1 材料与方法
1.1 试验动物与分组
1.2 饲养管理
1.3 试验饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 0~4周龄 0 to 4 weeks of age | 5~8周龄 5 to 8 weeks of age |
|---|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | ||
| 玉米 Corn | 58.00 | 66.62 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 33.13 | 25.04 |
| 鱼粉 Fish meal | 1.70 | 3.00 |
| 大豆油 Soyabean oil | 3.20 | 1.69 |
| DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met | 0.17 | 0.17 |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 1.50 | 1.14 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 1.00 | 1.04 |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | ||
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.54 | 12.54 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 20.93 | 18.97 |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 1.11 | 0.98 |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.50 | 0.49 |
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 Met+Cys | 0.84 | 0.80 |
| 钙 Ca | 1.00 | 0.94 |
| 有效磷 AP | 0.47 | 0.42 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 12 000 IU,VD3 2 500 IU,VE 20.0 mg,VK3 3.0 mg,VB1 3.0 mg,VB2 8.0 mg,VB6 7.0 mg,VB12 0.03 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 20.0 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 50.0 mg,生物素 biotin 0.1 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.5 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 96 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 25 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.9 mg,Zn 98 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 105.4 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.04 mg。 2)营养水平为计算值。Nutrient levels were calculated values. |
1.4 样品采集与指标测定
1.4.1 生长性能与死亡率
1.4.2 球虫计数
1.4.3 血清生化指标
1.4.4 免疫器官指数
1.4.5 血清、肝脏炎性因子与免疫学指标
1.5 数据处理与分析
2 结果
2.1 RA对堆型艾美耳球虫攻毒肉鸡粪便卵囊数量的影响
图1 RA对堆型艾美耳球虫攻毒肉鸡OPG的影响CTL:对照组;Model:攻毒对照组;D20:阳性对照组;RA40:40 mg/kg迷迭香酸组;RA80:80 mg/kg迷迭香酸组;RA160:160 mg/kg迷迭香酸组;OPG:每克粪便中卵囊数量。同一时间数据点标注不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 Fig.1 Effects of RA on OPG of broilers challenged with E. acervulina CTL: control group; Model: challenge control group; D20: positive control group; RA40: 40 mg/kg rosmarinic acid group; RA80: 80 mg/kg rosmarinic acid group; RA160: 160 mg/kg rosmarinic acid group; OPG: oocysts per gram of feces. Data points of the same time with different letters differ significantly (P<0.05). |
2.2 RA对堆型艾美耳球虫攻毒肉鸡生长性能与死亡率的影响
表2 RA对堆型艾美耳球虫攻毒肉鸡生长性能和死亡率的影响Table 2 Effects of RA on growth performance and MR of broilers challenged with E. acervulina |
| 时间 Time | 指标 Indices | CTL | Model | D20 | RA40 | RA80 | RA160 | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1~14日龄 1 to 14 days of age | 平均日增重 ADG/g | 11.26±0.75 | 11.80±0.60 | 11.11±0.70 | 10.80±1.05 | 11.44±1.08 | 11.15±1.04 | 0.051 |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/g | 19.23±1.14 | 19.83±1.33 | 18.71±0.39 | 18.52±0.74 | 20.22±0.48 | 19.82±1.03 | 0.068 | |
| 料重比 F/G | 1.72±0.18 | 1.76±0.12 | 1.69±0.16 | 1.69±0.09 | 1.67±1.78 | 1.78±0.09 | 0.757 | |
| 死亡率 MR/% | 0.00 | 1.67 | 1.67 | 1.67 | 1.67 | 1.67 | ||
| 15~21日龄 15~21 days of age | 平均日增重 ADG/g | 29.46±0.29a | 24.92±3.75c | 24.09±1.80bc | 25.94±1.96ab | 27.30±0.50bc | 29.69±1.75a | 0.001 |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/g | 55.50±1.15 | 52.24±2.14 | 51.99±3.88 | 52.89±2.52 | 53.44±3.68 | 54.23±5.10 | 0.590 | |
| 料重比 F/G | 1.88±0.11 | 2.06±0.16 | 2.17±0.16 | 2.02±0.24 | 2.08±0.33 | 1.87±0.19 | 0.178 | |
| 死亡率 MR/% | 3.33 | 6.85 | 3.33 | 3.33 | 1.67 | 3.33 | ||
