动物营养学报 >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 9: 5611 - 5618

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.517

研究论文

饲粮中添加面包粉对哺乳母猪繁殖性能及断奶仔猪、保育仔猪和生长肥育猪生长性能的影响

  • 罗威才 , 1, 2 ,
  • 王少青 1 ,
  • 王杰 1 ,
  • 陈俊洪 2 ,
  • 王武 3 ,
  • 孙华 , 1, * ,
  • 孙铝辉 , 1, *
展开
  • 1 华中农业大学动物科技学院,湖北洪山实验室,武汉 430070
  • 2 福建省海新集团有限公司,漳州 363100
  • 3 湖北禾扬生物科技有限公司,赤壁 437399
* 孙华,E-mail: ;
孙铝辉,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

罗威才(1980—),男,福建漳州人,硕士,从事饲料配方技术及技术管理研究。E-mail:

Copy editor: 武海龙

收稿日期: 2023-04-14

  网络出版日期: 2023-09-13

基金资助

十四五科技部重点研发计划(2021YFD1300405)

湖北禾扬生物科技有限公司资助项目

收起

Effects of Dietary Bakery Meal on Reproductive Performance of Lactating Sows and Growth Performance of Weaning Piglets, Nursing Piglets and Growing-Fattening Pigs

  • LUO Weicai , 1, 2 ,
  • WANG Shaoqing 1 ,
  • WANG Jie 1 ,
  • CHEN Junhong 2 ,
  • WANG Wu 3 ,
  • SUN Hua , 1, * ,
  • SUN Lvhui , 1, *
Expand
  • 1 Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2 Haixing Group Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou 363100, China
  • 3 Hubei Heyang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chibi 437399, China
* SUN Hua, E-mail: ;
SUN Lvhui, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-04-14

  Online published: 2023-09-13

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摘要

本试验旨在探究饲粮中添加面包粉对哺乳母猪繁殖性能及断奶仔猪、保育仔猪和生长肥育猪生长性能的影响。试验1:选取体重接近、健康状况良好的待产前1周的“长×大”二元杂交母猪50头,随机分为2组,每组25个重复,每个重复1头母猪。对照组饲喂哺乳母猪饲粮,试验组饲喂用12%的面包粉代替对照组饲粮中部分玉米和豆油的饲粮,饲养试验至仔猪断奶后结束。试验2:选取体重[(7.00±0.71) kg]相近的351头“杜×长×大”断奶仔猪,随机分为3组,每组9个重复,每个重复13头仔猪。对照组饲喂断奶仔猪饲粮,试验组分别饲喂用10%和20%面包粉代替对照组饲粮中部分玉米、豆粕和豆油的饲粮,饲养试验持续10 d。试验3:选取体重[(13.43±0.87) kg]相近的72头“杜×长×大”保育仔猪,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复6头仔猪。对照组饲喂保育仔猪饲粮,试验组分别饲喂用6%和12%面包粉代替对照组饲粮中部分玉米、豆粕和豆油的饲粮,饲养试验持续30 d。试验4:选取体重[(32.60±0.78) kg]接近的252头“杜×长×大”生长肥育猪,随机分为3组,每组44个重复,每4个重复21头猪。对照组饲喂生长肥育猪饲粮,试验组分别饲喂用6%和12%面包粉代替对照组饲粮中部分玉米和豆粕的饲粮,饲养试验持续21 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加12%的面包粉对哺乳母猪的繁殖性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加10%和20%的面包粉均能显著提高断奶仔猪的平均日采食量和平均日增重(P<0.05),显著降低断奶仔猪的料重比(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加12%的面包粉可显著提高保育仔猪的平均日采食量和平均日增重(P<0.05),显著降低保育仔猪的料重比(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加6%和12%的面包粉均能显著提高生长肥育猪的平均日采食量和平均日增重(P<0.05),显著降低生长肥育猪的料重比(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加12%的面包粉对哺乳母猪繁殖性能无影响,饲粮中添加10%和20%的面包粉可提高断奶仔猪生长性能,饲粮中添加12%的面包粉可提高保育仔猪生长性能,饲粮中添加6%和12%的面包粉可提高生长肥育猪生长性能。

