动物营养学报 >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 9: 5954 - 5963

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.546

研究论文

饲粮类型与调质温度对肉兔颗粒饲料加工质量和营养物质表观消化率的影响

  • 张叶 , 1 ,
  • 李双江 1 ,
  • 田刚 1, 2 ,
  • 刘光芒 1, 2 ,
  • 赵华 1, 2 ,
  • 贾刚 1, 2 ,
  • 蔡景义 , 1, 2, *
展开
  • 1 四川农业大学动物营养研究所,动物抗病营养教育部重点实验室,成都 611130
  • 2 动物抗病营养四川省重点实验室,成都 611130
* 蔡景义,副教授,硕士生导师,E-mail:

张叶(1996—),女,陕西宝鸡人,硕士研究生,从事家兔营养与饲料高效利用研究。E-mail:

Copy editor: 田艳明

收稿日期: 2023-03-17

  网络出版日期: 2023-09-13

基金资助

四川省自然科学基金项目(2022NSFSC0071)

收起

Effects of Diet Type and Conditioning Temperature on Pellet Feed Processing Quality and Nutrient Apparent Digestibility in Meat Rabbits

  • ZHANG Ye , 1 ,
  • LI Shuangjiang 1 ,
  • TIAN Gang 1, 2 ,
  • LIU Guangmang 1, 2 ,
  • ZHAO Hua 1, 2 ,
  • JIA Gang 1, 2 ,
  • CAI Jingyi , 1, 2, *
Expand
  • 1 Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
  • 2 Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-03-17

  Online published: 2023-09-13

Fold

摘要

本试验旨在研究饲粮类型与调质温度对肉兔颗粒饲料加工质量和营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验采用2×2两因素试验设计,2个因素分别为饲粮类型和调质温度,其中饲粮类型分别为常规型饲粮(以玉米、豆粕和苜蓿草粉为主要原料)和非常规型饲粮(以小麦次粉和米糠粕替代玉米,菜籽粕和葵花籽粕替代豆粕,花生秧粉和稻壳粉替代苜蓿草粉),调质温度分别为80和90 ℃。选取49日龄体重相近的杂交肉兔80只,随机分配到4个组,每组10个重复,每个重复2只。试验预试期7 d,收粪4 d。结果表明:1)与常规型饲粮相比,非常规型饲粮颗粒饲料容重、硬度和蛋白质溶解度显著降低(P<0.05),颗粒饲料含粉率、粉化率和淀粉糊化度显著提高(P<0.05)。与80 ℃调质温度相比,90 ℃调质温度显著降低颗粒饲料容重和粉化率(P<0.05),显著提高颗粒饲料蛋白质溶解度和淀粉糊化度(P<0.05)。饲粮类型与调质温度对颗粒饲料容重、含粉率、粉化率和蛋白质溶解度存在显著互作效应(P<0.05),对颗粒饲料硬度和淀粉糊化度无显著互作效应(P>0.05)。2)与常规型饲粮相比,非常规型饲粮干物质(DM)、总能(GE)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗灰分(Ash)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)的表观消化率显著降低(P<0.05),粗脂肪(EE)、粗纤维(CF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和淀粉的表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05)。与80 ℃调质温度相比,90 ℃调质温度显著提高ADL的表观消化率(P<0.05),显著降低Ash和P的表观消化率(P<0.05);调质温度对DM、GE、CP、EE、CF、NDF、ADF、Ca和淀粉的表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮类型与调质温度对ADL的表观消化率存在显著互作效应(P<0.05)。3)与常规型饲粮相比,非常规型饲粮天冬氨酸(Asp)、丝氨酸(Ser)、丙氨酸(Ala)、缬氨酸(Val)、蛋氨酸(Met)、亮氨酸(Leu)、酪氨酸(Tyr)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)、赖氨酸(Lys)、组氨酸(His)和脯氨酸(Pro)的表观消化率显著降低(P<0.05)。与80 ℃调质温度相比,90 ℃调质温度显著降低半胱氨酸(Cys)的表观消化率(P<0.05),其余16种氨基酸的表观消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲粮类型与调质温度对Asp、Val、异亮氨酸(Ile)、Phe和Pro的表观消化率存在显著互作效应(P<0.05),对其余12种氨基酸的表观消化率均无显著互作效应(P>0.05)。综上所述,非常规型饲粮会降低肉兔颗粒饲料加工质量,降低大部分常规营养物质以及Lys和Met的表观消化率;高温调质可改善颗粒饲料加工质量,对营养物质表观消化率无显著影响。推荐肉兔饲料制粒调质温度为90 ℃。

关键词： 饲粮类型; 调质温度; 肉兔; 颗粒质量; 营养物质表观消化率

本文引用格式

张叶 , 李双江 , 田刚 , 刘光芒 , 赵华 , 贾刚 , 蔡景义 . 饲粮类型与调质温度对肉兔颗粒饲料加工质量和营养物质表观消化率的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023 , 35(9) : 5954 -5963 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.546

