1 材料与方法
1.1 试验动物与试验设计
1.2 试验饲粮
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | |
| 原料 Ingredients | ||||
| 玉米 Corn | 67 | 65 | 62 | 59 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| 葡萄籽 Grape seed | 2 | 5 | 8 | |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| 合计 Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | ||||
| 消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) | 13.51 | 13.38 | 13.17 | 12.96 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 17.50 | 17.56 | 17.65 | 17.74 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 3.01 | 3.32 | 3.79 | 4.26 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 2.76 | 2.96 | 3.28 | 3.59 |
| 粗纤维 CF | 3.09 | 3.51 | 4.15 | 4.78 |
| 钙 Ca | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.92 |
| 总磷 TP | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.52 |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.09 | 1.09 |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.51 |
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 0.87 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.88 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 9 600 IU,VD3 1 280 IU,VE 3.2 IU,VK3 1.6 mg,VB1 3.6 mg,VB2 4.8 mg,VB6 6 mg,VB12 40 μg,D-泛酸钙 D-pantothenic acid 22 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 36 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.2 mg,D-生物素 D-biotin 0.3 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 0.4 g,氯化钠 sodium chloride 2.4 g,赖氨酸 lysine 2.4 g,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 48 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 96 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 96 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 120 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.4 mg,Co (as cobalt chloride) 0.2 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg。 2)粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、粗纤维、钙和总磷为实测值,其余为计算值。CP, EE, Ash, CF, Ca and TP were measured values, while the others were calculated values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集
1.5 指标测定
1.6 数据处理与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲粮中添加不同比例葡萄籽对生长猪生长性能的影响
表2 饲粮中添加不同比例葡萄籽对生长猪生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of different proportions of grape seeds in diets on growth performance of growing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | |
| 第1~14天 Days 1 to 14 | ||||
| 初重 Initial weight/kg | 19.99±0.92 | 20.16±0.97 | 20.30±1.13 | 19.11±1.02 |
| 末重 Final weight/kg | 31.91±2.66 | 32.67±3.33 | 30.68±1.66 | 31.98±2.27 |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/kg | 1.32±0.10 | 1.23±0.06 | 1.09±0.09 | 1.32±0.17 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/kg | 0.85±0.12 | 0.89±0.18 | 0.74±0.16 | 0.91±0.11 |
| 料重比 F/G | 1.55±0.39 | 1.38±0.75 | 1.47±0.36 | 1.45±0.38 |
| 第15~28天 Days 15 to 28 | ||||
| 初重 Initial weight/kg | 31.91±2.66 | 32.67±3.33 | 30.68±1.66 | 31.98±2.27 |
| 末重 Final weight/kg | 41.05±3.37 | 38.85±5.00 | 36.55±4.85 | 40.94±3.30 |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/kg | 1.93±0.01 | 1.87±0.01 | 1.95±0.07 | 1.98±0.04 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/kg | 0.65±0.14 | 0.59±0.25 | 0.61±0.13 | 0.64±0.05 |
| 料重比 F/G | 2.97±0.23 | 3.17±0.45 | 3.19±0.36 | 3.09±0.24 |
| 第1~28天 Days 1 to 28 | ||||
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/kg | 1.67±0.53 | 1.55±0.56 | 1.53±0.97 | 1.75±0.99 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/kg | 0.74±0.32 | 0.74±0.28 | 0.68±0.16 | 0.76±0.29 |
| 料重比 F/G | 2.27±0.52 | 2.29±0.31 | 2.33±0.45 | 2.27±0.34 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮中添加不同比例葡萄籽对生长猪血清生化指标的影响
表3 饲粮中添加不同比例葡萄籽对生长猪血清生化指标的影响Table 3 Effects of different proportions of grape seeds in diets on serum biochemical indices of growing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | |
| 第14天 Day 14 | ||||
| 总蛋白 TP/(mg/mL) | 5.31±0.60 | 6.03±1.53 | 6.16±1.99 | 7.66±3.66 |
| 白蛋白 ALB/(mg/mL) | 0.56±0.13 | 0.64±0.02 | 0.62±0.01 | 0.63±0.02 |