关键词： 面包粉; 哺乳母猪; 断奶仔猪; 保育仔猪; 生长肥育猪; 繁殖性能; 生长性能

本文引用格式

罗威才 , 王少青 , 王杰 , 陈俊洪 , 王武 , 孙华 , 孙铝辉 . 饲粮中添加面包粉对哺乳母猪繁殖性能及断奶仔猪、保育仔猪和生长肥育猪生长性能的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023 , 35(9) : 5611 -5618 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.517

Abstract

This study was to investigate the effects of dietary bakery meal on reproductive performance of lactating sows and growth performance of weaning piglets, nursing piglets and growing-fattening pigs. In experiment 1, fifty healthy Landrace×Large White hybrid sows (1 week before farrowing) with similar body weight at 1 week before delivery were randomly divided into 2 groups with 25 replicates per group and 1 sow per replicate. The control group was fed a diet for lactating sows, and the experimental group was fed the diet which part of the corn and soybean oil in the diet of control group were replaced with 12% bakery meal, and the feeding experiment ended until the piglets were weaned. In experiment 2, a total of 351 Duroc×Landrace×Large White weaned piglets with similar body weight [(7.00±0.71) kg] were randomly divided into 3 groups with 9 replicates per group and 13 piglets per replicate. The control group was fed a diet for weaning piglets, and the experimental groups were fed the diets which part of the corn, soybean meal and soybean oil in the diet of control group were replaced with 10% and 20% bakery meal, respectively, and the feeding experiment lasted for 10 days. In experiment 3, a total of 72 Duroc×Landrace×Large White nursing piglets with similar body weight [(13.43±0.87) kg] were randomly divided into 3 groups with 4 replicates per group and 6 piglets per replicate. The control group was fed a diet for nursing piglets, and the experimental groups were fed the diets which part of the corn, soybean meal and soybean oil in the diet of control group were replaced with 6% and 12% bakery meal, respectively, and the feeding experiment lasted for 30 days. In experiment 4, a total of 252 Duroc×Landrace×Large White growing-fattening pigs with similar body weight [(32.60±0.78) kg] were randomly divided into 3 groups with 44 replicates per group and 21 piglets per replicate. The control group was fed a diet for growing-fattening pigs, and the experimental groups were fed the diets which part of the corn and soybean meal in the diet of control group were replaced with 6% and 12% bakery meal, respectively, and the feeding experiment lasted for 21 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, dietary added 12% bakery meal did not affect the reproductive performance of lactating sows (P>0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, dietary added 10% and 20% bakery meal significantly increased the average daily feed intake and average daily gain of weaning piglets (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the feed to gain ratio of weaning piglets (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, dietary added 12% bakery meal significantly increased the average daily feed intake and average daily gain of nursing piglets (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the feed to gain ratio of nursing piglets (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, dietary added 6% and 12% bakery meal significantly increased the average daily feed intake and average daily gain of growing-fattening pigs (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the feed to gain ratio of growing-fattening pigs (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary added 12% bakery meal do not affect the reproductive performance of lactating sows, dietary added 10% and 20% bakery meal can improve the growth performance of weaning piglets, dietary added 12% bakery meal can improve the growth performance of nursing piglets, and dietary added 6% and 12% bakery meal can improve the growth performance of growing-fattening pigs.

Key words： bakery meal; lactating sows; weaning piglets; nursing piglets; growing-fattening pigs; reproductive performance; growth performance

近年来,我国畜牧业工业快速发展,饲料总产量逐年增加,从2010年的1.62亿t增长为2022年的3.02亿t[1-2]。然而,我国粮食作物产量的增幅相对较低,人畜争粮问题日益突出。据报道,2022年我国玉米的进口量为2 062万t[3],而大豆的进口量为9 108万t[4]。我国饲料原料资源短缺是导致饲料和养殖成本上涨的主要原因,因此,开发和合理使用非常规饲料原料对于促进我国畜牧业可持续发展非常重要。
面包粉是以小麦粉为主要原料,以酵母、鸡蛋、糖、油脂等为辅料,加水调制成面团,经过发酵、焙烤加工而成的烘焙食品,其含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物,且面包粉经过发酵熟化,其中的营养物质更有利于猪只的消化、吸收;另外,烘烤过程使得面包粉中蛋白质和糖发生美拉德反应和焦化反应,生成特殊香味的物质,可以诱导猪只的采食[5-6]。据报道,我国面包糕点的年消费量约为800万t,按照零食行业每年大概有1%的库存计算,我国每年的临期面包糕点大概有8万t,及时将其收集并烘干和粉碎制备成饲料原料产品,是很好的饲料资源[7]。此外,临期面包糕点的价格低廉,使用其作为饲料原料还能节约饲料成本,起到提升经济效益的效果[7]。但是,目前关于面包粉在生猪养殖中应用的研究甚少。因此,本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加面包粉对对哺乳母猪繁殖性能及断奶仔猪、保育仔猪和生长肥育猪生长性能的影响,为面包粉在生猪饲养中的合理应用提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