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of diet type and conditioning temperature on pellet feed processing quality and nutrient apparent digestibility in meat rabbits. A 2×2 two-factor experimental design was used, in which the two factors were diet type and conditioning temperature, the diet types were conventional diet (corn, soybean meal and alfalfa meal as the main raw materials) and unconventional diet (corn was replaced with wheat middlings and rice bran meal, soybean meal was replaced with rapeseed meal and sunflower seed meal, and alfalfa meal was replaced with peanut vine powder and rice hull powder), and the conditioning temperatures were 80 and 90 ℃, respectively. A total of 80 hybrid meat rabbits of 49-day-old with similar body weight were randomly assigned to 4 groups with 10 replicates in each group and 2 rabbits in each replicate. The rabbits were pre-fed for 7 days and collected feces for 4 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the conventional diet, the unconventional diet significantly decreased the bulk density, hardness and protein solubility of pellet feed (P<0.05), and significantly increased the meal content, percentage of powdered and starch gelatinization of pelleted feed (P<0.05). Compared with the conditioning temperature of 80 ℃, the conditioning temperature of 90 ℃ significantly decreased the bulk density and percentage of powdered of pellet feed (P<0.05), and significantly increased the protein solubility and starch gelatinization of pellet feed (P<0.05). Diet type and conditioning temperature had significant interaction effects on the bulk density, meal content, percentage of powdered and protein solubility of pellet feed (P<0.05), but had no significant interaction effects on the hardness and starch gelatinization of pellet feed (P>0.05). 2) Compared with compared with the conventional diet, the unconventional diet significantly decreased the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), crude ash (Ash), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) (P<0.05), but had no significant effects on the apparent digestibility of ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and starch (P>0.05). Compared with the conditioning temperature of 80 ℃, the conditioning temperature of 90 ℃ significantly increased the ADL apparent digestibility (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the apparent digestibility of Ash and P (P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of DM, GE, CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF, Ca and starch was not significantly affected by the conditioning temperature (P>0.05). Diet type and conditioning temperature had significant interaction effect on the ADL apparent digestibility in meat rabbits (P<0.05). 3) Compared with compared with the conventional diet, the unconventional diet significantly decreased the apparent digestibility of aspartic acid (Asp), serine (Ser), alanine (Ala), valine (Val), methionine (Met), leucine (Leu), tyrosine (Tyr), phenylalanine (Phe), lysine (Lys), histidine (His), arginine (Arg) and proline (Pro) (P<0.05). Compared with the conditioning temperature of 80 ℃, the conditioning temperature of 90 ℃ significantly decreased the cysteine (Cys) apparent digestibility (P<0.05), but had no significant effects on the other 16 amino acid apparent digestibility (P>0.05). Diet type and conditioning temperature had significant interaction effects on the apparent digestibility of Asp, Val, isoleucine (Ile), Phe and Pro (P<0.05), but had no significant interaction effects on the other 12 amino acid apparent digestibility (P>0.05). In conclusion, the unconventional diet can reduce the pellet feed processing quality, and decrease the apparent digestibility of most conventional nutrients, Lys and Met in meat rabbits; the high conditioning temperature can improve the feed pellet processing quality, but has no significant effects on nutrient apparent digestibility. It is recommended that the granulating conditioning temperature in meat rabbit feed is 90 ℃.

Key words： diet type; conditioning temperature; meat rabbits; pellet quality; nutrient apparent digestibility

玉米和豆粕是饲料工业主要的饲料原料。据中国饲料行业信息网统计数据显示,2022年10月,玉米和豆粕价格分别为2.8和5.4元/kg,玉米价格较上年同期小幅上涨6.3%,豆粕则大幅上涨47.9%。目前,猪禽饲粮主要以“玉米-豆粕”常规型为主,家兔则主要以“玉米-豆粕-苜蓿草粉”为主,故存在饲粮价格过高、养殖效益低的问题。利用非常规饲料原料替代常规饲料原料,并探索非常规饲料原料的高效利用一直是研究的热点,其对降低饲养成本和有效利用饲料资源具有重要意义。在实际生产中,使用谷物籽实加工副产物替代玉米,菜籽粕和葵花籽粕等杂粕替代豆粕,花生秧替代苜蓿草粉,并组成非常规型饲粮是配制饲粮的常用方法。研究表明,使用非常规饲料原料会降低猪[1⇓-3]和鸡[4-5]等畜禽的部分营养物质表观消化率,但适宜添加不仅可以显著改善饲料颗粒的加工特性[6⇓-8],同时还不会对畜禽的生产性能产生显著的负面影响[9]。此外,不同类型饲粮生产颗粒饲料最佳加工参数也不同[10-11]。在畜禽饲粮配制中,采用单一的农作物副产物替代常规的某一种能量、蛋白质或纤维性饲料原料的研究较多,而对2种及其以上的副产物联合利用,并全部替代常规饲料原料的研究较少,在家兔生产上更是鲜见报道。此外,非常规型饲粮与加工工艺两者相结合在肉兔饲养中的应用研究报道还很少。因此,本试验研究不同饲粮类型与调质温度对肉兔颗粒饲料加工质量和营养物质表观消化率的影响,为肉兔生产上非常规型饲粮的应用提供参考依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计与动物

