动物营养学报 >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 11: 7138 - 7148

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.649

研究论文

玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、养分表观代谢率和肠道食糜黏度的影响

  • 王秋凡 , 1 ,
  • 赵国先 , 1, * ,
  • 李茜 , 2, * ,
  • 冯志华 1 ,
  • 刘观忠 1 ,
  • 张东远 3 ,
  • 杨博文 1 ,
  • 赵前程 1 ,
  • 常丹萍 1
展开
  • 1 河北农业大学动物科技学院,保定 071000
  • 2 河北省畜牧兽医研究所,保定 071030
  • 3 中科康源(唐山)生物技术有限公司,唐山 064400
* 赵国先,教授,博士生导师,E-mail: ;
李 茜,研究员,硕士生导师,E-mail:

王秋凡(1998—),女,河北保定人,硕士研究生,研究方向为动物营养与饲料科学。E-mail:

Copy editor: 菅景颖

收稿日期: 2023-05-31

  网络出版日期: 2023-11-12

基金资助

河北省现代农业技术体系蛋肉鸡创新团队建设项目(HBC2018150203)

现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-40-S03)

收起

Effects of Adding Cellulose Complex Enzyme to Corn-Wheat-Soybean Meal Type Diet on Performance, Egg Quality, Nutrient Apparent Metabolic Rates and Intestinal Chyme Viscosity of Laying Hens

  • WANG Qiufan , 1 ,
  • ZHAO Guoxian , 1, * ,
  • LI Qian , 2, * ,
  • FENG Zhihua 1 ,
  • LIU Guanzhong 1 ,
  • ZHANG Dongyuan 3 ,
  • YANG Bowen 1 ,
  • ZHAO Qiancheng 1 ,
  • CHANG Danping 1
Expand
  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
  • 2 Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Hebei Province, Baoding 071030, China
  • 3 Zhongke Kangyuan (Tangshan) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tangshan 064400, China
* ZHAO Guoxian, professor, E-mail: ;
LI Qian, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-05-31

  Online published: 2023-11-12

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摘要

本试验旨在研究纤维素复合酶(主要成分为纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、淀粉酶和蛋白酶)在蛋鸡玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中的应用效果。选取53周龄海兰褐蛋鸡288只,随机分为4个组,每个组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡。对照组饲喂玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮,试验组分别在对照组饲粮的基础上添加200、400和600 mg/kg的纤维素复合酶。预试期为7 d,正试期为84 d。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,200、400、600 mg/kg组蛋鸡的产蛋率分别显著提高了2.72%、3.28%、5.39%(P<0.05);400和600 mg/kg组蛋鸡的平均日采食量及料蛋比显著降低(P<0.05)。2)400和600 mg/kg组鸡蛋蛋黄颜色显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)600 mg/kg组蛋鸡的能量表观代谢率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),400和600 mg/kg组蛋鸡的粗蛋白质表观代谢率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。600 mg/kg组蛋鸡的能量表观代谢率显著高于200和400 mg/kg组(P<0.05),粗蛋白质表观代谢率各试验组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。4)与对照组相比,400和600 mg/kg组蛋鸡十二指肠食糜黏度显著降低(P<0.05),各试验组蛋鸡回肠食糜黏度均显著降低(P<0.05),其中400 mg/kg组比对照组降低15.79%。5)200、400、600 mg/kg组的利润比对照组分别提高了11.01%、19.74%、16.64%,其中400 mg/kg组蛋鸡产生的经济效益最好。6)通过建立料蛋比(y)与纤维素复合酶添加量(x)之间的回归方程y=11.072×10-7x2-0.001x+2.331,计算出获得最小料蛋比时的纤维素复合酶添加量为451.59 mg/kg。结合生产性能和经济效益,在本试验条件下,蛋鸡玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中纤维素复合酶的适宜添加量为400 mg/kg。

关键词： 玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮; 蛋鸡; 纤维素复合酶

本文引用格式

王秋凡 , 赵国先 , 李茜 , 冯志华 , 刘观忠 , 张东远 , 杨博文 , 赵前程 , 常丹萍 . 玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、养分表观代谢率和肠道食糜黏度的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023 , 35(11) : 7138 -7148 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.649

