲喂后3 h 3 h after feeding 103.93b 107.95ab 121.50a 110.23ab 2.414 0.032
饲喂后5 h 5 h after feeding 96.95Bb 104.27ABa 109.80Aa 106.95Aa 1.452 0.005
饲喂后7 h 7 h after feeding 77.10b 78.68ab 86.08a 81.65ab 1.233 0.040

2.5 高精料饲粮中添加烟酸对绵羊血清生化指标的影响

由表6可知,试验Ⅱ组葡萄糖含量显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05);其他指标各组间均差异不显著(P>0.05),但在数值上试验Ⅱ组的总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、高密度脂蛋白含量高于对照组,尿素氮、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白含量与谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶活性均低于对照组。
表6 高精料饲粮中添加烟酸对绵羊血清生化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of niacin supplementation in on serum biochemical indices of sheep (n=6)

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 试验Ⅰ组
Trial
group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Trial
group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Trial
group Ⅲ		 均值标准差
SEM		 P值
P-value
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 6.88 6.85 6.07 6.30 0.277 0.689
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 4.02b 4.09b 4.60a 4.24ab 0.080 0.037
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 10.33 9.67 9.17 9.50 0.527 0.899
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 62.00 56.17 49.17 53.83 3.314 0.613
碱性磷酸酶AKP/(U/L) 152.17 130.83 116.50 130.50 7.698 0.458
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 57.02 60.78 64.85 60.93 2.288 0.718
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 22.23 21.12 24.57 25.43 0.863 0.266
球蛋白GLO/(g/L) 34.78 39.82 40.28 35.35 1.837 0.631
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 0.28 0.26 0.16 0.19 0.021 0.104
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 1.13 1.13 0.91 0.97 0.043 0.141
高密度脂蛋白HDL/(mmol/L) 0.49 0.51 0.58 0.57 0.016 0.288
低密度脂蛋白LDL/(mmol/L) 0.50 0.43 0.34 0.39 0.027 0.214
乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(U/L) 501.33 460.17 312.83 428.83 31.858 0.184

3 讨论

3.1 高精料饲粮中添加烟酸对绵羊瘤胃发酵参数和MCP浓度的影响

瘤胃液pH是反映瘤胃发酵情况的重要指标[13-14],是瘤胃健康、微生物稳定的易感因素,同时也是决定微生物适宜增殖的先决条件[15]。瘤胃液pH正常维持在5.5~6.2,反刍动物采食高精料饲粮会导致瘤胃液pH下降,这主要是由于VFA的生成和瘤胃壁对VFA的吸收速率不平衡所导致[16-17]。瘤胃液pH受到饲粮的影响后,改变瘤胃菌群结构,进而影响NH3-N和VFA的浓度[18]。NH3-N是瘤胃微生物合成MCP的主要氮源[19],是反映氮代谢平衡状况的重要指标[20]。烟酸影响瘤胃中微生物的增殖,会间接影响瘤胃内氮代谢情况。本试验中,3个试验组瘤胃液pH均高于对照组,以试验Ⅱ组最高,这可能是由于高精料饲粮的摄入短时间内在对照组绵羊瘤胃内产生大量乳酸,动物体内NAD+的缺乏导致丙酮酸在乳酸脱氢酶的作用下不断生成乳酸,乳酸的酸度远高于烟酸,乳酸的产生使pH急剧下降,而试验Ⅱ组添加烟酸后,提供了大量的NAD+,抑制了乳酸脱氢酶的活性,从而减少乳酸的生成,缓解乳酸的蓄积,pH得到提高。本试验所得瘤胃液pH结果与杨艳等[21]的研究结果一致。本试验中,3个试验组瘤胃液NH3-N浓度均高于对照组,尤以试验Ⅱ组NH3-N浓度最高,可能是烟酸进入瘤胃后提供了充足的氮源,促进瘤胃微生物对饲料中蛋白质的分解。本试验所得瘤胃NH3-N浓度结果与张琪等[22]的研究结果一致。
碳水化合物进入瘤胃后被瘤胃微生物降解为VFA,主要为乙酸、丙酸、丁酸,是反刍动物主要的能源来源[23]。瘤胃液VFA浓度与饲粮精粗比紧密相关,饲粮中精料水平的增加可能会引起VFA的迅速产生,导致瘤胃液pH的降低[24]。本试验结果表明,高精料饲粮中添加烟酸提高了瘤胃液中丙酸、丁酸浓度,降低了瘤胃液中乙酸浓度、乙酸/丙酸以及总挥发性脂肪酸浓度,这与鲁友友[25]的研究结果一致。本试验中瘤胃液中乙酸浓度的降低可能是烟酸使瘤胃中与乙酸生成相关的细菌和原虫的数量减少所致[26],改变了瘤胃发酵类型,致使乙酸浓度降低。
MCP是衡量氮代谢的重要指标[27],是反刍动物最主要的氮源[28]。易发酵的碳水化合物可以在抑制脱氨基作用的同时增加MCP的合成。易发酵的碳水化合物促进了原虫数量的增加,原虫可以通过胞吞作用吞食分解淀粉酶的细菌,显著降低淀粉的消化率[29]。精料摄入量持续增加时,由于原虫的吞食能力有限,淀粉降解速率增加,显著增加了乳酸和丙酸的产量。本试验中,在高精料饲粮中添加烟酸增加了瘤胃液MCP浓度,其中以试验Ⅱ组增加最明显,说明烟酸可以增加MCP的产量,并且能够缓解由高精料饲粮中淀粉降解产生的乳酸对瘤胃造成的压力。

3.2 高精料饲粮添加烟酸对绵羊血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标可以反映动物的健康状况。葡萄糖是动物机体营养的直接来源。本试验中,试验Ⅱ组血清葡萄糖含量高于对照组,说明烟酸可以促进肝脏葡萄糖的生成。反刍动物谷草转氨酶活性的增加与高谷物饲粮引起的肝脏损伤有关[30]。谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶等酶存在于肝脏中,当肝脏受到损伤时,这些酶会释放到血液中。本试验中,3个试验组血清谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性均低于对照组,其中以试验Ⅱ组最低,说明试验Ⅱ组绵羊肝脏受到的损伤最小。血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白含量反映动物机体对蛋白质的吸收和分解状况[31]。本试验中,3个试验组血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白含量均高于对照组,且以试验Ⅱ组最高。这可能是由于烟酸能够提高机体对蛋白质的吸收和利用,保证蛋白质代谢正常进行。血清甘油三酯含量是监测脂肪消化和吸收的重要指标,可以直接反映体内脂质代谢状况[32]。本试验中,3个试验组血清甘油三酯含量低于对照组,与杨耐德等[9]的研究结果一致,表明烟酸具有明显的抗脂解作用。

4 结论

本试验条件下,在精粗比为70∶30的高精料饲粮中添加烟酸提高了绵羊瘤胃液pH及NH3-N、丙酸和MCP浓度,有效改善了瘤胃发酵功能,并提高了血清中葡萄糖含量。综合来看,绵羊高精料饲粮中烟酸的推荐添加量为130 mg/d。

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