1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
表1 试验饲料组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 丁酸梭菌添加量 Clostridium butyricum supplemental level/% | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | |
| 原料 Ingredients | ||||||
| 鱼粉 Fish meal | 26.00 | 26.00 | 26.00 | 26.00 | 26.00 | 26.00 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 15.00 | 15.00 | 15.00 | 15.00 | 15.00 | 15.00 |
| 花生饼 Peanut meal | 12.00 | 12.00 | 12.00 | 12.00 | 12.00 | 12.00 |
| 啤酒酵母 Brewer’s yeast | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
| 猪肉粉 Swine meal | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 |
| 大豆浓缩蛋白 Soy protein concentrate | 8.50 | 8.50 | 8.50 | 8.50 | 8.50 | 8.50 |
| 小麦粉 Wheat meal | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 |
| 大豆卵磷脂 Soybean lecithin | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 鱼油 Fish oil | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride (50%) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 磷酸二氢钙 Ca(H2PO4)2 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 甜菜碱 Betaine | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 丁酸梭菌菌液 Clostridium butyricum bacterial fluid | 0.25 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | ||||||
| 干物质 Dry matter | 91.22 | 92.31 | 91.37 | 91.53 | 91.79 | 91.22 |
| 粗蛋白质 Crude protein | 44.59 | 44.43 | 44.58 | 45.03 | 45.25 | 44.78 |
| 粗脂肪 Crude lipid | 9.25 | 9.26 | 9.11 | 9.02 | 99.22 | 9.10 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 11.21 | 11.31 | 11.33 | 11.28 | 11.27 | 11.25 |
1) 预混料为每千克饲料提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 4 500 IU,VD3 3 000 IU,VE 80 IU,VK3 8 mg,VB1 10 mg,VB2 10 mg,VB6 15 mg,VB12 0.05 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 20 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 35 mg,叶酸 folic acid 5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.05 mg,VC 105 mg,肌醇 inositol 120 mg,Cu 2~5 mg,Fe 200~300 mg,Mn 20~60 mg,Zn 60~135 mg,Mg 120~200 mg。 2) 实测值 Measured values。 |
1.2 试验设计和饲养管理
1.3 样品采集
1.4 指标测定
1.4.1 生长性能
1.4.2 饲料营养水平
1.4.3 血清生化指标
1.4.4 肠道菌群
1.4.5 肠道短链脂肪酸含量
1.5 数据分析
2 结果
2.1 饲料中添加丁酸梭菌对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼生长性能的影响
表2 饲料中添加丁酸梭菌对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of dietary supplementation of Clostridium butyricum on growth performance of juvenile T. ovatus |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C0(对照 Control) | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | |
| 初均质量 IAW/g | 9.57±0.10 | 9.62±0.02 | 9.52±0.02 | 9.49±0.01 | 9.55±0.10 | 9.53±0.15 |
| 末均质量 FAW/g | 78.81±1.72a | 81.54±2.12ab | 80.93±2.45ab | 81.97±0.85ab | 83.86±1.87b | 79.03±0.82a |
| 增重率 WGR/% | 733.39±13.42b | 747.51±20.44abc | 750.31±25.05abc | 763.86±9.48bc | 778.23±18.32c | 729.81±7.70ab |
| 特定生长率 SGR/(%/d) | 3.54±0.02b | 3.56±0.04abc | 3.57±0.05abc | 3.59±0.02bc | 3.62±0.03c | 3.53±0.02ab |
| 饲料系数 FCR | 1.47±0.01 | 1.49±0.04 | 1.54±0.02 | 1.50±0.03 | 1.49±0.06 | 1.50±0.04 |
