1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 种子液的制备
1.3 试验设计
1.3.1 单因素试验
1.3.2 正交试验
1.3.3 体外发酵试验
1.4 指标测定与计算
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同发酵条件下解淀粉芽孢杆菌固态发酵对全棉籽粗蛋白质含量的影响
2.1.1 单因素试验结果
图1 解淀粉芽孢杆菌固态发酵全棉籽单因素试验结果Fig.1 Single-factor test results of whole cottonseed solid-state fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens |
表1 解淀粉芽孢杆菌固态发酵全棉籽单因素试验结果的回归分析Table 1 Regression analysis of single factor test result of whole cottonseed by solid-state fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens |
| 因素 Factors | 回归方程 Regression equation | R2 | P值 P-value | 最适值 Optimal value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 发酵温度 Fermentation temperature/℃ | Y=-0.119X2+9.101X-158.092 | 0.760 | <0.001 | 38.24 |
| 发酵时间 Fermentation time/d | Y=-0.687X2+6.91X-3.351 | 0.885 | <0.001 | 5.03 |
| 接种量 Inoculation amount/% | Y=-0.012X2+0.58X+9.024 | 0.458 | 0.010 | 24.17 |
| 含水量 Water content/% | Y=-0.014X2+1.022X-2.115 | 0.679 | <0.001 | 36.50 |
为方便回归分析,将料水比换算成含水量计算,Y指粗蛋白质含量。 | |
The material to water ratio is converted into water content for ease of regression analysis, and Y refers to CP content. |
2.1.2 正交试验结果
表2 解淀粉芽孢杆菌固态发酵全棉籽正交试验结果的极差分析Table 2 Range analysis of orthogonal test result of whole cottonseed by solid-state fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens |
| 试验号 Experimental No. | 因素 Factors | 粗蛋白质 含量增加率 Increment rate of CP content/% | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 发酵温度 Fermentation temperature/℃ | 发酵时间 Fermentation time/d | 接种量 Inoculation amount/% | 料水比 Material to water ratio | ||
| 1 | 36 | 4 | 20 | 1:0.4 | 12.18 |
| 2 | 36 | 5 | 25 | 1:0.6 | 17.64 |
| 3 | 36 | 6 | 30 | 1:0.8 | 17.74 |
| 4 | 39 | 4 | 25 | 1:0.8 | 9.34 |
| 5 | 39 | 5 | 30 | 1:0.4 | 9.56 |
| 6 | 39 | 6 | 20 | 1:0.6 | 20.10 |
| 7 | 42 | 4 | 30 | 1:0.6 | 16.37 |
| 8 | 42 | 5 | 20 | 1:0.8 | 15.35 |
| 9 | 42 | 6 | 25 | 1:0.4 | 18.62 |
| K1 | 15.854 | 12.629 | 15.877 | 13.452 | |
| K2 | 13.000 | 14.183 | 15.201 | 18.037 | |
| K3 | 16.780 | 18.823 | 14.556 | 14.145 | |
| R | 3.779 | 6.194 | 1.321 | 4.584 | |
表3 解淀粉芽孢杆菌固态发酵全棉籽正交试验结果的方差分析Table 3 Variance analysis of orthogonal test result of whole cottonseed by solid-state fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens |
| 方差来源 Source of variance | Ⅲ型平方和 Ⅲ square sum | 自由度 df | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | 显著性 Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 发酵温度 Fermentation temperature | 69.941 | 2 | 34.971 | 32.217 | * |
| 发酵时间 Fermentation time | 186.999 | 2 | 93.450 | 86.092 | * |
| 接种量 Inoculation amount | 7.829 | 2 | 3.914 | 3.606 | * |
| 料水比 Material to water ratio | 109.937 | 2 | 54.969 | 50.641 | * |
| 误差 Error | 19.538 | 18 | 1.085 | ||
| 总计 Total | 5 265.965 | 27 |
“*”表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 | |
“*” indicates significant difference (P<0.05). |
2.2 适宜条件下解淀粉芽孢杆菌固态发酵全棉籽后营养价值的变化
2.2.1 发酵前后常规营养成分含量的变化
