1 材料与方法
1.1 试验样品
1.2 试验动物及饲粮
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrition levels of the diet (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Corn | 27.20 | ||
| 玉米青贮Corn silage | 45.60 | ||
| 啤酒糟Beer grains | 3.00 | ||
| 棉籽粕Cottonseed meal | 11.20 | ||
| 豆腐渣Soybean curb residue | 10.00 | ||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.75 | ||
| 碳酸氢钙Ca(HCO3)2 | 0.65 | ||
| 石粉Limestone | 0.30 | ||
| 碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 | 0.30 | ||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 6.35 | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 12.37 | ||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 46.29 | ||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 24.55 | ||
| 钙Ca | 0.57 | ||
| 磷P | 0.39 |
1)每千克预混料含有 Per kilogram of premix contained the following:Fe 15.6 g,Cu 4 g,Zn 9 g,Mn 6.25 g,I 160 mg,Se 32 mg,Co 32 mg。 2)代谢能为计算值,计算公式如下:总可消化养分(%)=0.98×(100-无氮中性洗涤纤维-粗蛋白质-粗灰分+难消化的酸性洗涤不溶粗蛋白质-粗脂肪)+0.93×粗蛋白质+2.25×(粗脂肪-1)+0.75×(无氮中性洗涤纤维-酸性洗涤木质素)×[1-(酸性洗涤木质素/无氮中性洗涤纤维)0.667]-7;消化能=总可消化养分(%)×4.409/100;代谢能=消化能×0.82。其他营养水平为实测值。 | |
ME was a calculated value, and the calculation formula was as follows: TDN (%)=0.98×(100-NDFN-CP-Ash+IADICP-EE)+0.93×CP+2.25×(EE-1)+0.75×(NDFN-ADL)×[1-(ADL/NDFN)0.667]-7;DE=TDN(%)×4.409/100;ME=DE×0.82. The other nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.3 体外产气试验
1.4 尼龙袋试验
1.5 测定指标及方法
1.5.1 饲料营养成分含量测定
1.5.2 发酵液VFA和NH3-N含量以及pH测定
1.6 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲料营养成分含量
表2 6种蛋白质饲料的营养成分含量(干物质基础)Table 2 Nutrient contents of 6 kinds of protein feedstuffs (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal | 菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal | 豆粕 Soybean meal | 向日葵粕 Sunflower meal | 啤酒糟 Beer grains | 干酒糟及 其可溶物 DDGS | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 干物质DM | 89.58b | 90.31b | 87.09c | 79.79d | 91.46a | 89.60b | 0.87 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 48.67a | 43.42a | 47.77a | 40.79a | 28.79b | 30.18b | 2.14 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 粗脂肪EE | 1.76d | 2.69cd | 3.21c | 0.70e | 4.83b | 12.49a | 0.87 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 可溶性糖SS | 5.31e | 6.91d | 17.57a | 5.76e | 13.09b | 8.38c | 1.00 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 淀粉Starch | 1.12d | 2.26c | 6.04b | 0.21e | 13.10a | 6.12b | 0.99 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 35.85c | 49.65b | 28.19d | 37.98c | 56.12a | 39.30c | 1.75 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 21.76c | 34.14a | 10.46e | 27.44b | 32.05a | 13.46d | 1.66 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 酸性洗涤木质素ADL | 6.26c | 18.69a | 2.22e | 9.67b | 8.24b | 4.19d | 1.29 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 粗灰分Ash | 7.46b | 9.07a | 6.41c | 7.54b | 7.72b | 5.84d | 0.25 | <0.001 |
棉籽粕和菜籽粕的营养成分含量为2个品种的平均值。同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),表3~表5同。 | |
Nutrient contents of cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal were the average value of the two varieties. In the same row, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as Table 3 to Table 5. |
2.2 体外产气试验结果
2.2.1 体外产气量参数