本研究包含4个生猪饲养试验,均在福建海新集团有限公司开展。试验1:选取体重、膘情、胎次接近,健康状况良好的待产前1周的“长×大”二元杂交母猪50头,随机分为2组,每组25个重复,每个重复1头母猪。对照组饲喂哺乳母猪饲粮,试验组饲喂用12%的面包粉代替对照组饲粮中部分玉米和豆油的饲粮,饲养试验至仔猪断奶后结束。试验2:选取体重[(7.00±0.71) kg]相近的351头“杜×长×大”断奶仔猪,随机分为3组,每组9个重复,每个重复13头仔猪。对照组饲喂断奶仔猪饲粮,试验组分别饲喂用10%和20%面包粉代替对照组饲粮中部分玉米、豆粕和豆油的饲粮,饲养试验持续10 d。试验3:选取保育阶段体重[(13.43±0.87) kg]相近的72头“杜×长×大”仔猪,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复6头仔猪。对照组饲喂保育仔猪饲粮,试验组分别饲喂用6%和12%面包粉代替对照组饲粮中部分玉米、豆粕和豆油的饲粮,饲养试验持续30 d。试验4:选取生长肥育阶段体重[(32.60±0.78) kg]接近的252头“杜×长×大”生长肥育猪,随机分为3组,每组44个重复,每4个重复21头猪。对照组饲喂生长肥育猪饲粮,试验组分别饲喂用6%和12%面包粉代替对照组饲粮中部分玉米和豆粕的饲粮,饲养试验持续21 d。面包粉的水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分含量和消化能分别为19.5%、9.5%、6.0%、1.0%、1.0%和14.91 MJ/kg。本研究4个试验的饲粮均为颗粒饲料,其组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis)%

项目
Items		 哺乳母猪 Lactating sows 断奶仔猪 Weaning piglets 保育仔猪 Nursing piglets 生长肥育猪 Growing-fattening pigs
对照组
Control
group		 12%面
包粉组
12% bakery
meal group		 对照组
Control
group		 10%面
包粉组
10% bakery
meal group		 20%面
包粉组
20% bakery
meal group		 对照组
Control
group		 6%面
包粉组
6% bakery
meal group		 12%面
包粉组
12% bakery
meal group		 对照组
Control
group		 6%面
包粉组
6% bakery
meal group		 12%面
包粉组
12% bakery
meal group
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 61.90 50.80 15.26 10.74 6.35 47.70 42.20 36.70 69.70 63.00 56.00
膨化玉米 Extruded corn 25.00 20.00 15.00
玉米干酒糟及其可溶物 Corn DDGS 5.00 5.00 5.00
面粉 Wheat flour 10.00 10.00 10.00
面包粉 Bakery meal 12.00 10.00 20.00 6.00 12.00 6.00 12.00
米糠粕 Rice bran meal 3.50 5.00 6.80
碎米 Broken rice 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
豆粕 Soybean meal (CP 46%) 11.50 11.00 7.00 6.60 6.20 13.40 13.10 12.80 18.60 17.80 17.00
膨化大豆 Puffed soybean 5.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
酶解大豆 Enzymatic digestion Soybean 8.00 8.00 8.00
发酵豆粕 Fermented soybean meal 4.00 4.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
大豆皮 Soy hulls 3.00 3.00
麸皮 Wheat bran 5.00 5.00
豆油 Soybean oil 1.50 1.10 2.00 1.90 1.70 2.30 2.10 1.90
进口鱼粉 Imported fish meal (CP 65%) 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
血浆蛋白粉
Plasma protein powder (CP 70%)		 5.00 5.00 5.00
高蛋白乳清粉
High protein whey powder (CP 12%)		 15.00 15.00 15.00
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 1.20 1.20 0.72 0.75 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.60 0.60 0.60
石粉 Limestone 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.80 0.80 0.80
预混料 Premix1) 1.00 1.00 3.50 3.50 3.50 4.00 4.00 4.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
赖氨酸 Lys (70%) 0.25 0.25 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.70 0.70 0.70
氯化胆碱 Choline chloride (50%) 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
甜菜粕 Sugar beet pulp 2.00 2.00
葡萄糖 Glucose 2.50 2.50 2.50
白砂糖 White granulated sugar 2.50 2.50 2.50
氧化锌 ZnO 0.20 0.20 0.20
防霉剂 Mildew preventive 0.10 0.10 0.10
合计 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) 14.03 14.01 14.93 14.93 14.91 14.69 14.68 14.67 13.78 13.78 13.76
粗蛋白质 CP 17.52 17.55 18.16 18.14 18.13 17.78 17.78 17.77 15.49 15.46 15.46
赖氨酸 Lys 1.10 1.11 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.39 1.40 1.40 1.10 1.10 1.10
蛋氨酸 Met 0.39 0.39 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.30 0.29 0.29
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 Met+Cys 0.67 0.67 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.57 0.57 0.57
钙 Ca 0.85 0.85 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.53 0.54 0.54
有效磷 AP 0.40 0.40 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.25 0.26 0.26