试验采用2×2两因素试验设计,2个因素分别为饲粮类型和调质温度,其中饲粮类型分别为常规型饲粮和非常规型饲粮,调质温度分别为80和90 ℃。试验设置4个组,分别为:常规型饲粮+调质温度为80 ℃组(CD+LCT组)、常规型饲粮+调质温度为90 ℃组(CD+HCT组)、非常规型饲粮+调质温度为80 ℃组(UCD+LCT组)以及非常规型饲粮+调质温度为90 ℃组(UCD+HCT组)。常规型饲粮为玉米-豆粕-苜蓿草粉饲粮;非常规型饲粮以次粉和米糠粕替代玉米,菜籽粕和葵花籽粕替代豆粕,花生秧粉和稻壳粉替代苜蓿草粉。2种饲粮分别经低温和高温调质后制粒,实测调质温度CD+LCT组和UCD+LCT组为75 ℃,CD+HCT组和UCD+HCT组为88 ℃。
消化试验选取80只49日龄、体重相近的肉兔,随机分配到4个组,分别饲喂4种处理饲粮,每组10个重复,每个重复2只。试验兔每2只1笼饲养于50 cm×50 cm×50 cm的钢丝网笼中。试验预试期7 d,粪便收集4 d,具体参考Pérez等[12]的方法进行。

1.2 试验饲粮

参考De Blas等[13]生长兔饲养标准,配制等能等氮等纤维的2种饲粮,饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。饲粮制粒环模参数为:孔径2.5 mm,压缩比1:10。
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis)%

原料
Ingredients		 常规型
饲粮
Conventional
diet		 非常规型
饲粮
Unconventional
diet		 营养水平
Nutrient
levels2)		 常规型
饲粮
Conventional
diet		 非常规型
饲粮
Unconventional
diet
玉米 Corn 18.00 消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) 10.00(10.35) 10.00(9.64)
小麦次粉 Wheat middlings 17.00 粗蛋白质 CP 15.65(15.30) 15.65(15.25)
米糠粕 Rice bran meal 10.00 粗脂肪 EE 4.68(3.98) 4.97(4.17)
小麦麸 Wheat bran 23.64 17.54 粗纤维 CF 14.65(16.93) 14.65(18.46)
豆粕 Soybean meal 9.10 中性洗涤纤维 NDF 33.85(32.79) 38.85(34.05)
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal 6.00 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 20.54(19.33) 21.52(20.51)
葵花籽粕 Sunflower seed meal 10.80 酸性洗涤木质素 ADL 4.14(5.06) 4.41(6.82)
苜蓿草粉 Alfalfa meal 45.99 淀粉 Starch 18.08(21.23) 12.90(14.10)
花生秧粉 Peanut vine powder 30.00 钙 Ca 0.97(0.88) 0.98(0.92)
稻壳粉 Rice hull powder 4.00 总磷 TP 0.55(0.63) 0.81(0.81)
大豆油 Soybean oil 1.50 2.70 赖氨酸 Lys 0.76(0.82) 0.76(0.77)
碳酸钙 CaCO3 0.17 1.06 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 Met+Cys 0.57(0.55) 0.57(0.54)
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 0.70 苏氨酸 Thr 0.62(0.62) 0.62(0.67)
氯化钠 NaCl 0.40 0.40
预混料 Premix1) 0.50 0.50
合计 Total 100.00 100.00

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 10 000 IU,VD 900 IU,VE 40 IU,VK3 2 mg,生物素 biotin 100 μg,胆碱 choline 250 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 35 mg,核黄素 riboflavin 3 mg,VB12 2 μg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 15 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.5 mg,Zn (ZnSO4·H2O) 85 mg,Fe (FeSO4·H2O) 120 mg,Mn (MnSO4·H2O) 50 mg,Cu (CuSO4·5H2O) 16 mg,I (KI) 1 mg,Se (Na2SeO3·5H2O) 0.8 mg,Co (CoCl2) 0.8 mg。

2)营养水平括号外为计算值,括号内为实测值。Nutrient levels were calculated values outside parentheses and measured values in parentheses.

1.3 测定指标和方法

1.3.1 颗粒饲料加工质量

每组颗粒饲料成品在打包口采样4份,采样量5 kg。颗粒饲料硬度、含粉率和粉化率参照张丽英[14]方法进行测定;蛋白质溶解度参照GB/T 19541—2017进行测定;淀粉糊化度参照熊易强[15]简易酶法进行测定。

1.3.2 营养物质表观消化率

取适量的混合粪样于65 ℃烘至恒重,室温下回潮24 h,测定初水分含量,粉碎过40目筛。参照张丽英[14]方法测定饲粮样品和粪样中总能(GE)、干物质(DM)、粗灰分(Ash)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗纤维(CF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)和淀粉含量;氨基酸(AA)含量采用全自动氨基酸分析仪(日立L-8900)测定。营养物质表观消化率计算公式如下:
某营养物质表观消化率(%)=100×(食入该营养物质含量-粪中该营养物质含量)/食入该营养物质含量。

1.4 数据统计与分析

试验数据采用SPSS 26.0进行双因素方差分析,并采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。结果以“平均值±标准差”表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲粮类型与调质温度对肉兔颗粒饲料加工质量的影响

