1 材料与方法
1.1 试验时间与地点
1.2 主要试剂
1.3 试验设计
1.4 饲养管理
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 饲料桑添加比例Forage mulberry addition ratio/% | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 5 | 10 | |||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||
| 玉米Corn | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | ||||
| 压片玉米Flaked corn | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | ||||
| 豆粕Soybean | 13.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | ||||
| 膨化大豆Puffed soybean | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | ||||
| 干酒糟及其可溶物DDGS | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | ||||
| 棉籽Cottonseed | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | ||||
| 小苏打NaHCO3 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | ||||
| 脂肪酸钙Fatty acid calcium | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| 糖蜜Molasses | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | ||||
| 玉米青贮Corn silage | 27.0 | 25.0 | 23.0 | ||||
| 苜蓿干草Alfalfa hay | 12.0 | 10.0 | 8.0 | ||||
| 燕麦Oats | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | ||||
| 啤酒糟Distillers’grains | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | ||||
| 饲料桑Forage mulberry | 5.0 | 10.0 | |||||
| 预混料Premix1) | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | ||||
| 合计Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||||
| 泌乳净能NEL/(MJ/kg) | 7.03 | 7.07 | 7.03 | ||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 15.57 | 15.61 | 15.58 | ||||
| 粗脂肪EE | 4.68 | 4.65 | 4.62 | ||||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 32.49 | 33.55 | 33.64 | ||||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 16.14 | 16.57 | 16.68 | ||||
1)每千克预混料含有 One kg premix contained the following :VA 8 900 000 IU,VD 690 000 IU,VE 8 800 IU,Zn 4 500 mg,Cu 1 100 mg,Mn 2 300 mg,Se 39 mg,Co 28 mg。 2)泌乳净能为计算值,其余均为实测值。NEL was a calculated value, while the others were measured values. |
1.5 样品采集
1.5.1 产奶量与乳成分的测定
1.5.2 血样的采集与测定
1.5.3 瘤胃液样品的采集与测定
1.6 数据统计与分析
2 结果
2.1 添加饲料桑对围产期奶牛乳成分的影响
图1 添加饲料桑对围产期奶牛乳成分的影响Con:对照组 control group;Con+M5:5%饲料桑组 5% feed mulberry group;Con+M10:10%饲料桑组 10% feed mulberry group。下图同 the same as below。 Fig.1 Effects of forage mulberry addition on milk composition of perinatal dairy cows Compared with control group, * mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as Fig.2 and Fig.3. |
2.2 添加饲料桑对围产期奶牛血浆抗氧化指标的影响
2.3 添加饲料桑对围产期奶牛血浆免疫指标的影响
2.4 添加饲料桑对围产期瘤胃微生物区系的影响
表2 瘤胃液菌群α-多样性指数Table 2 Rumen microflora alpha-diversity indexes |
| 项目 Items | 饲料桑添加比例 Forage mulberry addition ratio/% | SEM | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 (对照Control) | 10 | |||
| Sob指数Sob index | 1 759.29 | 1 901.20 | 145.54 | 0.92 |
| ACE指数ACE index | 1 877.63 | 2 031.28 | 140.02 | 0.98 |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 1 802.78 | 1 947.98 | 140.91 | 0.94 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 7.12 | 7.64 | 0.76 | 0.45 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.02 | 0.52 |
| 覆盖度Coverage | 0.99 | 0.99 | <0.01 | 0.18 |
图5 瘤胃微生物门和属水平的群落分布Bacteroidetes:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Spirochaetes:螺旋体门;Patescibacteria:骸骨细菌门;Fibrobacteres:纤维杆菌门;Kiritimatiellaeota:圣诞岛菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝藻门;Tenericutes:软壁菌门;Planctomycetes:浮霉菌门;Unclassified:未分类;Other:其他;Prevotella_1:普雷沃氏菌属_1;Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-001:琥珀酸弧菌科_UCG-001;Prevotella_7:普雷沃氏菌属_7;Succiniclasticum:解琥珀酸菌属;Treponema_2:密螺旋体属_2;Succinivibrionaceae UCG-002:琥珀酸菌科_UCG-002;Fibrobacter:纤维杆菌属;Ruminococcus_1:瘤胃球菌属_1; Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014:瘤胃球菌科_UGG-014;Rikenellaceae RC9_gut_group:理研菌科_RC9肠道群。 Fig.5 Rumen microbial community distribution at phylum and genus levels |
图6 多级别物种差异判别分析结果Favabacteriales:蚕豆属;Lactobacillus:乳杆菌属;Lactobacillaceae:乳酸杆菌科;Weissella:魏氏菌属;Lactobacillales:乳酸杆菌;Bacilli:杆菌纲;Bacteroidetes_bacterium_ADurbBinA104:拟杆菌门_细菌_ ADurbBinA104;Ruminococcus_sp_FC2D18:瘤胃球菌属_FC2D18;Selenomonas_ruminantium_subsp_lactilytica_TAM6421:月形单胞菌属_反刍动物_亚种_乳酸杆菌_TAM6421;Rhodocyclaceae:玫瑰茄科;Pseudomonadaceae:假单胞菌科;Treponema_saccharophilum_DSM_2985:密螺旋体_嗜糖菌_DSM_2985。 Fig.6 Results of multi-level species difference discriminant analysis |

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