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:哺乳母猪饲粮 diets for lactating sows,Cu 15 mg,Fe 120 mg,Zn 120 mg,Mn 50 mg,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.35 mg,Co 0.75 mg,VA 13 500 IU,VD3 3 500 IU,VK3 5 mg,VE 125 mg,VB1 3 mg,VB2 10 mg,VB6 7.5 mg,VB12 0.075 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 45 mg,叶酸 folic acid 5 mg,D-泛酸钙 D-calcium pantothenate 35 mg,生物素 biotin 1.25 mg,β-胡萝卜素 β-carotene 150 mg;断奶仔猪饲粮 diets for weaning piglets,Cu 120 mg,Fe 200 mg,Zn 160 mg,Mn 50 mg,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.35 mg,Co 0.2 mg,VA 15 000 IU,VD3 3 500 IU,VK3 8 mg,VE 125 mg,VB1 5 mg,VB2 12.5 mg,VB6 7 mg,VB12 0.06 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 70 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.5 mg,D-泛酸钙 D-calcium pantothenate 35 mg,生物素 biotin 0.45 mg;保育仔猪饲粮 diets for nursing piglets,Cu 120 mg,Fe 200 mg,Zn 120 mg,Mn 50 mg,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.35 mg,Co 0.2 mg,VA 15 000 IU,VD3 3 500 IU,VK3 8 mg,VE 125 mg,VB1 5 mg,VB2 12.5 mg,VB6 7 mg,VB12 0.06 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 70 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.5 mg,D-泛酸钙 D-calcium pantothenate 35 mg,生物素 biotin 0.45 mg;生长肥育猪饲粮 diets for growing-fattening pigs,Cu 18 mg,Fe 120 mg,Zn 60 mg,Mn 20 mg,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.35 mg,Co 0.1 mg,VA 8 400 IU,VD3 3 000 IU,VK3 3.6 mg,VE 60 mg,VB1 3 mg,VB2 7.5 mg,VB6 4.2 mg,VB12 0.036 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 30 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.05 mg,D-泛酸钙 D-calcium pantothenate 25.05 mg,生物素 biotin 0.21 mg。

2)消化能和有效磷为计算值,其他均为实测值。DE and AP were calculated values, while the others were measured values.

