1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
1.3 基础饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 第1~3周 Weeks 1 to 3 | 第4~8周 Weeks 4 to 8 | 第9~17周 Weeks 9 to 17 | 第18~20周 Weeks 18 to 20 | 第21~30周 Weeks 21 to 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | ||||||
| 玉米 Corn | 60.07 | 63.34 | 68.44 | 62.86 | 57.00 | |
| 麸皮 Wheat bran | 0.50 | 1.50 | 9.22 | |||
| 大豆油 Soybean oil | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.88 | 1.51 | 3.92 | |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal (43% CP) | 34.80 | 30.85 | 18.02 | 29.18 | 28.50 | |
| 碳酸钙 CaCO3 | 1.18 | 1.26 | 1.32 | 3.84 | 8.58 | |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 1.87 | 1.70 | 1.30 | 1.78 | 1.40 | |
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐 L-Lys·HCl | 0.15 | 0.02 | ||||
| DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met | 0.20 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.20 | |
| L-苏氨酸 L-Thr | 0.03 | |||||
| 氯化钠 NaCl | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | |
| 多维预混料 Multi-vitamin premix1) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.15 | |
| 矿物质预混料 Mineral premix2) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.07 | |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels3) | ||||||
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 11.56 | 11.64 | 11.71 | 11.66 | 11.69 | |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 20.00 | 18.50 | 14.50 | 17.50 | 16.82 | |
| 钙 Ca | 1.05 | 1.00 | 0.90 | 2.00 | 3.73 | |
| 总磷 TP | 0.72 | 0.68 | 0.62 | 0.67 | 0.58 | |
| 有效磷 AP | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 0.38 | |
| 可消化赖氨酸 Digestible Lys | 1.20 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 0.93 | 0.90 | |
| 可消化蛋氨酸 Digestible Met | 0.51 | 0.38 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.46 | |
| 可消化苏氨酸 Digestible Thr | 0.80 | 0.72 | 0.55 | 0.68 | 0.65 | |
| 可消化色氨酸 Digestible Trp | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.20 | |
1)多维预混料为第1~20周每千克饲粮提供 The multi-vitamin premix provided the following per kg of diets from weeks 1 to 20:VA 12 000 IU,VD3 3 000 IU,VE 7.5 IU,VK2 1.5 mg,VB1 0.6 mg,VB2 4.8 mg,VB6 1.8 mg,VB12 0.009 mg,烟酸 niacin 10.5 mg,D-泛酸钙 D-calcium pantothenate 7.5 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.15 mg。多维预混料为第21~30周每千克饲粮提供 The multi-vitamin premix provided the following per kg of diets from weeks 21 to 30:VA 3 636 IU,VD3 909 IU,VE 2.3 IU,VK2 0.5 mg,VB1 0.2 mg,VB2 1.5 mg,VB6 0.5 mg,VB12 0.002 7 mg,烟酸 niacin 3.2 mg,D-泛酸钙 D-calcium pantothenate 2.3 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.05 mg。 2)矿物质预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The mineral premix provided the following per kg of diets:Fe (FeSO4·H2O) 100 mg,Cu (CuSO4·5H2O) 8 mg,Mn (MnSO4·H2O) 100 mg,Zn (ZnSO4·H2O) 100 mg,I (KI) 0.7 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.35 mg。 3)营养水平均为计算值。Nutrient levels were all calculated values. |
1.4 饲养管理
1.5 测定指标及方法
1.5.1 生长性能
1.5.2 产蛋性能
1.5.3 蛋品质
1.5.4 血清指标
1.6 数据处理与统计
2 结果
2.1 枯草芽孢杆菌和屎肠球菌对蛋鸡1~20周龄生长性能的影响
表2 枯草芽孢杆菌和屎肠球菌对蛋鸡1~20周龄生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium on growth performance of laying hens from 1 to 20 weeks of age |