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to study the application effect of cellulose complex enzymes (mainly consisting of cellulase, xylanase, amylase and protease) in corn-wheat-soybean meal type diet of laying hens. A total of 288 laying hens aged 53 weeks were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 12 hens per replicate. The control group was fed a corn-wheat-soybean meal type diet, and the experimental groups were supplemented with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg cellulose complex enzyme on the basis of the diet of control group, respectively. The pre-test period lasted for 7 days and the experiment period lasted for 84 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the laying rate of laying hens in the 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg groups was significantly increased by 2.72%, 3.28% and 5.39% (P<0.05), respectively; the average daily feed intake and feed/egg ratio of laying hens in the 400 and 600 mg/kg groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) The yolk color in the 400 and 600 mg/kg groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). 3) The energy apparent metabolic rate of laying hens in the 600 mg/kg group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the crude protein apparent metabolic rate of laying hens in the 400 and 600 mg/kg groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The energy apparent metabolic rate of laying hens in the 600 mg/kg group was significantly higher than that in the 200 and 400 mg/kg groups, but there was no significant difference in the crude protein apparent metabolic rate among all experimental groups (P>0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, duodenal chyme viscosity of laying hens in the 400 and 600 mg/kg groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the ileal chyme viscosity of laying hens in each experimental group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and that in 400 mg/kg group was 15.79% lower than that in control group. 5) The profit of laying hens in 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg groups was 11.01%, 19.74% and 16.64% higher than that in the control group, respectively. The economic benefit of laying hens in 400 mg/kg group was the best. 6) The regression equation between feed/egg ratio (y) and cellulose complex enzyme addition amount (x) was established, y=11.072×10-7x2-0.001x+2.331. The minimum feed to egg ratio of cellulose complex enzyme addition amount calculated by regression equation was 451.59 mg/kg. Considering the performance and economic benefit, under the condition of this experiment, the suitable addition amount of cellulose complex enzyme in the corn-wheat-soybean meal type diet of laying hens is 400 mg/kg.

Key words： corn-wheat-soybean meal type diet; laying hens; cellulose complex enzyme

近年来,我国饲料资源短缺问题日益突出,提高现有饲料资源的利用是解决饲料短缺问题的有效途径。植物性饲料原料(如玉米、小麦和豆粕等)细胞壁中含有纤维素、半纤维素和木质素等成分[1⇓-3],这些成分按一定方式排列构成复杂的网状结构,像一个天然屏障,在蛋鸡体内阻碍内源酶对胞内营养物质的进一步接触,降低蛋鸡的养分消化率,造成饲料资源浪费[4⇓-6]。目前,关于降解饲粮中纤维成分的研究多集中于添加纤维素复合酶[7⇓⇓-10]。纤维素复合酶产品繁多,无酶数量及种类限制,一般由纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、多糖酶(如甘露聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶等)及消化酶(如蛋白酶、淀粉酶等)等酶类组成[11]。其中纤维素酶属于O-糖基水解酶,主要分为内切葡聚糖酶、外切葡聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶等[12],这些酶协同作用于纤维素链内部松散的非结晶区,将纤维素降解成小分子葡萄糖[13]。木聚糖酶主要由β-1,4内切木聚糖酶、β-木糖苷酶两大主链水解酶和多种侧链水解酶构成,可将木聚糖分解为低聚木糖及多种侧链寡糖(如阿拉伯糖、半乳糖等)[14]。畜牧生产中,由于纤维素复合酶作用底物组成及结构复杂[15]、作用环境不稳定[16]及产酶微生物发酵和纯化工艺限制[17-18]等因素影响,其添加量参差不齐,作用效果不一。对不同纤维素复合酶在不同饲粮类型中的效果针对性开展饲养试验,精准评价不同纤维素复合酶的应用效果具有现实意义。本试验拟通过研究玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加一种主要由纤维素酶和木聚糖酶组成的纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、养分表观代谢率和肠道食糜黏度的影响,探讨该纤维素复合酶在蛋鸡玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中的应用效果,为该纤维素复合酶的推广提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