由表2可知,与常规型饲粮相比,非常规型饲粮颗粒饲料容重、硬度和蛋白质溶解度显著降低(P<0.05),颗粒饲料含粉率、粉化率和淀粉糊化度显著提高(P<0.05)。与调质温度为80 ℃相比,调质温度为90 ℃时,颗粒饲料容重和粉化率显著降低(P<0.05),颗粒饲料蛋白质溶解度和淀粉糊化度显著提高(P<0.05)。饲粮类型与调质温度对颗粒饲料容重、含粉率、粉化率和蛋白质溶解度存在显著互作效应(P<0.05),对颗粒饲料硬度和淀粉糊化度无显著互作效应(P>0.05);其中,CD+HCT组颗粒饲料粉化率最低,蛋白质溶解度最高,且与其他组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。
表2 饲粮类型与调质温度对肉兔颗粒饲料加工质量的影响

Table 2 Effects of diet type and conditioning temperature on pellet feed processing quality in meat rabbits

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值 P-value
CD+LCT CD+HCT UCD+LCT UCD+HCT 饲粮类型
Diet type		 调质温度
Conditioning
temperature		 饲粮类型×
调质温度
Diet type×
conditioning
temperature
容重
Bulk density/(kg/L)		 0.59±0.00a 0.58±0.00b 0.56±0.00c 0.54±0.00d <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
硬度
Hardness/kg		 7.16±1.88 7.36±1.39 6.48±1.52 6.61±1.59 0.017 0.572 0.905
含粉率
Meal content/%		 0.35±0.02b 0.30±0.02b 0.51±0.05a 0.59±0.13a <0.001 0.709 0.045
粉化率
Percentage of
powdered/%		 1.35±0.06a 1.12±0.02b 1.39±0.06a 1.43±0.09a <0.001 0.004 <0.001
蛋白质溶解度
Protein solubility/%		 64.76±0.19b 70.50±0.55a 59.91±0.35d 61.70±0.15c <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
淀粉糊化度
Starch gelatinization/%		 25.74±0.57 30.19±0.35 32.20±1.07 37.63±0.84 <0.001 <0.001 0.292

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮类型与调质温度对肉兔常规营养物质表观消化率的影响

由表3可知,与常规型饲粮相比,非常规型饲粮DM、GE、CP、Ash、ADF、ADL、Ca和P的表观消化率显著降低(P<0.05),EE、CF、NDF和淀粉的表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05)。与调质温度为80 ℃相比,调质温度为90 ℃时,Ash和P的表观消化率显著降低(P<0.05),ADL的表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05);调制温度对DM、GE、CP、EE、CF、NDF、ADF、Ca和淀粉的表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮类型与调质温度对ADL的表观消化率存在显著互作效应(P<0.05),其中,CD+HCT组ADL的表观消化率显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。
表3 饲粮类型与调质温度对肉兔常规营养物质表观消化率的影响

Table 3 Effects of diet type and conditioning temperature on apparent digestibility of conventional nutrients in meat rabbits%

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值 P-value
CD+LCT CD+HCT UCD+LCT UCD+HCT 饲粮类型
Diet type		 调质温度
Conditioning
temperature		 饲粮类型×
调质温度
Diet type×
conditioning
temperature
干物质 DM 63.72±1.71 64.41±2.51 58.50±3.11 56.96±2.38 <0.001 0.657 0.247
总能 GE 63.68±1.77 64.79±2.79 61.09±3.15 59.80±2.48 0.001 0.932 0.235
粗蛋白质 CP 81.50±1.27 80.92±2.94 74.73±2.74 75.81±2.19 <0.001 0.783 0.368
粗脂肪 EE 75.22±3.05 75.99±4.23 77.59±1.79 74.02±2.52 0.870 0.253 0.084
粗灰分 Ash 61.51±1.50 59.09±2.84 42.98±4.44 39.08±3.14 <0.001 0.013 0.539
粗纤维 CF 23.20±3.91 26.87±4.85 22.50±6.53 19.94±3.80 0.053 0.767 0.108
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 35.44±3.49 34.42±5.24 31.13±5.14 32.59±3.31 0.082 0.898 0.471
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 28.06±4.50 28.75±4.63 21.53±5.28 24.88±3.97 0.008 0.270 0.464
酸性洗涤木质素 ADL 24.77±5.49b 34.82±5.38a 17.78±6.02b 17.29±4.54b <0.001 0.032 0.019
钙 Ca 64.83±2.06 56.85±5.72 46.08±4.25 46.72±3.77 <0.001 0.103 0.060
磷 P 50.56±1.79 34.18±4.60 30.90±3.69 21.95±5.06 <0.001 <0.001 0.087
淀粉 Starch 99.21±0.09 99.10±0.43 99.39±0.38 98.91±0.33 0.958 0.076 0.236

2.3 饲粮类型与调质温度对肉兔氨基酸表观消化率的影响

由表4可知,与常规型饲粮相比,非常规型饲粮蛋氨酸(Met)和赖氨酸(Lys)的表观消化率显著降低(P<0.05),天冬氨酸(Asp)、丝氨酸(Ser)、丙氨酸(Ala)、缬氨酸(Val)、亮氨酸(Leu)、酪氨酸(Tyr)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)、组氨酸(His)和脯氨酸(Pro)的表观消化率亦显著降低(P<0.05)。与调质温度为80 ℃相比,调质温度为90 ℃时,半胱氨酸(Cys)的表观消化率显著降低(P<0.05),其余16种氨基酸的表观消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲粮类型与调质温度对Asp、Val、异亮氨酸(Ile)、Phe和Pro的表观消化率存在显著互作效应(P<0.05),对其余12种氨基酸的表观消化率均无显著互作效应(P>0.05)。
表4 饲粮类型与调质温度对肉兔氨基酸表观消化率的影响