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis | 屎肠球菌 Enterococcus faecium | 平均体重 Average BW/g | 平均体增重 Average BW gain/g | 平均采食量 Average feed intake/g | 料重比 F/G | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8周龄 8 weeks of age | 20周龄 20 weeks of age | 第1~8周 Weeks of 1 to 8 | 第9~ 20周 Weeks of 9 to 20 | 第1~ 20周 Weeks of 1 to 20 | 第1~8周 Weeks of 1 to 8 | 第9~ 20周 Weeks of 9 to 20 | 第1~ 20周 Weeks of 1 to 20 | 第1~8周 Weeks of 1 to 8 | 第9~ 20周 Weeks of 9 to 20 | 第1~ 20周 Weeks of 1 to 20 | ||||||
| - | - | 645 | 1 635 | 606 | 981 | 1 597 | 1 482 | 5 863 | 7 263 | 2.47a | 5.99 | 4.55 | ||||
| + | - | 655 | 1 666 | 617 | 1 012 | 1 628 | 1 447 | 5 980 | 7 325 | 2.32b | 5.89 | 4.48 | ||||
| - | + | 666 | 1 660 | 626 | 1 000 | 1 622 | 1 467 | 5 896 | 7 254 | 2.34b | 5.84 | 4.49 | ||||
| + | + | 653 | 1 647 | 625 | 993 | 1 605 | 1 464 | 5 883 | 7 300 | 2.33b | 5.93 | 4.47 | ||||
| SEM | 9.94 | 15.61 | 8.82 | 14.93 | 16.35 | 13.61 | 44.42 | 33.50 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.03 | |||||
| P值 P-value | 0.524 | 0.520 | 0.408 | 0.523 | 0.519 | 0.367 | 0.298 | 0.431 | 0.017 | 0.363 | 0.289 | |||||
| 主效应 Main effect | ||||||||||||||||
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 | - | 655 | 1 648 | 616 | 990 | 1 610 | 1 475 | 5 880 | 7 259 | 2.41a | 5.91 | 4.52 | ||||
| Bacillus subtilis | + | 654 | 1 657 | 621 | 1 003 | 1 617 | 1 456 | 5 931 | 7 313 | 2.32b | 5.91 | 4.48 | ||||
| 屎肠球菌 | - | 650 | 1 651 | 612 | 997 | 1 613 | 1 465 | 5 922 | 7 294 | 2.40 | 5.94 | 4.51 | ||||
| Enterococcus faecium | + | 659 | 1 654 | 625 | 996 | 1 613 | 1 466 | 5 890 | 7 277 | 2.34 | 5.89 | 4.48 | ||||
| P值 P-value | ||||||||||||||||
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis | 0.903 | 0.570 | 0.603 | 0.421 | 0.675 | 0.183 | 0.263 | 0.126 | 0.022 | 0.959 | 0.152 | |||||
| 屎肠球菌 Enterococcus faecium | 0.359 | 0.849 | 0.146 | 0.990 | 0.953 | 0.942 | 0.481 | 0.625 | 0.082 | 0.410 | 0.321 | |||||
| 枯草芽孢杆菌×屎肠球菌 Bacillus subtilis×Enterococcus faecium | 0.250 | 0.178 | 0.510 | 0.217 | 0.160 | 0.246 | 0.163 | 0.821 | 0.065 | 0.120 | 0.388 | |||||
“+”表示添加,“-”表示未添加。同列数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
“+” mean adding, and “-” mean without adding. In the same column, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 枯草芽孢杆菌和屎肠球菌对育成期蛋鸡胫骨长度和体重均匀度的影响
表3 枯草芽孢杆菌和屎肠球菌对育成期蛋鸡胫骨长度和体重均匀度的影响Table 3 Effects of Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium on tibia length and body weight uniformity of growing laying hens |
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis | 屎肠球菌 Enterococcus faecium | 胫骨长度 Tibia length/mm | 体重均匀度 Body weight uniformity/% | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第8周 Week 8 | 第20周 Week 20 | 第8周 Week 8 | 第20周 Week 20 | |||
| - | - | 84.43 | 100.10 | 82.00 | 82.83 | |
| + | - | 84.42 | 101.42 | 82.67 | 82.66 | |
| - | + | 84.43 | 101.72 | 84.67 | 83.16 | |
| + | + | 87.08 | 101.20 | 83.17 | 84.50 | |
| SEM | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.62 | 0.66 | ||
| P值 P-value | 0.050 | 0.510 | 0.200 | 0.550 | ||
| 主效应 Main effect | ||||||