本试验所用纤维素复合酶是由里氏木霉和黑曲霉双菌种协同作用经可溶性诱导碳源开发等特殊工艺发酵的产物。该纤维素复合酶为粉剂,其滤纸酶和羧甲基纤维素酶活性按照QB/T 2589—2003测定,木聚糖酶活性按照QB/T 4483—2013测定,β-葡聚糖酶、淀粉酶、蛋白酶活性分别按照QB/T 4481—2013、GB/T 24401—2009、GB/T 28715—2012测定,具体数值见表1。
表1 纤维素复合酶中各种酶的活性

Table 1 Each enzyme activity in cellulose complex enzyme U/g

项目
Item		 滤纸酶
FPase		 羧甲基纤维素酶
CMCase		 木聚糖酶
Xylanase		 β-葡聚糖酶
β-glucanase		 淀粉酶
Amylase		 蛋白酶
Protease
活性Activity 716 20 390 4 054 3 284 56 28

1.2 试验设计

采用单因素试验设计,共选取288只健康状况相近、产蛋率无显著差异(P>0.05)的53周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为4个组,每个组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡。对照组为玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮,试验组分别在对照组饲粮的基础上分别添加200、400、600 mg/kg的纤维素复合酶。预试期为7 d,正试期为84 d。基础饲粮参照《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)配制,其中小麦用量为20%,基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表2。
表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 40.00
豆粕Soybean meal 23.55
小麦Wheat 20.00
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 2.00
石粉Limestone 8.00
食盐NaCl 0.30
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.15
脂粉Fat powder1) 3.00
预混料Premix2) 3.00
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels3)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 11.30
粗蛋白质CP 16.50
赖氨酸Lys 0.78
蛋氨酸Met 0.39
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.65
钙Ca 3.50
总磷TP 0.66

1)脂粉的禽代谢能为26.15 MJ/kg。The metabolizable energy of fat powder for poultry is 26.15 MJ/kg.

2)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provides the following per kg of the diet:VA 10 000 IU,VD3 3 000 IU,VE 10 mg,VK3 1 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 30 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 6.6 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.75 mg,生物素 biotin 0.1 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 60 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 60 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 80 mg,I (as potassium sulfate) 0.35 mg,Se (as sodium sulfate) 0.3 mg。

3)粗蛋白质、钙、总磷和氨基酸为实测值,代谢能为计算值,计算公式:代谢能=(食入总能-排泄总能)/食入干物质量。CP, Ca, TP and amino acids are measured values, while the ME is a calculated value, calculation formula: ME=(GE intake-GE output)/DM intake.

1.3 饲养管理

试验鸡采用上、中、下3层阶梯式笼养,每笼3只,各组均匀分布。每日08:00、16:00喂料。以粉料形式饲喂,小麦粉碎粒度为2.5 mm,乳头式饮水器饮水。每日光照时长16 h,每日17:00清粪并打扫卫生。每周对鸡舍带鸡喷雾消毒1次。

1.4 检测指标

1.4.1 生产性能

每日以重复为单位记录产蛋数、总蛋重,每周结料,统计耗料量。每周计算各重复产蛋率、日均产蛋量、平均日采食量和料蛋比。计算公式如下:
产蛋率(%)=[每重复产蛋总数/(每重复鸡只数×试验天数)]×100;
平均蛋重(g)=每重复总蛋重/每重复产蛋总数;
日均产蛋量(g/d)=每重复总蛋重/(每重复鸡只数×试验天数);
平均日采食量[g/(只·d)]=每重复耗料量/(每重复鸡只数×试验天数);
料蛋比=耗料量/总产蛋重。

1.4.2 蛋品质

试验结束当天,每重复随机收集3颗鸡蛋并标号,用全自动蛋品分析仪进行蛋黄颜色、蛋白高度和哈氏单位等指标的检测。此外,采用以色列OKRA公司的蛋壳强度测定仪测定蛋壳强度;使用螺旋测微仪分别测量除去内外壳膜的蛋壳钝端、中部、锐端3个部位的厚度,取平均值,精确到0.01 mm,即为蛋壳厚度。