1.2 测定指标及方法

1.2.1 营养物质含量

面包粉和饲粮中水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、钙和磷含量参考《饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术》[8]中的方法进行测定;赖氨酸(Lys)和蛋氨酸(Met)含量按照GB/T 18246—2000方法,采用日立L-8900氨基酸自动分析仪测定。饲粮和粪便的总能参照国际标准ISO 9831:1998方法,采用氧弹式热量仪(Parr 6300 Calorimeter,美国)进行测定,饲粮的消化能=饲粮的总能-粪便的总能。

1.2.2 繁殖性能及生长性能

记录饲养过程中母猪的产仔总数、健仔数、断奶活仔数、初产窝重、断奶窝重和产程等繁殖性能数据,记录各阶段仔猪的采食量、体重和腹泻情况,用于母猪繁殖性能和仔猪生长性能的评定,具体方法参照贾建英等[9]。

1.3 统计分析

采用SPSS 19.0软件对数据进行单因素方差分析,并采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。试验结果采用“平均值±标准差”表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲粮中添加面包粉对哺乳母猪繁殖性能的影响

由表2可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加12%的面包粉对母猪的窝均产仔数、窝均产活仔数、断奶仔猪数、初生窝重、平均初生重、断奶窝重、平均断奶重、平均日采食量和平均产程均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表2 饲粮中添加面包粉对哺乳母猪繁殖性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary bakery meal on reproductive performance of lactating sows

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 12%面包粉组
12% bakery meal group		 P值
P-value
窝均产仔数 Average litter size/头 12.55±0.76 12.40±0.75 0.534
窝均产活仔数 Average live litter size/头 11.90±0.85 11.95±0.51 0.823
断奶仔猪数 Weaned piglets number/头 11.55±0.76 11.60±0.50 0.807
初生窝重 Newborn litter weight/kg 17.30±0.82 17.39±0.95 0.750
平均初生重 Average birth weight/kg 1.45±0.08 1.45±0.07 0.941
断奶窝重 Weaning litter weight/kg 80.36±3.86 81.29±2.74 0.388
平均断奶重 Average weaning weight/kg 6.96±0.34 7.01±0.24 0.656
平均日采食量 Average daily feed intake/kg 5.99±0.36 6.06±0.37 0.523
平均产程 Average labor time/h 3.99±0.85 3.98±0.30 0.890

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮中添加面包粉对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加10%和20%的面包粉均能显著提高断奶仔猪的平均日采食量和平均日增重(P<0.05),显著降低断奶仔猪的料重比(P<0.05),但是对断奶仔猪的腹泻率无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表3 饲粮中添加面包粉对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary bakery meal on growth performance of weaning piglets

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 10%面包粉组
10% bakery meal group		 20%面包粉组
20% bakery meal group		 P值
P-value
平均日采食量 Average daily feed intake/g 328±26a 364±33b 372±30b 0.012
平均日增重 Average daily gain/g 257±24a 302±31b 310±31b 0.001
料重比 Feed/gain 1.28±0.07b 1.21±0.07a 1.20±0.08a 0.048
腹泻率Diarrhea rate/% 0.65±0.59 0.59±0.72 0.44±0.42 0.741

2.3 饲粮中添加面包粉对保育仔猪生长性能的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,尽管饲粮中添加6%的面包粉对保育仔猪的平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著影响(P>0.05),但是在数值上有所改善;饲粮中添加12%的面包粉可显著提高保育仔猪的平均日采食量和平均日增重(P<0.05),显著降低保育仔猪的料重比(P<0.05)。
表4 饲粮中添加面包粉对保育仔猪生长性能的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary bakery meal on growth performance of nursing piglets

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 6%面包粉组
6% bakery meal group		 12%面包粉组
12% bakery meal group		 P值
P-value
平均日采食量 Average daily feed intake/g 839±21a 921±42ab 922±15b 0.012
平均日增重 Average daily gain/g 522±29a 569±30ab 586±25b 0.027
料重比 Feed/gain 1.68±0.06b 1.62±0.04ab 1.58±0.07a 0.049

2.4 饲粮中添加面包粉对生长肥育猪生长性能的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加6%和12%的面包粉均能显著提高生长肥育猪的平均日采食量和平均日增重(P<0.05),显著降低生长肥育猪的料重比(P<0.05)。值得注意的是,与6%面包粉组相比,饲粮中添加12%的面包粉能进一步显著提高生长肥育猪的平均日增重(P<0.05),显著降低生长肥育猪的料重比(P<0.05)。
表5 饲粮中添加面包粉对生长肥育猪生长性能的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary bakery meal on growth performance of growing-fattening pigs