Table 4 Effects of diet type and conditioning temperature on apparent digestibility of amino acids in meat rabbits%

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值 P-value
CD+LCT CD+HCT UCD+LCT UCD+HCT 饲粮类型
Diet type		 调质温度
Conditioning
temperature		 饲粮类型×
调质温度
Diet type×
conditioning
temperature
天冬氨酸 Asp 86.45±1.34a 83.87±2.00a 78.04±1.35b 80.04±2.19b <0.001 0.750 0.023
苏氨酸 Thr 80.03±1.80 77.64±1.99 76.48±1.53 77.34±2.36 0.070 0.450 0.119
丝氨酸 Ser 82.47±1.48 81.33±1.50 78.10±1.49 79.42±1.77 <0.001 0.910 0.141
谷氨酸 Glu 86.59±1.22 86.02±1.38 85.38±1.14 87.19±1.23 0.980 0.340 0.080
甘氨酸 Gly 77.68±2.42 76.23±1.63 76.54±1.25 78.79±1.68 0.450 0.660 0.062
丙氨酸 Ala 81.43±1.84 79.32±2.63 76.25±1.49 77.15±2.35 0.010 0.580 0.182
半胱氨酸 Cys 83.56±2.74 77.32±3.63 83.85±1.32 82.59±1.93 0.050 0.010 0.075
缬氨酸 Val 82.46±1.70a 79.85±1.77ab 77.76±1.39b 79.62±2.28ab 0.020 0.690 0.030
蛋氨酸 Met 87.11±2.58 87.95±0.89 80.07±3.47 78.97±3.18 <0.001 0.930 0.490
异亮氨酸 Ile 83.05±1.70a 79.92±2.27ab 78.24±1.66b 80.15±2.81ab 0.060 0.580 0.038
亮氨酸 Leu 84.47±0.92 82.77±1.34 79.08±1.14 80.25±2.11 <0.001 0.720 0.071
酪氨酸 Tyr 82.19±1.27 81.49±2.54 75.63±1.78 77.87±1.30 <0.001 0.410 0.128
苯丙氨酸 Phe 82.83±1.60a 81.37±1.48ab 77.72±0.90c 80.12±1.53b <0.001 0.514 0.018
赖氨酸 Lys 85.34±1.53 83.74±2.27 80.03±1.18 81.66±1.91 <0.001 0.987 0.093
组氨酸 His 84.31±0.73 84.37±1.18 81.08±0.97 83.04±1.52 <0.001 0.102 0.122
精氨酸 Arg 88.20±1.12 87.71±1.05 85.95±1.58 87.37±0.89 0.050 0.451 0.134
脯氨酸 Pro 84.61±1.06a 83.22±0.91a 78.55±0.86c 80.54±0.84b <0.001 0.525 0.003

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮类型与调质温度对肉兔颗粒饲料加工质量的影响

兔喜食颗粒料,饲喂颗粒料可刺激兔的食欲,提高养分的消化率,减少疾病的发生。此外,兔具有啮齿性,牙齿不断地生长,颗粒饲料也便于兔磨牙。因此,颗粒饲料质量的高低会直接影响到兔的采食量和养分消化率。采用单一非常规饲料原料替代部分常规饲料原料可改善颗粒饲料的质量。研究表明,肉兔饲粮中添加小麦次粉[6],用稻壳粉替代肉兔饲粮中的苜蓿草粉[16],均可提高颗粒饲料硬度,降低颗粒饲料含粉率和粉化率。在饲粮等能等氮等纤维水平基础上,采用非常规饲料原料完全替代肉兔饲粮中的玉米、豆粕和苜蓿草粉是降低饲料成本的有效措施,也是提高非常规饲料原料使用的有效途径。本试验中,用小麦次粉和米糠粕替代全部的玉米,用菜籽粕和葵花籽粕替代全部的豆粕,用花生秧粉和稻壳粉替代全部的苜蓿草粉组成非常规型饲粮,结果发现颗粒饲料硬度和蛋白质溶解度显著降低,颗粒饲料含粉率、粉化率和淀粉糊化度显著提高,表明非常规型饲粮会降低颗粒饲料加工质量。这可能与常规型饲粮和非常规型饲粮中淀粉含量不同有关(18.08% vs. 12.90%)。淀粉作为天然的黏合剂,有助于降低饲料的含粉率和粉化率[17],且玉米淀粉中支链淀粉含量高于小麦淀粉,而支链淀粉含量越高黏性越大[18]。本试验中,非常规型饲粮中淀粉含量低,且淀粉主要来源于小麦次粉和米糠粕,所以导致了颗粒饲料含粉率和粉化率的提高。饲料调质温度会影响颗粒饲料的加工质量。研究表明,随着调质温度的升高,颗粒饲料的硬度和淀粉糊化度显著升高,粉化率显著降低[11,19⇓⇓-22]。本试验中,与调质温度为80 ℃相比,调质温度为90 ℃时,颗粒饲料粉化率显著降低,颗粒饲料蛋白质溶解度和淀粉糊化度显著提高,说明提高调质温度改善了颗粒饲料加工质量。调质温度是饲料制粒前采用蒸汽对物料进行水热处理的重要参数,蒸汽加热物料会破坏淀粉结构,促进淀粉糊化,使蛋白质变得可塑,同时可软化纤维素,从而提高颗粒硬度和耐久性,降低粉化率[23⇓-25]。

