1 材料与方法
1.1 试验时间及地点
1.2 蚯蚓液的制备
表1 蚯蚓液中常规营养成分、微量元素、氨基酸和重金属含量以及相关酶活性Table 1 Contents of routine nutrients, trace elements, amino acids, heavy metals and activities of related enzymes in earthworm hydrolysate |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 常规营养成分Routine nutrients/% | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 9.67 | ||
| 粗脂肪EE | 0.40 | ||
| 粗灰分Ash | 0.84 | ||
| 微量元素Trace elements/(mg/kg) | |||
| 钙Ca | 682.87 | ||
| 磷P | 980.00 | ||
| 锌Zn | 7.20 | ||
| 铁Fe | 130.00 | ||
| 硒Se | 0.46 | ||
| 锰Mn | 9.60 | ||
| 铜Cu | 0.60 | ||
| 氨基酸Amino acids/% | |||
| 天门冬氨酸Asp# | 0.19 | ||
| 苏氨酸Thr#* | 0.12 | ||
| 丝氨酸Ser# | 0.10 | ||
| 谷氨酸Glu# | 0.67 | ||
| 甘氨酸Gly# | 0.46 | ||
| 丙氨酸Ala# | 0.66 | ||
| 胱氨酸Cys-Cys | 0.66 | ||
| 缬氨酸Val | 0.54 | ||
| 蛋氨酸Met* | 0.12 | ||
| 异亮氨酸Ile* | 0.43 | ||
| 亮氨酸Leu* | 0.71 | ||
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 0.05 | ||
| 苯丙氨酸Phe* | 0.26 | ||
| 组氨酸His | 0.35 | ||
| 赖氨酸Lys* | 0.06 | ||
| 精氨酸Arg | 0.05 | ||
| 脯氨酸Pro# | 0.08 | ||
| 色氨酸Trp* | 0.10 | ||
| 18种氨基酸总量Total of 18 amino acids | 5.61 | ||
| 重金属Heavy metals/(mg/kg) | |||
| 砷As | 0.420 | ||
| 汞Hg | 0.010 | ||
| 铅Pb | 0.066 | ||
| 镉Cd | 0.016 | ||
| 铬Cr | 0.450 | ||
| 相关酶Related enzymes/(U/g) | |||
| 胃蛋白酶PG | 0.955 | ||
| 纤维素酶CL | 50.512 | ||
| 脂肪酶LPS | 75.323 | ||
| 过氧化物酶POD | 65.258 | ||
| 蚓激酶EFE | 1 450.200 |
#为鲜味氨基酸,*为必需氨基酸。 | |
# represents for umami amino acid, * represents for essential amino acid. |
1.3 试验设计
表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 1%蚯蚓液组 1% EH group | 2%蚯蚓液组 2% EH group | 3%蚯蚓液组 3% EH group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | ||||
| 蚯蚓液Earthworm hydrolysate | 1.000 | 2.000 | 3.000 | |
| 玉米Corn | 61.000 | 60.390 | 59.780 | 59.170 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 24.000 | 23.760 | 23.520 | 23.280 |
| 麦麸Wheat bran | 2.500 | 2.475 | 2.450 | 2.425 |
| 石粉Limestone | 8.500 | 8.415 | 8.330 | 8.245 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.130 | 0.130 | 0.130 | 0.130 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.250 | 1.240 | 1.230 | 1.210 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 2.620 | 2.590 | 2.560 | 2.540 |
| 合计Total | 100.000 | 100.000 | 100.000 | 100.000 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.28 | 12.28 | 12.29 | 12.29 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 16.49 | 16.42 | 16.35 | 16.29 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 2.69 | 2.67 | 2.64 | 2.62 |
| 粗纤维CF | 3.29 | 3.26 | 3.22 | 3.19 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 2.31 | 2.30 | 2.28 | 2.27 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.31 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.79 |
| 钙Ca | 3.05 | 3.03 | 3.00 | 2.99 |
| 有效磷AP | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.31 |
1)每千克预混料含有 One kg of premix contained the follows:VA 260 000 IU,VD3 95 000 IU,VE 550 IU,VK3 95 mg,VB1 55 mg,VB2 200 mg,VB6 150 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 1 300 mg,叶酸 folic acid 38 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 460 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 2 300 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 2 200 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 2 600 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 380 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 38 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 20 mg,NaCl 115 g。 2)营养水平为测定值。Nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.4 检测指标