| 成活率 SR/% | 100.00±0.00 | 100.00±0.00 | 100.00±0.00 | 100.00±0.00 | 100.00±0.00 | 98.67±2.31 |
| 脏体比 VSI/% | 6.83±0.21 | 6.33±0.48 | 6.39±0.23 | 6.75±0.53 | 6.24±0.44 | 6.09±0.42 |
| 肝体比 HSI/% | 1.58±0.04b | 1.34±0.10ab | 1.45±0.04ab | 1.58±0.22b | 1.30±0.21ab | 1.21±0.18a |
| 肥满度 CF/(g/cm3) | 3.44±0.13a | 3.51±0.10ab | 3.64±0.12b | 3.59±0.06ab | 3.61±0.08ab | 3.42±0.07a |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲料中添加丁酸梭菌对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼血清生化指标的影响
表3 饲料中添加丁酸梭菌对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼血清生化指标的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary supplementation of Clostridium butyricum on serum biochemical indexes of juvenile T. ovatus |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C0(对照 Control) | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | |
| 碱性磷酸酶 ALP/(U/L) | 64.67±2.89ab | 65.00±0.00ab | 65.00±15.13ab | 76.67±10.69b | 72.00±15.13ab | 53.33±1.15a |
| 总胆固醇 TC/(mmol/L) | 4.77±0.74ab | 4.93±0.16ab | 4.52±0.64ab | 5.12±0.15b | 4.89±0.42ab | 4.10±0.28a |
| 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 37.40±0.87ab | 44.03±1.65c | 39.07±4.76b | 41.40±1.61abc | 41.90±0.89bc | 40.43±0.75abc |
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 15.88±2.35a | 25.22±2.80b | 19.79±1.89ab | 23.10±6.15b | 22.37±0.97b | 22.58±2.23b |
| 葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) | 2.90±0.30a | 3.28±0.08b | 3.15±0.21ab | 2.91±0.00a | 3.23±0.02ab | 2.89±0.27a |
| 高密度脂蛋白 HDL/(mmol/L) | 5.67±1.15a | 15.00±2.00c | 4.67±1.15a | 6.00±2.00a | 6.33±1.15a | 9.00±1.00b |
| 谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) | 39.67±3.51a | 159.00±3.00c | 39.33±9.29a | 47.33±2.08a | 47.33±7.77a | 74.00±12.77b |
2.3 饲料中添加丁酸梭菌对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼肠道菌群的影响
2.3.1 肠道菌群操作分类单元(OTU)及alpha多样性分析
2.3.2 肠道菌群门水平和属水平组成及相对丰度分析
图3 卵形鲳鲹幼鱼肠道菌群在门水平上的相对丰度聚类堆叠图Verrucomicrobia:疣微菌门;Gemmatimonadetes:芽单孢菌门;Synergistetes:互养菌门;Nitrospirae:硝化螺旋菌门;Fusobacteria:梭杆菌门;Acidobacteria:酸杆菌门;Chloroflexi:绿弯菌门;Spirochaetes:螺旋体门;Deferribacteres:脱铁杆菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝藻门;Bacteroidetes:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Actinobacteria:放线菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Tenericutes:软壁菌门。 Fig.3 Cluster stack diagram of relative abundance of intestinal flora of juvenile T. ovatus at phylum level |
表4 卵形鲳鲹幼鱼肠道菌群的相对丰度Table 4 Relative abundance of intestinal flora of juvenile T. ovatus |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| C0 | C4 | C5 | |
| 软壁菌门 Tenericutes | 0.71±0.09 | 0.57±0.18 | 0.58±0.11 |
| 变形菌门 Proteobacteria | 0.26±0.09 | 0.39±0.19 | 0.35±0.12 |
| 厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门 Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes | 7.64±4.60a | 1.40±0.39b | 1.80±0.39b |