1.4.3 养分表观代谢率

在饲养试验的最后3 d,以重复为单位,每24 h收集1次排泄物(粪样中无杂物),将3 d粪样混匀,取出100 g加入10 mL 10%盐酸(HCl),混匀,用于测定粗蛋白质含量;剩余粪样不加HCl,用于检测其他指标。粪样全部于-20 ℃冰箱保存,测定时将粪样取出,经65 ℃烘48 h,于室温回潮并制成风干样品。饲料和粪便样品均粉碎过40目筛。饲料和粪便样品中总能按照ISO 9831:1998采用氧弹式能量仪(IKA-C 200)测定;粗蛋白质含量参照GB/T 6432—2018中的凯氏定氮法测定;酸不溶灰分(AIA)含量参考GB/T 23742—2009测定。此外,饲粮中水分、钙、总磷和氨基酸含量分别按照GB/T 6435—2014、GB/T 6436—2018、GB/T 6437—2018和GB/T 18246—2019中方法进行测定。能量和粗蛋白质表观代谢率计算公式如下:
能量表观代谢率(%)=[1-(粪中总能×饲粮中AIA含量)/(饲粮中总能×粪中AIA含量)]×100;
粗蛋白质表观代谢率(%)=[1-(粪中粗蛋白质含量×饲粮中AIA含量)/(饲粮中粗蛋白质含量×粪中AIA含量)]×100。

1.4.4 肠道食糜黏度

试验结束时,每个重复选取1只鸡进行屠宰,取出十二指肠、空肠、回肠食糜于10 mL EP管中,-20 ℃保存。检测时取出样品自然融化后,取4~5 g样品,用蒸馏水2倍稀释后,振荡混匀,在4 000 r/min离心10 min,取食糜上清液,用奥氏黏度计(Φ=0.55 mm)测定黏度(单位:mPa·s)。测定时将黏度计垂直架在(40±1) ℃的恒温水浴锅中预热5 min,先取2 mL上清液润洗奥氏黏度计,再将5 mL上清液吸入黏度计,以秒表记录液体流出的时间,同样的方法测定同体积蒸馏水流出时间,重复3次,取平均值。计算公式如下:
食糜黏度=样品液通过毛细管所用时间/等量蒸馏水通过毛细管所需时间。

1.4.5 经济效益

以每组72只鸡为单位,根据整个试验期的饲料成本和总耗料量结合总蛋重、鸡蛋价格等计算试验期内蛋鸡产生的经济效益,即利润,饲料原料价格和鸡蛋价格按照试验进行时的单价计算。计算公式如下:
利润=(鸡蛋产量×鸡蛋单价)-(饲料用量×饲料单价)。

1.5 数据统计分析

试验数据采用SPSS 21.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),通过Duncan氏法进行多重比较检验;采用曲线估值对差异显著指标和纤维素复合酶添加量进行曲线拟合,获得最佳添加量。试验结果均以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

由表2可知,200、400、600 mg/kg组蛋鸡的产蛋率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别提高2.72%、3.28%、5.39%;400和600 mg/kg组平均日采食量和料蛋比显著低于对照组(P<0.05),平均日采食量分别降低4.63%、2.99%,料蛋比分别显著降低7.73%、6.87%。200 mg/kg组蛋鸡的平均蛋重、日均产蛋量、平均日采食量和料蛋比与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。各试验组之间,400、600 mg/kg组平均日采食量显著低于200 mg/kg组(P<0.05),产蛋率、平均蛋重、平均日采食量和料蛋比差异不显著(P>0.05)。料蛋比(y)与纤维素复合酶添加量(x)之间存在线性和二次曲线关系,可建立回归方程:y=11.072×10-7x2-0.001x+2.331,由回归方程计算得出纤维素复合酶添加量为451.59 mg/kg时可获得最小料蛋比。
表2 玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of adding cellulose complex enzyme to corn-wheat-soybean meal type diet on performance of laying hens

项目
Items		 复合纤维素酶添加量
Cellulose complex enzyme addition
amount/(mg/kg)		 SEM P值P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0 200 400 600
产蛋率Laying rate/% 87.71b 90.10a 90.59a 92.44a 0.54 0.010 0.001 0.004
平均蛋重Average egg weight/g 63.56 63.26 63.11 62.27 0.48 0.827 0.363 0.643
日均产蛋量
Average daily egg yield/(g/d)		 55.71 57.02 57.19 57.55 0.49 0.612 0.209 0.413
平均日采食量
Average daily feed intake/[g/(只·d)]		 129.25a 127.51a 123.27b 125.38b 0.74 0.015 0.013 0.017
料蛋比Feed/egg ratio 2.33a 2.24ab 2.16b 2.18b 0.03 0.023 0.006 0.009

同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。表3~表5同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as Table 3 to Table 5.