1.4.1 产蛋性能和蛋品质测定
1.4.2 血清生化指标测定
1.4.3 肠黏膜形态学观察
1.4.4 肠道微生物扩增子测序分析
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结 果
2.1 蚯蚓液对蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响
表3 蚯蚓液对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响Table 3 Effects of earthworm hydrolysate on laying performance of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 1%蚯蚓液组 1% EH group | 2%蚯蚓液组 2% EH group | 3%蚯蚓液组 3% EH group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 开产日龄Age at first egg | 131.67±2.25 | 131.50±5.05 | 128.17±2.93 | 130.33±2.25 |
| 产蛋率Laying rate/% | 94.98±1.43 | 94.95±2.56 | 94.13±3.63 | 94.19±2.36 |
| 产蛋数Egg production/枚 | 146.27±2.20 | 146.22±3.95 | 144.96±5.58 | 145.05±3.64 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 129.70±0.32 | 129.80±0.29 | 129.84±0.44 | 129.71±0.36 |
| 平均日产蛋重Average daily egg production/g | 63.82±0.78 | 63.78±2.60 | 63.97±2.73 | 63.22±1.90 |
| 料蛋比Feed/egg | 2.03±0.02 | 2.04±0.09 | 2.04±0.08 | 2.05±0.06 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
表4 蚯蚓液对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响Table 4 Effects of earthworm hydrolysate on egg quality of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 1%蚯蚓液组 1% EH group | 2%蚯蚓液组 2% EH group | 3%蚯蚓液组 3% EH group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 蛋重Egg mass/g | 60.47±6.20 | 61.18±2.37 | 61.53±4.51 | 62.85±4.35 |
| 蛋形指数Egg shape index | 1.29±0.05 | 1.31±0.03 | 1.29±0.03 | 1.31±0.04 |
| 蛋壳厚度Shell thickness/mm | 0.43±0.02BCc | 0.49±0.01Aa | 0.45±0.02Bb | 0.42±0.01Cc |
| 蛋黄质量Yolk mass/g | 17.47±2.58 | 17.77±1.04 | 17.63±0.97 | 18.18±1.12 |
| 蛋黄比率Percentage of yolk/% | 28.53±1.35 | 28.65±1.28 | 27.91±2.10 | 29.10±2.58 |
| 哈氏单位Haugh unit | 76.79±5.00 | 74.08±6.27 | 77.08±4.96 | 80.27±5.39 |
| 蛋黄颜色Yolk color | 10.17±0.75 | 10.67±0.82 | 10.67±0.82 | 10.17±0.41 |
| 蛋壳强度Shell strength | 50.40±9.66ab | 54.48±7.13a | 52.63±6.81ab | 43.82±9.67b |
2.2 蚯蚓液对蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响
表5 蚯蚓液对蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of earthworm hydrolysate on serum biochemical indices of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 1%蚯蚓液组 1% EH group | 2%蚯蚓液组 2% EH group | 3%蚯蚓液组 3% EH group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 60.72±3.92 | 60.40±3.88 | 60.38±3.48 | 57.47±6.40 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 18.82±0.96 | 18.77±0.74 | 18.48±1.05 | 17.95±0.83 |
| 球蛋白GLB/(g/L) | 41.90±4.35 | 41.65±3.69 | 41.90±3.01 | 39.52±5.65 |
| 白球比A/G | 0.45±0.06 | 0.45±0.04 | 0.44±0.03 | 0.46±0.04 |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 6.00±1.65 | 6.10±2.58 | 6.47±0.72 | 7.27±0.68 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 217.37±77.50 | 183.63±13.71 | 181.63±26.35 | 191.98±16.55 |
| 谷草转氨酶谷草/谷丙转氨酶AST/ALT | 43.23±34.42 | 34.20±12.34 | 28.27±4.12 | 26.58±2.82 |