表4 解淀粉芽孢杆菌固态发酵全棉籽前后常规营养成分含量对比(干物质基础)Table 4 Comparison of common nutritional component contents of whole cottonseed before and after solid-state fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (DM basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 发酵前 Before fermentation | 发酵后 After fermentation |
|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 21.35±0.13b | 25.73±0.15a |
| 真蛋白质 TP | 20.24±0.09b | 22.50±0.15a |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 40.10±0.07 | 39.62±0.25 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 28.37±0.05a | 27.80±0.05b |
| 粗纤维 CF | 24.96±0.05a | 22.95±0.02b |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 4.01±0.02b | 5.27±0.01a |
2.2.2 发酵前后氨基酸含量的变化
表5 解淀粉芽孢杆菌固态发酵全棉籽前后氨基酸含量对比(干物质基础)Table 5 Comparison of amino acid contents of whole cottonseed before and after solid-state fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (DM basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 发酵前 Before fermentation | 发酵后 After fermentation |
|---|---|---|
| 天冬氨酸 Asp | 1.99±0.01b | 2.23±0.04a |
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 0.72±0.01b | 0.89±0.03a |
| 丝氨酸Ser | 0.93±0.01b | 1.09±0.03a |
| 谷氨酸 Glu | 4.57±0.02 | 4.64±0.08 |
| 甘氨酸 Gly | 0.92±0.00 | 0.91±0.01 |
| 丙氨酸 Ala | 0.90±0.00b | 1.02±0.02a |
| 半胱氨酸 Cys | 0.27±0.01 | 0.29±0.01 |
| 缬氨酸 Val | 0.95±0.01b | 1.10±0.02a |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.21±0.01b | 0.27±0.01a |
| 异亮氨酸 Ile | 0.67±0.00b | 0.80±0.01a |
| 亮氨酸 Leu | 1.30±0.01b | 1.44±0.01a |
| 酪氨酸 Tyr | 0.66±0.01 | 0.69±0.01 |
| 苯丙氨酸 Phe | 1.18±0.01b | 1.35±0.02a |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 0.95±0.01b | 1.01±0.01a |
| 组氨酸 His | 0.62±0.00b | 0.68±0.02a |
| 精氨酸 Arg | 2.47±0.01 | 2.42±0.03 |
| 脯氨酸 Pro | 0.86±0.01a | 0.83±0.01b |
| 必需氨基酸 EAA | 5.98±0.03b | 6.86±0.11a |
| 总氨基酸 TAA | 20.20±0.10b | 21.66±0.33a |
2.2.3 发酵前后游离棉酚和霉菌毒素含量的变化
表6 解淀粉芽孢杆菌固态发酵全棉籽前后游离棉酚和霉菌毒素含量对比(干物质基础)Table 6 Comparison of free gossypol and mycotoxin contents of whole cottonseed before and after solid-state fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 发酵前 Before fermentation | 发酵后 After fermentation |
|---|---|---|
| 游离棉酚 FG/(mg/kg) | 3 316.60±36.49a | 1 444.40±27.26b |
| 玉米赤霉烯酮 ZEN/(μg/kg) | 10.59±0.10 | 11.21±0.41 |
| 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 DON/(mg/kg) | 0.13±0.00a | 0.10±0.00b |
| 黄曲霉毒素B1 AFB1/(μg/kg) | ND | ND |
ND表示未检出。 | |
ND means not detected. |
2.2.4 发酵前后酶活性的变化
表7 解淀粉芽孢杆菌固态发酵全棉籽前后酶活性对比Table 7 Comparison of enzyme activities before and after solid-state fermentation of whole cottonseed with Bacillus amyloliquefaciensU/g |
| 项目 Items | 发酵前 Before fermentation | 发酵后 After fermentation |
|---|---|---|
| 淀粉酶 Amylase | 0.00±0.00b | 34.67±0.27a |
| 纤维素酶 Cellulase | 251.12±27.37b | 364.13±33.22a |
| 中性蛋白酶 Neutral protease | 168.70±7.21b | 458.29±20.82a |
| 酸性蛋白酶 Acid proteinase | 236.04±12.55b | 473.44±21.34a |
| 碱性蛋白酶 Alkaline protease | 178.34±16.64b | 408.60±11.04a |
2.2.5 发酵前后超微结构的变化