2.2 玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,400、600 mg/kg组蛋鸡蛋黄颜色显著提高(P<0.05),200 mg/kg组差异不显著(P>0.05);各试验组之间,400、600 mg/kg组蛋鸡蛋黄颜色显著高于200 mg/kg组(P<0.05);蛋鸡蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋白高度及哈氏单位各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表3 玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of adding cellulose complex enzyme to corn-wheat-soybean meal type diet on egg quality of laying hens

项目
Items		 复合纤维素酶添加量
Cellulose complex enzyme
addition amount/(mg/kg)		 SEM P值P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0 200 400 600
蛋黄颜色Yolk color 6.30b 6.51b 7.21a 7.81a 0.17 0.001 0.001 0.013
蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/N 28.66 31.38 29.48 29.41 0.55 0.368 0.949 0.471
蛋壳厚度Eggshell thickness/mm 0.32 0.35 0.33 0.34 0.61 0.132 0.277 0.344
蛋白高度Albumen height/mm 6.77 6.45 6.87 7.53 0.22 0.359 0.164 0.198
哈氏单位Haugh unit 81.10 78.20 79.81 85.50 1.41 0.307 0.247 0.157

2.3 玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡养分表观代谢率的影响

由表4可知,600 mg/kg组蛋鸡能量表观代谢率与对照组相比显著提高6.18%(P<0.05),200和400 mg/kg组与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);400、600 mg/kg组蛋鸡粗蛋白质表观代谢率与对照组相比显著提高(P<0.05),分别提高12.78%、19.11%,200 mg/kg组与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);各试验组之间,600 mg/kg组蛋鸡能量表观代谢率显著高于200和400 mg/kg组(P<0.05),粗蛋白质表观代谢率差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表4 玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡养分表观代谢率的影响

Table 4 Effects of adding cellulose complex enzyme to corn-wheat-soybean meal type diet on nutrient apparent metabolic rates of laying hens %

项目
Items		 复合纤维素酶添加量
Cellulose complex enzyme
addition amount/(mg/kg)		 SEM P值P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0 200 400 600
能量表观代谢率
Energy apparent metabolic rate		 75.04b 75.51b 76.38b 79.68a 0.63 0.027 0.978 0.341
粗蛋白质表观代谢率
Crude protein apparent metabolic rate		 41.80b 46.77ab 47.14a 49.79a 1.01 0.029 0.180 0.038

2.4 玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡肠道食糜黏度的影响

由表5可知,400、600 mg/kg组蛋鸡十二指肠食糜黏度与对照组相比分别显著降低7.97%(P<0.05)、6.13%(P<0.05),200 mg/kg组与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);各试验组与对照组相比蛋鸡回肠食糜黏度均显著降低(P<0.05),其中400 mg/kg组比对照组降低15.79%;各试验组蛋鸡空肠食糜黏度较对照组有一定程度降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05),各试验组之间差异也不显著(P>0.05)。
表5 玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡肠道食糜黏度的影响

Table 5 Effects of adding cellulose complex enzyme to corn-wheat-soybean meal type diet on intestinal chyme viscosity of laying hens

项目
Items		 复合纤维素酶添加量
Cellulose complex enzyme
addition amount/(mg/kg)		 SEM P值P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0 200 400 600
十二指肠Duodenum 1.63a 1.60a 1.50b 1.53b 0.28 0.049 0.009 0.240
空肠Jejunum 1.52 1.49 1.45 1.51 0.24 0.809 0.823 0.683
回肠Ileum 1.52a 1.43b 1.28c 1.41b 0.21 0.015 0.052 0.013

2.5 玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡经济效益的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,200、400、600 mg/kg组蛋鸡利润分别提高11.01%、19.74%、16.64%,其中400 mg/kg组蛋鸡的利润最高,产生的经济效益最好。
表6 玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡经济效益的影响