3.2 饲粮类型与调质温度对肉兔饲粮营养物质表观消化率的影响

营养物质表观消化率是评定动物体对饲料养分消化吸收的重要指标,可直接影响动物的生产性能。本试验中,与常规型饲粮相比,肉兔对非常规型饲粮中DM、GE、CP、Ash、ADF、ADL、Ca和P的表观消化率显著降低。Pereira等[26]用葵花籽粕和米糠替代肉鸡玉米-豆粕饲粮中部分蛋白质和能量来源,Yun等[27]用4%菜籽粕替代育肥猪饲粮中的豆粕,均降低了DM、GE和氮的全肠道表观消化率。Dennis等[28]用甜菜粕替代奶牛饲粮中的玉米,降低了DM和CP的表观消化率。本研究结果与上述研究结果一致。非常规型饲粮主要营养物质表观消化率的降低可能与纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量有关。本试验中,非常规型饲粮中NDF、ADF和ADL含量均高于常规型饲粮。研究表明,增加饲粮中ADF和NDF含量,会降低肉兔对EE、DM、CF和CP的表观消化率[29-30],主要原因是低含量的ADF和NDF可增加食糜在肠道内的滞留时间,从而提高营养物质的消化率。
氨基酸消化率是饲粮蛋白质质量的重要指标。本研究中,与常规型饲粮相比,非常规型饲粮降低了肉兔对大部分必需氨基酸的表观消化率,特别是蛋氨酸和赖氨酸的表观消化率。有研究表明,用油菜籽粕、棉籽粕和葵花籽粕分别替代豆粕时,均会降低育肥猪对氨基酸的回肠表观消化率和标准回肠消化率[2]。Szabo等[31]认为在葵花籽粕替代豆粕时,饲粮配方应基于饲粮中表观回肠可消化氨基酸含量配制,而不依赖于饲粮蛋白质来源,则可以达到与豆粕类似的生长性能。本研究采用多种副产物替代玉米、豆粕和苜蓿草粉降低了氨基酸的表观消化率,说明了非常规饲料原料本身氨基酸的低消化率,提示在采用非常规饲料原料配制肉兔饲粮时需考虑氨基酸消化率差异,提高总氨基酸含量。
饲料加工是影响饲粮养分消化的重要过程,制粒调质温度变化影响养分的化学反应,直接与养分在动物体内消化相关。本研究发现,提高调质温度虽然增加了颗粒饲料蛋白质溶解度和淀粉糊化度,但不影响肉兔对CP和淀粉的表观消化率;调质温度由80 ℃提高到90 ℃,并不影响肉兔饲粮常规营养物质(ADL、Ash和P除外)的表观消化率,也不影响氨基酸(Cys除外)的表观消化率。高跃[32]研究表明,制粒调质温度在80 ℃时,肉兔饲粮营养物质表观消化率最高,且制粒调质温度从80 ℃上升到85 ℃时,不影响常规营养物质表观消化率。胡彦茹[33]研究发现,75和85 ℃调质温度对孔径2.5 mm的肉鸡饲粮大部分氨基酸消化率影响并无显著差异。本研究结果与之一致,这也说明高纤维的肉兔饲粮提高制粒调质温度不会显著降低或提高养分的消化。

4 结论

① 非常规型饲粮会降低颗粒饲料加工质量,高温调质可改善颗粒饲料加工质量。
② 非常规型饲粮会降低大部分常规营养物质以及Met和Lys的表观消化率,调质温度不影响主要常规营养物质和氨基酸的表观消化率。
③ 常规型饲粮和非常规型饲粮适宜的调质温度可提高至90 ℃。

参考文献

原文顺序 | 文献年度倒序 | 文中引用次数倒序
[1]
LIU W C, LEE S I, HONG S T, et al. Comparison of apparent total tract and ileal digestibility in growing and finishing pigs fed soybean meal,rapeseed meal,and canola meal[J]. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 2018, 46(1):55-59.

DOI

[2]
GONZÁLEZ-VEGA J C, STEIN H H. Amino acid digestibility in canola,cottonseed,and sunflower products fed to finishing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2012, 90(12):4391-4400.

DOI

[3]
张辉耀, 吕志, 蔡传江, 等. 豆粕、棉籽粕与菜籽粕对生长期藏猪的营养价值评定[J]. 高原农业, 2022, 6(4):369-376,409.

ZHANG H Y, LV Z, CAI C J, et al. Nutritional value evaluation of soybean meal,cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal for growing Tibetan pigs[J]. Journal of Plateau Agriculture, 2022, 6(4):369-376,409. (in Chinese)

[4]
彭双, 向倩, 宋金秋. 发酵菜籽粕对生长猪营养物质消化率、生长性能及血清参数的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2020(8):116-120.