图4 卵形鲳鲹幼鱼肠道菌群在属水平上的相对丰度聚类堆叠图Oceanicaulis:海洋柄菌属;Labrenzia:拉布伦茨氏菌属;Prevotella:普氏菌属;Clostridium:梭菌属;Mucispirillum:黏液螺旋菌属;Shigella:志贺氏菌属;Bacteroides:拟杆菌属;Enterovibrio:肠弧菌属;Vibrio:弧菌属;Synechococcus:聚球藻属;Lactobacillus:乳杆菌属:Chelativorans:根瘤菌属;Devosia:德沃斯氏菌属;Halomonas:盐单胞菌属;Mycobacterium:分枝杆菌属;Ruegeria:鲁杰氏菌属;Photobacterium:发光杆菌属;Mycoplasma:支原体属。 Fig.4 Cluster stack diagram of relative abundance of intestinal flora of juvenile T. ovatus at genus level |
图5 卵形鲳鲹幼鱼肠道菌群LEfSe差异性检验分析纵坐标为组间具有显著差异的分类单元,横坐标则以条形图直观地展示各分类单元的线性判别式分析对数得分值。分类单元按照得分值大小进行排序,以此描述它们在样本分组中的特异性。长度越长表明该分类单元的差异越显著,条形图的颜色指示了该分类单元所对应的相对丰度最高的样本分组。The ordinate is the classification unit with significant differences between groups, and the horizontal coordinate is a bar chart to visually display the linear discriminant analysis logarithm scores of each classification unit. The classification units are sorted by score value size to describe their specificity within the sample grouping. The longer the length indicates the more significant the difference in the classification unit, and the color of the bar plot indicates the sample group corresponding to the classification unit with the highest relative abundance. Actinobacteria:放线菌门;Mycobacteriaceae:分枝杆菌科;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Bacteroidetes:拟杆菌门;Clostridiales:梭菌目;Lactobacillales:乳酸杆菌目;Pseudoalteromonadaceae:假交替单胞杆菌科;Cyanobacteria:蓝细菌门;Synechococcales:聚球藻目;Phascolarctobacterium:考拉杆菌属;Megamonas:巨单胞菌属;Lachnospiraceae:毛螺菌科;Rikenellaceae:理研菌科;Veillonellaceae:韦荣球菌科;Ruminococcaceae:疣微菌科;Desulfovibrionales:脱硫弧菌目;Desulfovibrionaceae:脱硫弧菌科;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Helicobacter:螺杆菌属;Staphylococcaceae:葡萄球菌科;Oscillospira:颤螺旋菌属;Vibrionaceae:弧菌科;Photobacterium:发光杆菌属;Gammaproteobacteria:丙型变形菌纲;Rickettsiales:立克次氏体目;Sphingobacteriales:鞘脂杆菌目;Hydrogenophilales:嗜氢菌目;Thiobacillus:硫杆菌属;Bacillus:芽孢杆菌属;Enterovibrio:肠弧菌属;Spirochaetes:螺旋体属;Deferribacteraceae:脱铁杆菌科;Burkholderiales:伯克霍尔德氏菌目;Betaproteobacteria:β-变形菌纲;Alphaproteobacteria:α-变形杆菌纲;Rhodobacterales:红杆菌目;Ruegeria:鲁杰氏菌属;Rhizobiales:根瘤菌目;Hyphomicrobiaceae:生丝微菌科;Phyllobacteriaceae:叶瘤菌科;Grimontia:格里蒙菌属;Alteromonadales:交替单胞菌目;Bdellovibrionales:蛭弧菌科;Rhodovulum:小红卵菌属;Acidimicrobiales:酸微菌目;Bradyrhizobiaceae:慢生根瘤菌科;Labrenzia:拉布伦茨氏菌属;Caldilineaceae:暖绳菌目;Comamonadaceae:丛毛单胞菌科。 Fig.5 LEfSe difference test of intestinal microflora of juvenile T. ovatus |
2.4 饲料中添加丁酸梭菌对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼肠道短链脂肪酸含量的影响
表5 饲料中添加丁酸梭菌对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼肠道短链脂肪酸总含量的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary supplementation of Clostridium butyricum on total content of SCFA in intestine of juvenile T. ovatusmg/g |
| 项目 Item | 组别 Groups | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| C0 | C4 | C5 | |
| 短链脂肪酸总含量Total content of SCFA | 0.47±0.02a | 0.51±0.03b | 0.64±0.03c |
图6 卵形鲳鲹幼鱼肠道短链脂肪酸含量柱状图数据柱标相同或无小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 Fig.6 Histogram of intestinal SCFA contents of juvenile T. ovatus Value columns with the same or no small letter mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). |

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