Table 6 Effects of adding cellulose complex enzyme to corn-wheat-soybean meal type diet on economic benefit of laying hens

项目
Items		 复合纤维素酶添加量
Cellulose complex enzyme addition amount/(mg/kg)
0 200 400 600
鸡蛋产量Egg production/kg 336.93 344.85 345.88 348.06
鸡蛋单价Egg unit-price/(元/kg) 10.10 10.10 10.10 10.10
饲料用量Feed consumption/kg 781.70 771.18 745.54 758.30
饲料单价Feed unit-price/(元/kg) 3.16 3.17 3.19 3.20
利润Profit/元 933.87 1 036.65 1 118.24 1 089.26

3 讨论

3.1 玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

本试验所用纤维素复合酶是由纤维素酶、木聚糖酶等构成。这些酶可降解植物细胞壁,将动物机体自身不能消化的纤维素、木聚糖等多糖分子分解,生成小分子多糖(如葡萄糖、低聚木糖、半乳糖等)[19-20],也可将植物细胞壁包裹的营养物质释放,提高蛋白质等营养物质的消化率,促进内源酶对胞内营养物质的降解[21],改善蛋鸡对营养物质的利用率[22],降低食糜黏度,从而提高蛋鸡的生产性能及蛋品质,进而提高蛋鸡生产的经济效益[23-24]。段磊等[25]研究结果显示,在育成蛋鸡小麦型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶,蛋鸡的平均日采食量显著提高4.89%。王继强等[26]在小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加0.1%的纤维素复合酶,蛋鸡产蛋率显著提高4.4%,料蛋比显著降低5.31%,以上试验结果均与本试验结果一致。本试验中,在蛋鸡玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶,各试验组蛋鸡产蛋率均较对照组显著提高,且400、600 mg/kg组平均日采食量及料蛋比显著降低。此外,也有研究报道纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡生产性能无明显改善作用。例如,李勇等[27]研究结果显示不同剂量纤维素复合酶添加到小麦-豆粕型饲粮中对青年蛋鸡的采食量、料重比、日增重均无显著影响;杜金娥等[28]报道,在玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡产蛋率、平均蛋重、平均日采食量和料蛋比均无显著影响。可能是由于添加的纤维素复合酶成分及种类、添加量、饲粮类型和饲养环境存在差异,导致不同试验研究结果不尽相同。

3.2 玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

小麦中类胡萝卜素含量低,部分替代玉米会使饲粮中类胡萝卜素含量降低,影响蛋鸡蛋黄颜色[29]。在小麦型饲粮中添加酶制剂可弥补蛋黄颜色的不足[30-31]。Papadopoulos等[32]研究结果表明,在小麦饲粮中添加90 000 U/g的木聚糖酶可改善蛋鸡蛋黄颜色,并且降低蛋黄中不饱和脂肪酸含量。Cufadar等[33]发现,在含有小麦的饲粮中添加木聚糖酶虽然未对蛋鸡的生产性能和蛋品质产生显著影响,并显著提高了蛋黄颜色。漆雯雯等[34]研究显示,在玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加葡聚糖酶和木聚糖酶组蛋鸡蛋黄颜色最高,为9.47。Nguyen等[30]在含有小麦的饲粮中添加木聚糖酶后显著提高了蛋鸡蛋黄颜色。本试验中,在玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮添加400或600 mg/kg纤维素复合酶均可显著改善蛋鸡蛋黄颜色,说明纤维素复合酶促进蛋鸡对玉米中未被利用的类胡萝卜素等营养物质的吸收,从而改善蛋黄颜色。