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 6%面包粉组
6% bakery meal group		 12%面包粉组
12% bakery meal group		 P值
P-value
平均日采食量 Average daily feed intake/g 1 655±16a 1 738±33b 1 759±24b 0.001
平均日增重 Average daily gain/g 737±17a 801±19b 840±14c <0.001
料重比 Feed/gain 2.25±0.03c 2.17±0.02b 2.09±0.06a 0.002

3 讨论

猪场的饲养管理水平和母猪的繁殖性能密切相关,其对猪场经济效益的影响较大。其中,营养水平是影响母猪繁殖性能的关键因素之一[10]。母猪在妊娠后期至泌乳阶段对营养物质的需求量增加,因此充足的营养是提高母猪繁殖性能和仔猪生长性能的关键[11]。经过发酵、烘焙熟化的面包粉含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物,且含有特殊的香味物质,可促进泌乳母猪采食,从而保证其乳汁的充足,满足乳猪的生长发育。尽管本研究结果显示饲粮中添加12%的面包粉未能显著提高哺乳母猪的窝均产仔数、窝均产活仔数、断奶仔猪数、初生窝重、平均初生重、断奶窝重、平均断奶重、平均日采食量和平均产程等繁殖性能,但是对哺乳母猪的繁殖性能也未产生负面的影响,这表明哺乳母猪饲粮中可使用一定量的面包粉替代的玉米、小麦和豆油等饲料原料,节省常规饲粮资源,同时还能降低饲料成本。
仔猪由于其消化系统、免疫系统、神经系统发育不完善,容易受到环境引起的应激反应,影响其对营养物质的消化吸收[12]。因此,在畜牧养殖生产过程中,通过给仔猪饲喂容易消化吸收的营养物质,对于促进其生长发育非常重要。面包粉经过发酵和烘焙熟化处理,其营养物质具有更有利于仔猪消化、吸收的特点,还含有特殊香味的物质,可以起到诱食的作用。本研究结果显示,断奶仔猪饲粮中添加10%和20%的面包粉均能显著提高断奶仔猪的平均日采食量和平均日增重,显著降低料重比。本试验中,饲粮中添加6%的面包粉具有提高保育仔猪生长性能的趋势;而饲粮中添加12%的面包粉能显著提高保育仔猪的平均日采食量和平均日增重,显著降低料重比。这些结果与Kumar等[13]的研究结果类似,其结果显示饲粮中添加面包副产物至25%时能增加断奶仔猪的平均日采食量、平均日增重和饲料转化效率。Pinotti等[14]研究表明,饲粮中添加30%的面包副产物可以提升断奶仔猪的饲料转化效率。而Luciano等[15]研究结果显示,饲粮中添加小于25%的面包粉时,对断奶仔猪生长性能无显著影响。本试验中,饲粮中添加6%和12%的面包粉均能显著提高生长肥育猪的平均日采食量和平均日增重,显著降低料重比,且饲粮中添加12%的面包粉效果更佳。这些结果与前人报道结果类似,如Niwa等[16]的研究结果显示,饲粮中添加76%面包渣可以提升生长肥育猪的平均日增重;Sirtori等[17]的研究显示,饲粮中添加40%面包粉替代相应的小麦和玉米后,可增加生长肥育猪的平均日增重。因此,本研究结果表明断奶仔猪、保育仔猪和生长肥育猪饲粮中添加适宜水平的面包粉能有效代替部分玉米、小麦、豆粕和豆油等饲料原料,还能改善其生长性能,这些与面包粉经过酵母发酵和烘焙处理有关,其含有特殊的诱食香味。此外,面包粉中还含有大量的果糖和葡萄糖等还原糖,也有一定的诱食作用,可增加猪只的采食量,其营养物质熟化可改善动物的消化吸收。

4 结论

饲粮中添加12%的面包粉对哺乳母猪繁殖性能无显著影响,饲粮中添加10%和20%的面包粉可提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,饲粮中添加12%的面包粉可提高保育仔猪的生长性能,饲粮中添加6%和12%的面包粉可提高生长肥育猪的生长性能。因此,畜牧生产中可适当使用面包粉替代部分玉米、小麦、豆粕和豆油等饲料原料,不仅可以节省部分常规饲料原料,还能提高生猪的生长性能,降低养殖成本,起到降本增效的作用。

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