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 | - | 84.23 | 100.94 | 82.58 | 83.67 | |
| Bacillus subtilis | + | 85.75 | 101.31 | 83.67 | 84.25 | |
| 屎肠球菌 | - | 84.42 | 100.65 | 82.33 | 83.42 | |
| Enterococcus faecium | + | 85.56 | 101.39 | 83.92 | 84.50 | |
| P值 P-value | ||||||
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis | 0.070 | 0.640 | 0.230 | 0.540 | ||
| 屎肠球菌 Enterococcus faecium | 0.170 | 0.390 | 0.090 | 0.260 | ||
| 枯草芽孢杆菌×屎肠球菌 Bacillus subtilis×Enterococcus faecium | 0.070 | 0.250 | 0.640 | 0.540 | ||
2.3 枯草芽孢杆菌和屎肠球菌对蛋鸡23~30周龄产蛋性能的影响
表4 枯草芽孢杆菌和屎肠球菌对蛋鸡23~30周龄产蛋性能的影响Table 4 Effects of Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium on laying performance of laying hens from 23 to 30 weeks of age |
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis | 屎肠球菌 Enterococcus faecium | 产蛋率 Laying rate/% | 平均蛋重 Average egg weight/g | 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 料蛋比 Feed/egg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | - | 91.78b | 53.55 | 93.06 | 1.95 |
| + | - | 92.53a | 53.70 | 95.66 | 1.92 |
| - | + | 92.57a | 54.09 | 95.65 | 1.91 |
| + | + | 92.42a | 53.86 | 95.79 | 1.92 |
| SEM | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.52 | 0.02 | |
| P值 P-value | 0.033 | 0.142 | 0.774 | 0.300 | |
| 主效应 Main effect | |||||
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 | - | 92.18 | 53.82 | 93.23 | 1.93 |
| Bacillus subtilis | + | 92.47 | 53.78 | 93.02 | 1.92 |
| 屎肠球菌 | - | 92.15b | 53.63b | 92.88 | 1.94 |
| Enterococcus faecium | + | 92.50a | 53.97a | 93.37 | 1.92 |
| P值 P-value | |||||
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis | 0.062 | 0.810 | 0.700 | 0.515 | |
| 屎肠球菌 Enterococcus faecium | 0.036 | 0.045 | 0.363 | 0.202 | |
| 枯草芽孢杆菌×屎肠球菌 Bacillus subtilis×Enterococcus faecium | 0.009 | 0.243 | 0.770 | 0.202 | |
2.4 枯草芽孢杆菌和屎肠球菌对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响
表5 枯草芽孢杆菌和屎肠球菌对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响Table 5 Effects of Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium on egg quality of laying hens |
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis | 屎肠球菌 Enterococcus faecium | 蛋重 Egg weight/g | 蛋白高度 Albumen height/mm | 蛋黄颜色 Yolk color | 哈氏单位 Haugh unit | 蛋壳强度 Eggshell strength/(kg/cm3) | 蛋壳重 Eggshell weight/g | 蛋壳厚度 Eggshell thickness/mm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | - | 58.10 | 8.12 | 7.05 | 90.67 | 4.70 | 6.94 | 0.370 |
| + | - | 59.30 | 8.25 | 6.58 | 90.93 | 4.61 | 6.83 | 0.350 |
| - | + | 59.30 | 8.25 | 6.58 | 90.93 | 4.61 | 6.83 | 0.350 |
| + | + | 59.97 | 8.70 | 7.13 | 92.93 | 4.59 | 6.93 | 0.375 |
| SEM | 0.68 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 1.21 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.010 | |
| P值 P-value | 0.680 | 0.230 | 0.220 | 0.719 | 0.987 | 0.763 | 0.097 | |
| 主效应 Main effect | ||||||||
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 | - | 58.70 | 8.18 | 6.82 | 90.80 | 4.66 | 6.89 | 0.368 |
| Bacillus subtilis | + | 59.70 | 8.42 | 7.19 | 91.68 | 4.59 | 7.06 | 0.284 |
| 屎肠球菌 | - | 58.70 | 8.13 | 7.15 | 90.54 | 4.64 | 7.07 | 0.390a |