| 22~56日龄 22~56 days of age | 平均日增重 ADG/g | 40.25±6.23 | 35.16±3.37 | 37.05±4.84 | 39.55±4.42 | 38.18±4.20 | 37.29±4.11 | 0.073 |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/g | 90.98±17.96 | 92.24±3.05 | 89.85±15.06 | 92.15±9.17 | 91.64±11.83 | 87.64±6.12 | 0.075 | |
| 料重比 F/G | 2.25±0.10 | 2.63±0.57 | 2.42±0.21 | 2.33±0.06 | 2.40±0.06 | 2.36±0.21 | 0.129 | |
| 死亡率 MR/% | 4.27 | 10.85 | 6.01 | 5.79 | 3.70 | 0.00 |
CTL:对照组;Model:攻毒对照组;D20:阳性对照组;RA40:40 mg/kg迷迭香酸组;RA80:80 mg/kg迷迭香酸组;RA160:160 mg/kg迷迭香酸组。同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
CTL: control group; Model: challenge control group; D20: positive control group; RA40: 40 mg/kg rosmarinic acid group; RA80: 80 mg/kg rosmarinic acid group; RA160: 160 mg/kg rosmarinic acid group. Values in the same row with different letter superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.3 RA对堆型艾美耳球虫攻毒肉鸡免疫器官指数的影响
表3 RA对堆型艾美耳球虫攻毒肉鸡21日龄免疫器官指数的影响Table 3 Effects of RA on immune organ indexes at 21 days of age for broilers challenged with E. acervuline% |
| 项目 Items | CTL | Model | D20 | RA40 | RA80 | RA160 | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 肝脏指数 Liver index | 1.92±0.09c | 2.21±0.15ab | 2.38±0.35a | 2.30±0.07a | 2.23±0.25ab | 2.00±0.11c | 0.004 |
| 脾脏指数 Spleen index | 0.07±0.02b | 0.11±0.01a | 0.09±0.01ab | 0.12±0.04a | 0.10±0.03ab | 0.09±0.02ab | 0.026 |
| 胸腺指数 Thymus index | 0.22±0.06 | 0.22±0.06 | 0.22±0.05 | 0.18±0.03 | 0.23±0.05 | 0.21±0.02 | 0.733 |
| 法氏囊指数 Bursal of Fabricius index | 0.23±0.04 | 0.21±0.05 | 0.19±0.03 | 0.22±0.01 | 0.22±0.04 | 0.20±0.01 | 0.639 |
表4 RA对堆型艾美耳球虫攻毒肉鸡28日龄免疫器官指数的影响Table 4 Effects of RA on immune organ indexes at 28 days of age for broilers challenged with E. acervulina% |
| 项目 Items | CTL | Model | D20 | RA40 | RA80 | RA160 | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 肝脏指数 Liver index | 2.57±0.07 | 2.72±0.31 | 2.73±0.55 | 2.71±0.22 | 2.38±0.09 | 2.51±0.22 | 0.355 |
| 脾脏指数 Spleen index | 0.18±0.07 | 0.15±0.03 | 0.15±0.02 | 0.17±0.05 | 0.14±0.03 | 0.14±0.02 | 0.512 |
| 胸腺指数 Thymus index | 0.38±0.17 | 0.40±0.14 | 0.40±0.05 | 0.37±0.09 | 0.39±0.06 | 0.42±0.09 | 0.981 |
| 法氏囊指数 Bursal of Fabricius index | 0.55±0.18a | 0.39±0.04ab | 0.37±0.03b | 0.33±0.05b | 0.39±0.17ab | 0.36±0.09b | 0.042 |
表5 RA对堆型艾美耳球虫攻毒肉鸡56日龄免疫器官指数的影响Table 5 Effects of RA on immune organ indexes at 56 days of age for broilers challenged with E. acervulina% |
| 项目 Items | CTL | Model | D20 | RA40 | RA80 | RA160 | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 肝脏指数 Liver index | 1.53±0.27 | 1.58±0.12 | 1.37±0.10 | 1.24±0.61 | 1.77±0.45 | 1.70±0.13 | 0.161 |
| 脾脏指数 Spleen index | 0.19±0.04 | 0.20±0.01 | 0.20±0.04 | 0.13±0.08 | 0.17±0.02 | 0.32±0.22 | 0.077 |
| 胸腺指数 Thymus index | 0.33±0.13 | 0.30±0.14 | 0.37±0.19 | 0.21±0.03 | 0.29±0.03 | 0.39±0.23 | 0.612 |
| 法氏囊指数 Bursal of Fabricius index | 0.16±0.07b | 0.22±0.06b | 0.16±0.05b | 0.17±0.03b | 0.18±0.04b | 0.32±0.10a | 0.001 |
2.4 RA对堆型艾美耳球虫攻毒肉鸡血清与肝脏免疫学指标的影响
表6 RA对堆型艾美耳球虫攻毒肉鸡21日龄血清与肝脏免疫学指标的影响Table 6 Effects of RA on immunological indexes in serum and liver at 21 days of age for broilers challenged with E. acervulina |
| 项目 Items | CTL | Model | D20 | RA40 | RA80 | RA160 | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 血清 Serum | |||||||
| 补体3 C3/(mg/L) | 493.65±71.14f | 1 078.99±17.80a | 628.30±24.52e | 941.85±37.65b | 792.08±51.79c | 707.66±39.37d | <0.001 |
| 补体4 C4/(mg/L) | 152.00±14.61f | 338.63±16.27a | 185.35±5.56e | 288.50±12.80b | 260.47±2.96c | 238.04±9.55d | <0.001 |
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(mg/L) | 134.73±21.37c | 157.99±26.35bc | 179.20±25.69b | 180.63±25.40b | 240.87±6.24a | 272.09±19.17a | <0.001 |