图2 解淀粉芽孢杆菌固态发酵全棉籽前后扫描电镜图对比A、B为发酵前的全棉籽,C、D为发酵后的全棉籽。A和C的放大倍数为1 000倍,B和D的放大倍数为3 000倍。 Fig.2 Comparison of SEM photographs of whole cottonseed before and after solid-state fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens A and B are the whole cottonseed before fermentation, C and D are the whole cottonseed after fermentation. The magnification of A and C is 1 000 times, and the magnification of B and D is 3 000 times. |
2.3 解淀粉芽孢杆菌固态发酵全棉籽对体外发酵特性的影响
2.3.1 解淀粉芽孢杆菌固态发酵全棉籽对体外发酵产气量和产气参数的影响
图3 解淀粉芽孢杆菌固态发酵全棉籽体外发酵产气量动态变化Fig.3 Dynamic variation of in vitro fermentation GP of whole cottonseed by solid-state fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens |
表8 解淀粉芽孢杆菌固态发酵全棉籽对体外发酵产气量和产气参数的影响Table 8 Effects of whole-cottonseed by solid-state fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on in vitro GP and gas production parameters |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 发酵组 Fermentation group | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 产气量 GP/(mL/mg) | 12 h | 19.48±0.17a | 16.48±0.16b |
| 24 h | 21.81±0.16a | 17.65±0.18b | |
| 48 h | 24.47±0.16a | 19.81±0.31b | |
| 产气参数 Gas production parameters | 快速发酵部分产气量 Rapidly fermentation fraction GP (a)/(mL/mg) | 4.91±0.66a | -5.30±0.77b |
| 慢速发酵部分产气量 Slowly fermentation fraction GP (b)/(mL/mg) | 19.23±0.52b | 24.33±0.43a | |
| 潜在产气量 Potential GP (a+b)/(mL/mg) | 24.15±0.50a | 19.03±0.35b | |
| 产气速率 Gas production rate (c)/(%/h) | 0.13±0.01b | 0.19±0.01a |
2.3.2 解淀粉芽孢杆菌固态发酵全棉籽对体外发酵参数的影响
表9 解淀粉芽孢杆菌固态发酵全棉籽对体外发酵参数的影响Table 9 Effects of whole-cottonseed by solid-state fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on in vitro fermentation parameters |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 发酵组 Fermentation group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 h | 24 h | 48 h | 12 h | 24 h | 48 h | ||
| pH | 6.68±0.03 | 6.78±0.03 | 6.78±0.03 | 6.70±0.03 | 6.78±0.03 | 6.73±0.03 | |
| 氨态氮 NH3-N/(mg/dL) | 32.63±0.58 | 34.81±0.56b | 40.80±0.66b | 32.38±0.63 | 42.65±0.32a | 48.96±0.40a | |
| 微生物蛋白 MCP/(mg/mL) | 1.31±0.03b | 1.50±0.06 | 1.63±0.03 | 1.57±0.02a | 1.61±0.04 | 1.65±0.03 | |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸 TVFA/(mmol/L) | 55.45±0.64b | 63.83±0.49b | 68.27±1.18b | 63.90±0.71a | 70.19±0.35a | 75.43±0.35a | |
| 乙酸 Acetate/(mmol/L) | 35.41±0.40b | 41.25±0.57b | 44.29±0.88b | 41.96±0.51a | 45.91±0.76a | 49.02±0.36a | |
| 丙酸 Propionate/(mmol/L) | 13.54±0.51 | 15.49±0.32 | 16.15±0.35 | 15.67±1.02 | 16.63±0.38 | 17.62±0.50 | |
| 丁酸 Butyrate/(mmol/L) | 6.51±0.04 | 7.09±0.03b | 7.84±0.11b | 6.27±0.17 | 7.66±0.14a | 8.79±0.09a | |
| 乙酸/丙酸 Acetate/propionate | 2.63±0.10 | 2.67±0.08 | 2.74±0.03 | 2.72±0.22 | 2.77±0.11 | 2.79±0.10 | |
同一时间点,对照组和发酵组数据肩标无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 | |
At the same time, values of control group and fermentation group with no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). |

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