| 尿素氮 UN/(mg/mL) | 0.09±0.05a | 0.08±0.02ab | 0.05±0.03b | 0.06±0.01ab |
| 总胆固醇 TC/(μmol/dL) | 38.90±11.40 | 43.90±32.80 | 54.50±47.90 | 29.90±9.520 |
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mg/mL) | 0.37±0.04 | 0.36±0.01 | 0.35±0.03 | 0.36±0.02 |
| 第28天 Day 28 | ||||
| 总蛋白 TP/(mg/mL) | 6.73±2.50 | 5.61±2.04 | 4.52±2.56 | 5.58±4.80 |
| 白蛋白 ALB/(mg/mL) | 0.55±0.12 | 0.62±0.06 | 0.59±0.11 | 0.59±0.15 |
| 尿素氮 UN/(mg/mL) | 0.05±0.04 | 0.06±0.03 | 0.04±0.01 | 0.03±0.02 |
| 总胆固醇 TC/(μmol/dL) | 37.60±22.40 | 22.80±10.90 | 33.20±12.70 | 35.70±29.90 |
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mg/mL) | 0.38±0.05a | 0.33±0.02b | 0.36±0.02ab | 0.34±0.02ab |
2.3 饲粮中添加不同比例葡萄籽对生长猪血清抗氧化指标的影响
表4 饲粮中添加不同比例葡萄籽对生长猪血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 4 Effects of different proportions of grape seeds in diets on serum antioxidant indices of growing pigsU/mL |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | |
| 第14天 Day 14 | ||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC | 2.25±0.18ab | 2.32±0.12a | 2.11±0.33ab | 2.05±0.27b |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px | 20.30±6.23a | 13.60±2.67b | 13.50±1.33b | 10.30±1.87b |
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT | 3.22±1.61a | 2.88±0.47a | 1.35±0.51b | 1.69±1.20b |
| 第28天 Day 28 | ||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC | 2.07±0.15a | 2.02±0.17a | 1.73±0.23b | 1.65±0.11b |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px | 10.50±1.56ab | 12.70±2.74a | 11.20±3.32ab | 9.04±1.75b |
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT | 2.03±1.02 | 2.88±1.00 | 1.94±0.91 | 2.03±1.08 |
2.4 饲粮中添加不同比例葡萄籽对生长猪粪便菌群的影响
2.4.1 饲粮中添加不同比例葡萄籽对生长猪粪便菌群多样性的影响
表5 饲粮中添加不同比例葡萄籽对生长猪粪便菌群α-多样性的影响Table 5 Effects of different proportions of grape seeds on α-diversity of fecal microflora of growing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | |
| 第14天 Day 14 | ||||
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 4.12±0.31 | 3.98±0.20 | 4.28±0.27 | 3.97±0.21 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.036±0.010 | 0.048±0.010 | 0.030±0.010 | 0.047±0.010 |
| ACE指数 ACE index | 462.40±144.87 | 508.18±28.71 | 484.54±146.70 | 442.68±50.59 |
| Chao指数 Chao index | 462.86±143.75 | 517.30±30.56 | 494.64±144.43 | 448.77±59.01 |
| Coverage指数Coverage index | 0.997 5 | 0.997 1 | 0.997 4 | 0.997 6 |
| 第28天 Day 28 | ||||
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 3.42±0.14 | 3.84±0.20 | 3.81±0.33 | 3.89±0.29 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.138±0.020 | 0.073±0.020 | 0.089±0.050 | 0.084±0.030 |
| ACE指数 ACE index | 546.89±24.89 | 614.83±100.72 | 589.06±116.44 | 633.02±62.22 |
| Chao指数 Chao index | 546.00±22.19 | 600.77±81.36 | 586.17±111.33 | 648.72±76.57 |
| Coverage指数Coverage index | 0.996 8 | 0.996 2 | 0.996 8 | 0.996 4 |
图1 粪便菌群PCA图A:试验前期;图B:试验后期。N1、N2、N3、N4:试验前期Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组;D1、D2、D3、D4:试验后期Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组。下图同。 Fig.1 PCA of fecal microflora Fig.A: the early stage of the experiment; Fig.B: the late stage of the experiment. N1, N2, N3, N4: group Ⅰ, group Ⅱ, group Ⅲ, group Ⅳ in the early stage of the experiment; D1, D2, D3, D4: group Ⅰ, group Ⅱ, group Ⅲ, group Ⅳ in the late stage of the experiment. The same as below. |
2.4.2 粪便菌群组成分析
图3 粪便菌群属水平组成Streptococcus:链球菌属;Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1:狭义梭菌属1;Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group:普雷沃氏菌科NK3B31群;Lactobacillus:乳杆菌属;Terrisporobacter:土孢杆菌属;Norank_f_norank_o_RF39:未标记RF39菌属;Norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia_UCG-014:未标记梭菌属UCG-014;Unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae:未分类毛螺旋菌科;Unclassified_f_Ruminococcaceae:未分类瘤胃球菌科;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科RC9肠道群; Faecalibacterium:粪杆菌属;Phascolarctobacterium:考拉杆菌属;Norank_f_Oscillospiraceae:未标记颤螺菌科;Norank_f_Eubacterium_coprostanoli:真杆菌属;Blautia:布劳特氏菌属;Alloprevotella:拟普雷沃氏菌属。 Fig.3 Composition of fecal microbiota at genus level |

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