| 免疫球蛋G IgG/(g/L) | 22.39±2.12ab | 24.36±2.44a | 23.30±2.58ab | 18.78±2.94c | 21.52±2.50abc | 20.61±2.36bc | 0.010 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(mg/L) | 584.03±5.54b | 419.38±55.76c | 853.50±14.39a | 409.98±84.60c | 436.86±14.22c | 531.39±61.52b | <0.001 |
| 肝脏 Liver | |||||||
| 补体3 C3/(μg/g) | 396.68±61.93d | 742.90±70.80a | 515.50±75.17c | 653.30±68.90ab | 596.44±51.64abc | 546.52±85.84bc | <0.001 |
| 补体4 C4/(μg/g) | 142.02±5.41f | 267.45±11.92a | 162.64±8.17e | 236.00±13.03b | 211.00±13.12c | 196.00±14.33d | <0.001 |
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/g) | 292.12±22.45a | 181.09±22.52b | 189.84±7.25b | 177.80±23.72b | 263.53±26.96a | 147.60±26.66c | <0.001 |
| 免疫球蛋G IgG/(mg/g) | 24.10±90.00ab | 23.72±2.53b | 24.74±1.28ab | 21.09±1.95c | 24.16±2.02ab | 26.07±1.25a | 0.001 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/g) | 499.35±31.15cd | 476.73±73.47d | 739.2±68.99a | 587.39±53.30bc | 673.95±53.00b | 774.66±67.21a | <0.001 |
2.5 RA对堆型艾美耳球虫攻毒肉鸡血清与肝脏炎性因子含量的影响
表7 RA对堆型艾美耳球虫攻毒肉鸡21日龄血清与肝脏炎性因子含量的影响Table 7 Effects of RA on inflammatory factor contents in serum and liver at 21 days of age for broilers challenged with E. acervulina |
| 项目 Items | CTL | Model | D20 | RA40 | RA80 | RA160 | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 血清 Serum/(pg/mL) | |||||||
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β | 75.54±8.42c | 116.64±7.76a | 97.18±7.83b | 53.25±7.76e | 59.33±15.59d | 38.17±7.56f | <0.001 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6 | 36.09±2.37c | 45.89±1.37a | 40.90±1.44b | 27.31±1.82d | 29.04±1.82d | 21.17±2.63e | <0.001 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | 88.07±7.05c | 122.58±0.73a | 104.27±1.59b | 58.27±5.23e | 73.55±5.20d | 39.29±4.35f | <0.001 |
| 肝脏 Liver/(pg/g) | |||||||
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β | 63.65±9.14c | 86.95±7.06a | 70.53±6.10b | 42.01±7.77e | 51.71±7.58de | 33.16±11.15ef | <0.001 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6 | 28.21±1.96b | 34.21±1.93a | 28.88±2.30b | 21.94±2.98d | 25.20±2.51c | 19.61±2.54d | <0.001 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | 72.97±6.82c | 95.73±6.82a | 83.35±4.26b | 49.11±3.73e | 63.51±3.73d | 43.15±6.67e | <0.001 |
2.6 RA对堆型艾美耳球虫攻毒肉鸡血清生化指标的影响
表8 RA对堆型艾美耳球虫攻毒肉鸡21日龄血清生化指标的影响Table 8 Effects of RA on serum biochemical indexes at 21 days of age for broilers challenged with E. acervulina |
| 项目 Items | CTL | Model | D20 | RA40 | RA80 | RA160 | P值 P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) | 15.33 ±0.67b | 21.52 ±2.99a | 11.30 ±7.77b | 13.68 ±5.22b | 15.33 ±2.27b | 12.85 ±0.83b | 0.036 | |||||||
| 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 278.78 ±37.43 | 354.14 ±70.11 | 343.11 ±69.17 | 306.33 ±30.13 | 417.29 ±265.59 | 311.40 ±35.65 | 0.476 | |||||||
| 碱性磷酸酶 ALP/(U/L) | 3 605.49 ±647.88ab | 3 402.97 ±882.64ab | 3 218.39 ±911.81abc | 4 319.24 ±207.27a | 2 027.03 ±782.10ab | 2 888.57 ±1 670.85c | 0.023 | |||||||
| 尿素氮 UN/(mmol/L) | 0.66 ±0.20ab | 0.80 ±0.24a | 0.98 ±0.48a | 0.44 ±0.08b | 0.48 ±0.25b | 0.90 ±0.22a | 0.011 | |||||||
| 尿酸 UA/(μmol/L) | 502.50 ±188.79 | 343.00 ±127.51 | 388.17 ±102.31 | 391.83 ±232.26 | 324.60 ±87.99 | 337.50 ±114.84 | 0.396 | |||||||
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) | 0.65 ±0.17 | 0.88 ±0.35 | 1.05 ±0.44 | 0.66 ±0.17 | 1.09 ±0.76 | 0.53 ±0.18 | 0.155 | |||||||
| 总胆固醇 TC/(mmol/L) | 4.32 ±0.96a | 4.48 ±0.70a | 3.71 ±0.15ab | 3.24 ±0.44b | 3.61 ±1.02ab | 4.65 ±0.87a | 0.026 | |||||||

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