| 碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) | 249.25±78.73 | 305.85±132.16 | 268.65±89.74 | 231.57±75.87 |
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 0.60±0.03 | 0.60±0.06 | 0.65±0.13 | 0.62±0.07 |
| 肌酐CREA/(μmol/L) | 10.15±1.56Aa | 7.27±0.85Bb | 7.33±2.09Bb | 7.15±1.72Bb |
| 尿酸UA/(μmol/L) | 906.05±47.29Aa | 811.53±40.72ABab | 840.68±67.74ABa | 726.07±128.36Bb |
| 乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(U/L) | 947.55±146.37 | 1 063.95±377.07 | 1 143.92±310.59 | 1 189.48±331.77 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 17.17±4.32 | 18.93±2.05 | 17.62±3.95 | 16.58±5.32 |
| 总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) | 3.52±1.07b | 4.14±0.72ab | 5.00±1.62a | 3.55±1.26ab |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 1.22±0.29 | 1.33±0.37 | 1.64±0.82 | 1.25±0.50 |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.75±0.13 | 0.87±0.06 | 0.90±0.16 | 0.79±0.15 |
2.3 蚯蚓液对蛋鸡肠黏膜形态的影响
表6 蚯蚓液对蛋鸡肠黏膜形态的影响Table 6 Effects of earthworm hydrolysate on intestinal mucosal morphology of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 1%蚯蚓液组 1% EH group | 2%蚯蚓液组 2% EH group | 3%蚯蚓液组 3% EH group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 绒毛高度Villi height/μm | 1 172.04±83.22 | 1 259.70±226.83 | 1 313.65±82.00 | 1 055.32±49.52 |
| 绒毛宽度Vilii width/μm | 425.02±33.64 | 448.12±39.68 | 376.76±47.49 | 365.14±46.32 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 220.03±36.96 | 225.93±32.16 | 237.49±44.60 | 171.36±49.10 |
| 绒腺比值V/C | 5.41±0.76 | 5.60±0.81 | 5.68±1.26 | 6.51±1.84 |
| 肌层厚度Intestine thickness/μm | 257.14±96.62 | 316.09±34.30 | 382.84±152.81 | 379.04±165.26 |
| 绒毛表面积Surface area of villi/mm2 | 1.57±0.23 | 1.79±0.48 | 1.56±0.27 | 1.21±0.21 |
2.4 蚯蚓液对蛋鸡盲肠微生物多样性的影响
2.4.1 获得数据总体情况
2.4.2 特有操作分类单元(OTUs)分析
图1 各组蛋鸡肠道微生物的特有OTUs变化情况多个颜色图形之间交叠部分数字为多个组之间共有的OTUs数量,非交叠部分为各组特有的OTUs数量。 Fig.1 Changes of special OTUs of intestinal microbiome of laying hens in each group The number in each overlapped area stands for number of common OTUs in multiple color graphics, the number in each non-overlapped area stands for number of unique OTUs in multiple color graphics. |
2.4.3 alpha多样性
图2 alpha多样性指数组间差异柱状图“*”表示组间差异显著(P<0.05)。 Fig.2 Histogram of difference between groups for alpha diversity indexes “*” mean significant difference between groups (P<0.05). |
2.4.4 beta多样性
图4 各组蛋鸡肠道微生物的聚类树与柱状图组合图C-1、C-2和C-3为对照组的3个样本,T1-1、T1-2和T1-3为1%蚯蚓液组的3个样本,T2-1、T2-2和T2-3为2%蚯蚓液组的3个样本,T3-1、T3-2和T3-3为3%蚯蚓液组的3个样本。右上方图注代表相对丰度排名前10的物种,排名在前10之外的物种归为其他,未注释到的物种归为未分类。 Fig.4 Combining diagram of clustering tree and histogram of intestinal microbiome of laying hens in each group C-1, C-2 and C-3 are 3 samples from control group, T1-1, T1-2 and T1-3 are 3 samples from 1% EH group, T2-1, T2-2 and T2-3 are 3 samples from 2% EH group, and T3-1, T3-2 and T3-3 are 3 samples from 3% EH group. The legend in the top right represents the top 10 species in relative abundance. Species outside the top 10 are classified as Others. Unannotated species are classified as Unclassified. |
2.4.5 肠道微生物相对丰度
表7 各组蛋鸡肠道微生物相对丰度的变化情况Table 7 Changes of intestinal microbial relative abundance of laying hens in each group |