PENG S, XIANG Q, SONG J Q. Effects of fermented rapeseed meal on nutrient digestibility,growth performance and serum parameters of growing pigs[J]. China Feed, 2020(8):116-120. (in Chinese)

[5]
CHIANG G, LU W Q, PIAO X S, et al. Effects of feeding solid-state fermented rapeseed meal on performance,nutrient digestibility,intestinal ecology and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens[J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2010, 23(2):263-271.

DOI

[6]
刘梅, 赵晓岩, 杨桂芹, 等. 饲粮中小麦次粉添加比例对肉兔颗粒饲料加工特性、生长性能和血清生化指标的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2021, 33(3):1643-1651.

DOI

LIU M, ZHAO X Y, YANG G Q, et al. Effects of adding proportion of wheat shorts in diets on pellet processing characteristics,growth performance and serum biochemical parameters of meat rabbits[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2021, 33(3):1643-1651. (in Chinese)

[7]
吴雨珊, 杨洁, 李军国, 等. 蛋白原料及其混合粉料理化性质对颗粒饲料加工质量的影响[J]. 农业工程学报, 2021, 37(7):301-308.

WU Y S, YANG J, LI J G, et al. Effects of physicochemical properties of protein raw materials and their mash feed on the processing quality of pellet feed[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2021, 37(7):301-308. (in Chinese)

[8]
沈维军, 贺建华, 赵玉蓉, 等. 小麦替代玉米对颗粒饲料性能的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2005(13):13-14,20.

SHEN W J, HE J H, ZHAO Y R, et al. Effects of wheat replacing corn on pellet feed characteristics[J]. China Feed, 2005(13):13-14,20. (in Chinese)

[9]
SALEH A A, EL-AWADY A, AMBER K, et al. Effects of sunflower meal supplementation as a complementary protein source in the laying hen’s diet on productive performance,egg quality,and nutrient digestibility[J]. Sustainability, 2021, 13(6):3557.

DOI

[10]
ABDOLLAHI M R, RAVINDRAN V, WESTER T J, et al. Influence of conditioning temperature on the performance,nutrient utilisation and digestive tract development of broilers fed on maize- and wheat-based diets[J]. British Poultry Science, 2010, 51(5):648-657.

DOI

[11]
PICKFORD J R. Effects of processing on the stability of heat labile nutrients in animal feeds[M]//GARNSWORTHY P C,HARESIGN W,COLE D J A.Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. Woburn: Butterworth Heinemann, 1992:177-192.

[12]
PÉREZ J M, CERVERA C, FALCÃO E CUNHA L, et al. European ring-test on in vivo determination of digestibility in rabbits:reproducibility of a reference method in comparison with domestic laboratory procedures[J]. World Rabbit Science, 1995, 3(4):171-178.

[13]
DE BLAS C, WISEWAN J. Nutrition of the rabbit[M]. 3rd ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2020.

[14]
张丽英. 饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M]. 4版. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2016.

ZHANG L Y. Feed analysis and quality test technology[M]. 4th ed. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2016. (in Chinese)

[15]
熊易强. 饲料淀粉糊化度(熟化度)的测定[J]. 饲料工业, 2000, 21(3):30-31.

XIONG Y Q. Determination of starch gelatinization (cooking degree) in feed[J]. Feed Industry, 2000, 21(3):30-31. (in Chinese)

[16]
杨桂芹, 孙佳易, 郭东新, 等. 饲粮纤维源及粗纤维水平对肉兔颗粒饲料质量、生长性能和肌肉品质的影响[C]// 中国畜牧兽医学会养兔学分会成立大会暨第一届学术交流大会论文集. 合肥: 中国畜牧兽医学会, 2015.

YANG G Q, SUN J Y, GUO D X, et al. Effects of dietary fiber source and crude fiber level on pellet quality,growth performance and muscle quality of meat rabbits[C]// Proceedings of the Founding Conference and the First Academic Exchange Conference of Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Rabbit Science Branch. Hefei: Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2015. (in Chinese)

[17]
李岫怡. 淀粉来源对肉兔颗粒饲料加工特性、生产性能和盲肠菌群的影响[D].硕士学位论文. 沈阳: 沈阳农业大学, 2019.

LI X Y. Effects of the starch source on pellet processing characteristics,production performance and cecal microflora of meat rabbits[D].Master’s Thesis. Shenyang: Shenyang Agricultural University, 2019. (in Chinese)

[18]
杨振浩, 陈延凯, 赖洪邦. 浅析影响饲料颗粒的耐久性指数和粉化率的因素及其提高方法[J]. 饲料工业, 2001(11):4-6.

YANG Z H. Analysis of factors affecting durability index and pulverization rate of feed particles and their improvement methods[J]. Feed Industry, 2001(11):4-6. (in Chinese)

[19]
黄志胜. 调质温度及模孔长径比对颗粒饲料加工质量的影响[J]. 中国动物保健, 2019, 21(12):63-64.