| Enterococcus faecium | + | 59.70 | 8.48 | 6.86 | 91.93 | 4.60 | 6.88 | 0.362b |
| P值 P-value | ||||||||
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis | 0.342 | 0.488 | 0.239 | 0.615 | 0.786 | 0.492 | 0.207 | |
| 屎肠球菌 Enterococcus faecium | 0.359 | 0.302 | 0.356 | 0.426 | 0.884 | 0.455 | 0.037 | |
| 枯草芽孢杆菌×屎肠球菌 Bacillus subtilis×Enterococcus faecium | 0.753 | 0.519 | 0.577 | 0.518 | 0.853 | 0.765 | 0.471 | |
2.5 枯草芽孢杆菌和屎肠球菌对蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响
表6 枯草芽孢杆菌和屎肠球菌对蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium on serum biochemical indices of laying hens |
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis | 屎肠球菌 Enterococcus faecium | 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) | 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 碱性磷酸酶 ALP/(U/L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | - | 43.79 | 17.78 | 6.66 | 180.15 | 653.50 |
| + | - | 44.89 | 18.80 | 5.73 | 187.44 | 697.00 |
| - | + | 47.97 | 19.00 | 7.29 | 189.81 | 656.50 |
| + | + | 46.66 | 19.37 | 6.33 | 175.56 | 627.00 |
| SEM | 1.41 | 0.68 | 0.53 | 5.87 | 33.23 | |
| P值 P-value | 0.205 | 0.418 | 0.248 | 0.324 | 0.535 | |
| 主效应 Main effect | ||||||
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 | - | 45.88 | 18.39 | 6.97 | 184.98 | 655.00 |
| Bacillus subtilis | + | 45.78 | 19.08 | 6.03 | 181.50 | 662.00 |
| 屎肠球菌 | - | 44.34 | 18.29 | 6.20 | 183.79 | 675.25 |
| Enterococcus faecium | + | 47.31 | 19.18 | 6.81 | 182.68 | 641.75 |
| P值 P-value | ||||||
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis | 0.942 | 0.322 | 0.093 | 0.562 | 0.836 | |
| 屎肠球菌 Enterococcus faecium | 0.052 | 0.208 | 0.260 | 0.852 | 0.328 | |
| 枯草芽孢杆菌×屎肠球菌 Bacillus subtilis×Enterococcus faecium | 0.407 | 0.638 | 0.973 | 0.085 | 0.288 | |
2.6 枯草芽孢杆菌和屎肠球菌对蛋鸡血清繁殖相关激素含量的影响
表7 枯草芽孢杆菌和屎肠球菌对蛋鸡血清繁殖相关激素含量的影响Table 7 Effects of Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium on serum hormone content related to reproduction of laying hens |
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis | 屎肠球菌 Enterococcus faecium | 雌二醇 E2/(pg/mL) | 促卵泡生成素 FSH/ (mIU/mL) | 抗缪勒氏管激素 AMH/ (pg/mL) | 孕酮 PROG/ (ng/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | - | 342.14b | 16.07c | 2 524.13c | 19.11b |
| + | - | 357.43b | 14.74d | 3 917.03a | 19.90b |
| - | + | 394.70b | 17.23b | 3 161.50b | 24.68a |
| + | + | 420.84a | 18.56a | 2 929.50b | 25.83a |
| SEM | 18.66 | 0.74 | 168.51 | 1.34 | |
| P值 P-value | 0.030 | 0.011 | 0.004 | 0.003 | |
| 主效应 Main effect | |||||
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 | - | 368.42 | 16.65 | 2 842.80b | 21.89 |
| Bacillus subtilis | + | 389.13 | 16.65 | 3 423.30a | 22.87 |
| 屎肠球菌 | - | 349.78b | 15.40b | 3 220.60 | 19.50b |
| Enterococcus faecium | + | 407.77a | 17.90a | 3 045.50 | 25.25a |
| P值 P-value | |||||
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis | 0.280 | 0.999 | 0.005 | 0.475 | |
| 屎肠球菌 Enterococcus faecium | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.319 | <0.001 | |
| 枯草芽孢杆菌×屎肠球菌 Bacillus subtilis×Enterococcus faecium | 0.774 | 0.088 | <0.001 | 0.896 | |

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