3.3 玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡养分表观代谢率的影响

纤维素复合酶降解植物细胞壁中的纤维素、木聚糖等纤维成分,使其分解成葡萄糖参与能量代谢,进而释放被包裹的营养物质,促进蛋白酶等内源酶的分解作用,提高能量及蛋白质的利用率。Anwar等[35]在小麦型饲粮中添加以木聚糖为主的纤维素复合酶后显著提高了肉鸡的粗蛋白质表观代谢率,而不添加纤维素复合酶的小麦饲粮组蛋鸡粗蛋白质表观代谢率显著降低。Madrid等[36]在小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加0.05%的纤维素复合为酶(由黑曲霉、绿木霉和米曲酶生产,包括纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和α-半乳糖酶等)后,肉仔鸡的平均日采食量显著提高,同时其粗蛋白质表观代谢率显著提高。周传凤等[37]在小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶(主要成分为纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶等)研究其对肉鸡养分表观代谢率的影响,结果显示,肉鸡总能和粗蛋白质的表观代谢率显著提高。本研究结果与上述研究结果一致。本试验中,3个试验组蛋鸡的能量表观代谢率均高于对照组,其中600 mg/kg组蛋鸡的能量表观代谢率较对照组显著提高6.18%;400、600 mg/kg组蛋鸡的粗蛋白质表观代谢率较对照组分别显著提高12.78%、19.11%,这呼应了上述400、600 mg/kg组蛋鸡产蛋率显著提高。上述结果说明纤维素复合酶通过增加能量和粗蛋白质的表观代谢率,提高蛋鸡的生产性能。

3.4 玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡肠道食糜黏度的影响

木聚糖主链上的侧基(如4-O-甲基葡糖醛酸、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖和乙酰基)分子内的醇羟基、酯键或醚键与水分子形成氢键,或是通过分子间相互缠绕形成胶体结构,具有黏性[38],木聚糖酶系可分解木聚糖中的胶体结构,改变食糜黏性[39]。段磊[40]研究发现,纤维素复合酶降低饲喂小麦型饲粮蛋鸡十二指肠和回肠食糜黏度,对空肠食糜黏度的降低效果不显著。Mirzaie等[41]发现,各年龄段蛋鸡回肠黏度随饲粮中小麦含量的升高而升高,随添加木聚糖酶添加量的升高而降低,并发现饲喂小麦含量为23%的玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮蛋鸡回肠食糜黏度极显著降低。Liu等[42]研究显示,在小麦型饲粮中添加木聚糖酶可显著降低肉仔鸡回肠食糜黏度。胡官波[43]报道,纤维素复合酶可显著降低饲喂小麦-豆粕型饲粮肉鸡回肠食糜黏度,而对饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲粮肉鸡回肠食糜黏度的降低作用不显著。黄志毅等[44]研究发现,在含有小麦的饲粮中添加木聚糖酶可显著降低肉鸡胃、回肠食糜黏度。以上研究结果说明纤维素复合酶有降低肠道食糜黏度的作用,与本试验得出相似的结果。本试验中,玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加400或600 mg/kg纤维素复合酶显著降低了蛋鸡十二指肠食糜黏度;400 mg/kg组蛋鸡回肠食糜黏度显著高于对照组,600 mg/kg组蛋鸡则与对照组无显著差异。由于食糜黏度受食糜中半纤维素溶解性与溶质浓度的影响,600 mg/kg的纤维素复合酶可在更大程度分解半纤维素的同时释放出更多养分,食糜中养分溶质浓度增加,从而使得该组蛋鸡食糜黏度与对照组差异不显著。

3.5 玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加纤维素复合酶对蛋鸡经济效益的影响

本试验中,玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加200、400、600 mg/kg纤维素复合酶均提高了蛋鸡利润,表明在蛋鸡玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加该纤维素复合酶可通过降低蛋鸡肠道食糜黏度,提高能量和粗蛋白质表观代谢率来提高生产性能,并能改善蛋黄颜色,进而提高蛋鸡生产的经济效益,其中400 mg/kg组的经济效益最好,其利润与对照组相比提高了19.74%。

4 结论

① 通过建立料蛋比与纤维素复合酶添加量之间的回归方程,预测蛋鸡料蛋比最低时的纤维素复合酶添加量为451.59 mg/kg。
② 在玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加400或600 mg/kg的纤维素复合酶可在显著提高蛋鸡能量及粗蛋白质表观代谢率的同时降低料蛋比及肠道食糜黏度,改善蛋黄颜色,提高蛋鸡的产蛋率和经济效益。
③ 结合生产性能和经济效益,在本试验条件下,蛋鸡玉米-小麦-豆粕型饲粮中纤维素复合酶的适宜添加量为400 mg/kg。

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