HUANG Z S. Effects of conditioning temperature and die hole length-diameter ratio on processing quality of pellet feed[J]. China Animal Health, 2019, 21(12):63-64. (in Chinese)

[20]
张现玲. 调质温度、粉碎粒度对肉鸡颗粒饲料质量及利用率的影响研究[D].硕士学位论文. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2013.

ZHANG X L. Effect of conditioning temperatures and particle sizes on quality and utilization rate of broiler pellet feed[D].Master’s Thesis. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2013. (in Chinese)

[21]
初琪洋. 不同调质温度对乳猪颗粒饲料质量及制粒生产率的影响[J]. 猪业观察, 2014(4):106-108.

CHU Q Y. Effects of different conditioning temperatures on pellet feed quality and pelleting productivity of suckling pigs[J]. Swine Industry Outlook, 2014(4):106-108. (in Chinese)

[22]
张亮, 杨在宾, 杨维仁, 等. 制粒温度和粉碎粒度对颗粒饲料品质的影响[J]. 饲料工业, 2013, 34(23):25-29.

ZHANG L, YANG Z B, YANG W R, et al. Effects of pelleting temperature and particle size on the pellet quality[J]. Feed Industry, 2013, 34(23):25-29. (in Chinese)

[23]
宁丽军, 时德军, 张涛, 等. 饲料颗粒质量(续)[J]. 国外畜牧学(猪与禽), 2017, 37(5):83-84.

NING L J, SHI D J, ZHANG T, et al. Feed particle quality (continued)[J]. Animal Science Abroad(Pigs and Poultry), 2017, 37(5):83-84. (in Chinese)

[24]
杨青松. 影响颗粒饲料品质的相关因素分析[C]// 依法监管、科学防控、有效保障畜牧业健康发展-第48届三省区七市盟兽医联防协作论文集. 承德: 河北省畜牧兽医学会, 2015:36-38.

YANG Q S. Analysis of related factors affecting pellet feed quality[C]// Legal supervision,scientific prevention and control,and effective protection of healthy development of animal husbandry-proceedings of the 48th veterinary joint prevention and cooperation of the league of three provinces,regions and seven cities. Chengde: Hebei Provincial Association of Animal science and Veterinary Medicine, 2015:36-38. (in Chinese)

[25]
TILLMAN N S, JONES M K, PACHECO W J. Influence of feed ingredients,conditioning temperature,and a dacitic tuff breccia (AZOMITE) on pellet production rate and pellet quality[J]. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 2020, 29(1):162-170.

DOI

[26]
PEREIRA L F P, ADEOLA O. Energy and phosphorus values of sunflower meal and rice bran for broiler chickens using the regression method[J]. Poultry Science, 2016, 95(9):2081-2089.

DOI PMID

[27]
YUN H M, LEI X J, LEE S I, et al. Rapeseed meal and canola meal can partially replace soybean meal as a protein source in finishing pigs[J]. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 2018, 46(1):195-199.

DOI

[28]
DENNIS T S, SUAREZ-MENA F X, HILL T M, et al. Short communication:effect of replacing corn with beet pulp in a high concentrate diet fed to weaned Holstein calves on diet digestibility and growth[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2018, 101(1):408-412.

DOI

[29]
彭全辉. 不同ADF水平饲粮对肉兔生产性能、肠道粘膜免疫及盲肠发酵的影响[D].硕士学位论文. 成都: 四川农业大学, 2008.

PENG Q H. Effects of different ADF levels on performance,intestinal mucosal immunity and cecal fermentation of meat rabbits[D].Master’s Thesis. Chengdu: Sichuan Agricultural University, 2008. (in Chinese)

[30]
陶志勇, 李福昌. 日粮中性洗涤纤维水平对断奶至2月龄肉兔生产性能、消化代谢和盲肠发酵的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2005, 17(4):56-61.

TAO Z Y, LI F C. Effects of dietary NDF levels on production performance,digestibility,metabolism and caecum fermentation of weaning to two month old meat rabbits[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2005, 17(4):56-61. (in Chinese)

[31]
SZABO C, JANSMAN A, BABINSZKY L, et al. Ileal digestibility of amino acids in pig feeds and its use in diet formulations[J]. Poljoprivreda, 2000, 6(1):1-4.

[32]
高跃. 制粒温度对肉兔饲料颗粒质量及饲喂效果的影响[D].硕士学位论文. 沈阳: 沈阳农业大学, 2019.

GAO Y. Effect of pelleting temperature on feed granule quality and feeding effect of meat rabbits[D].Master’s Thesis. Shenyang: Shenyang Agricultural University, 2019. (in Chinese)

[33]
胡彦茹. 不同调质温度对颗粒饲料质量和肉鸡生产性能的影响[D].硕士学位论文. 南昌: 江西农业大学, 2011.

HU Y R. Effects of different conditioning temperatures on pellet feed quality and performance of broilers[D].Master’s Thesis. Nanchang: Jiangxi Agricultural University, 2011. (in Chinese)

Options
文章导航

/

〈 〉

    联系我们

  • 地址：北京市海淀区圆明园西路2号
    　　　中国农业大学动科动医大楼153室
  • 邮编：100193
  • 电话：010－62817823
  • 网址：http://www.chinajan.com
  • E-mail：cjan@chinajan.com
京公网安备 11010802041926号    京ICP备17050989号-2