| 分类水平 Classification levels | 菌名 Bacterial name | 对照组 Control group | 1%蚯蚓液组 1% EH group | 2%蚯蚓液组 2% EH group | 3%蚯蚓液组 3% EH group | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 脱硫菌门 Desulfobacterota | 0.027 835 ±0.003 957Ab | 0.003 957 ±0.002 571Bc | 0.002 571 ±0.002 571Bc | 0.001 058 ±0.001 058ABa | |||||||||||
| 门Phylum | 广古菌门 Euryarchaeota | 0.002 052 ±0.002 052ABb | 0.000 326 ±0.000 117Bb | 0.000 117 ±0.000 460Bb | 0.004 764 ±0.001 426Aa | ||||||||||
| 梭杆菌门 Fusobacteriota | 0.014 625 ±0.001 175Aa | 0.001 426 ±0.001 164Cc | 0.002 944 ±0.001 236BCb | 0.005 714 ±0.000 771BCb | |||||||||||
纲Class | 梭杆菌纲 Fusobacteria | 0.014 625 ±0.001 175Aa | 0.002 944 ±0.001 236Bc | 0.006 431 ±0.001 164Bb | 0.005 714 ±0.000 771Bb | ||||||||||
| 甲烷杆菌纲 Methanobacteria | 0.004 764 ±0.001 426Aa | 0.000 874 ±0.000 117Bb | 0.000 969 ±0.000 460Bb | 0.002 052 ±0.000 874ABb | |||||||||||
| 脱硫弧菌目 Desulfovibrionales | 0.027 835 ±0.003 957ABb | 0.019 670 ±0.002 571Bc | 0.019 083 ±0.000 553Bc | 0.035 259 ±0.001 058Aa | |||||||||||
目Order | 梭杆菌目 Fusobacteriales | 0.014 625 ±0.001 175Aa | 0.002 944 ±0.001 236Bc | 0.006 431 ±0.001 164Bb | 0.005 714 ±0.000 771Bb | ||||||||||
| 甲烷杆菌目 Methanobacteriales | 0.004 764 ±0.001 426Aa | 0.000 326 ±0.000 117Bb | 0.000 969 ±0.000 460Bb | 0.002 052 ±0.000 874ABb | |||||||||||
| RF39 | 0.003 667 ±0.003 667Aa | 0.002 281 ±0.000 286Bb | 0.004 123 ±0.000 340Aa | 0.002 557 ±0.000 179Bb | |||||||||||
| 巴恩斯氏菌科 Barnesiellaceae | 0.003 436 ±0.000 589ABab | 0.004 218 ±0.000 849Aa | 0.001 796 ±0.000 420Bc | 0.002 132 ±0.002 132Bbc | |||||||||||
| 脱硫弧菌科 Desulfovibrionaceae | 0.035 259 ±0.001 058Aa | 0.019 670 ±0.002 571BCc | 0.019 083 ±0.000 553Cc | 0.027 835 ±0.003 957ABb | |||||||||||
| 科Family | 梭杆菌科 Fusobacteriaceae | 0.014 625 ±0.014 625Aa | 0.006 431 ±0.006 431Bb | 0.002 944 ±0.001 236Bc | 0.005 332 ±0.000 487Bbc | ||||||||||
| 甲烷杆菌科 Methanobacteriaceae | 0.004 764 ±0.001 426Aa | 0.000 326 ±0.000 117Bb | 0.000 969 ±0.000 460Bb | 0.002 052 ±0.000 874ABb | |||||||||||
| 理研菌科 Rikenellaceae | 0.047 808 ±0.006 469Cc | 0.057 528 ±0.010 350BCbc | 0.075 404 ±0.006 300BCb | 0.082 352 ±0.008 800Aa | |||||||||||
| 脱硫弧菌属 Desulfovibrio | 0.033 936 ±0.033 936Aa | 0.018 083 ±0.002 500BCc | 0.017 537 ±0.000 126Cc | 0.025 920 ±0.003 879ABb | |||||||||||
| 属Genus | 梭杆菌属 Fusobacterium | 0.014 625 ±0.001 175Aa | 0.006 431 ±0.001 164Bb | 0.002 944 ±0.002 944Bc | 0.005 332 ±0.000 487Bbc | ||||||||||
| 甲烷短杆菌属 Methanobrevibacter | 0.004 764 ±0.001 426Aa | 0.000 326 ±0.000 117Bb | 0.000 969 ±0.000 460Bb | 0.002 052 ±0.000 874ABb | |||||||||||
| Bacteroides caecicola | 0.000 712 ±0.000 237Bb | 0.000 955 ±0.000 064Bb | 0.002 399 ±0.000 416Aa | 0.000 559 ±0.000 104Bb | |||||||||||
种Species | 粪居拟杆菌 Bacteroides coprocola | 0.003 461 ±0.000 457Bb | 0.002 743 ±0.000 390Bb | 0.008 182 ±0.001 355Aa | 0.001 355 ±0.000 376Bb | ||||||||||
| Desulfovibrio_bacterium_ New_Zealand_D | 0.003 869 ±0.003 869Aa | 0.003 356 ±0.000 754ABa | 0.001 959 ±0.000 298BCbc | 0.001 629 ±0.000 197Cc | |||||||||||
| Megasphaera stantonii | 0.002 617 ±0.000 747Bb | 0.001 675 ±0.000 455Bb | 0.007 089 ±0.001 558Aa | 0.002 933 ±0.000 574Bb | |||||||||||

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