表3 6种蛋白质饲料的体外产气量参数Table 3 In vitro gas production parameters of 6 kinds of protein feedstuffs |
| 项目 Items | 棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal | 菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal | 豆粕 Soybean meal | 向日葵粕 Sunflower meal | 啤酒糟 Beer grains | 干酒糟及 其可溶物 DDGS | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 产气量Gas production/mL1) | |||||||||||||||||
| GP12 h | 20.4b | 21.4b | 35.3a | 19.5b | 13.3c | 22.7b | 1.24 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| GP24 h | 25.0bc | 26.2b | 40.7a | 24.8bc | 19.7c | 28.5b | 1.27 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| GP48 h | 32.0bc | 32.2bc | 47.8a | 29.1cd | 27.6d | 35.8b | 1.33 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| GP72 h | 35.0bc | 35.2bc | 50.6a | 31.6c | 30.3c | 37.7b | 1.29 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 产气量参数Gas production parameters | |||||||||||||||||
| B/mL2) | 32.3bc | 32.1bc | 48.0a | 30.3c | 31.1bc | 36.3b | 1.23 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| c/(/h)3) | 0.085a | 0.091a | 0.098a | 0.080ab | 0.046b | 0.075ab | 0.004 | <0.001 | |||||||||
1)GPt表示t时间点0.200 0 g样品的累计产气量 GPt was cumulative gas production of 0.200 0 g sample at t time point。 2)B表示理论最大产气量 B was theoretical maximum gas production。 3)c为产气速率 c was rate of gas production。 |
2.2.2 体外发酵参数
表4 6种蛋白质饲料24 h体外发酵参数Table 4 In vitro fermentation parameters of 6 kinds of protein feedstuffs at 24 h |
| 项目 Items | 棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal | 菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal | 豆粕 Soybean meal | 向日葵粕 Sunflower meal | 啤酒糟 Beer grains | 干酒糟及 其可溶物 DDGS | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pH | 6.72d | 6.64e | 6.83c | 6.93a | 6.88b | 6.76d | 0.02 | <0.001 |
| 氨态氮 NH3-N(mg/dL) | 29.90c | 20.49d | 50.30a | 49.17a | 37.53b | 27.83c | 2.30 | <0.001 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸 TVFA/(mmol/L) | 53.16a | 56.53a | 58.73a | 37.01b | 30.80b | 38.03b | 2.33 | <0.001 |
| 乙酸Acetate/% | 68.74b | 70.32a | 60.02d | 59.54d | 64.67c | 58.19e | 1.81 | <0.001 |
| 丙酸Propionate/% | 15.39e | 15.64e | 20.27b | 18.89c | 18.47d | 22.78a | 0.39 | <0.001 |
| 异丁酸Isobutyrate/% | 1.79c | 1.43d | 2.24b | 3.68a | 1.61cd | 1.72c | 0.06 | <0.001 |
| 丁酸Butyrate/% | 9.37c | 8.73d | 10.58b | 9.47c | 10.78b | 11.89a | 0.19 | <0.001 |
| 异戊酸Isovalerate/% | 3.11d | 2.65e | 4.66b | 6.10a | 3.35cd | 3.66c | 0.11 | <0.001 |
| 戊酸Valerate/% | 1.60b | 1.24c | 2.22a | 2.33a | 1.12c | 1.75b | 0.05 | <0.001 |
| 乙酸/丙酸 Acetate/propionate | 4.47a | 4.50a | 2.96d | 3.16c | 3.50b | 2.56e | 0.16 | <0.001 |
2.3 瘤胃降解参数
表5 6种蛋白质饲料瘤胃降解参数Table 5 Rumen degradation parameters of 6 protein feedstuffs % |
| 项目 Items | 时间 Time | 棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal | 菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal | 豆粕 Soybean meal | 向日葵粕 Sunflower meal | 啤酒糟 Beer grains | 干酒糟及 其可溶物 DDGS | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 蛋白质降解率 Protein degradation rate | 6 h | 32.87d | 21.20e | 52.17b | 56.07a | 40.45bc | 48.77b | 2.71 | <0.001 |
| 12 h | 44.92c | 22.65d | 64.95ab | 68.91a | 55.62b | 58.67b | 3.50 | <0.001 | |
| 24 h | 51.21c | 28.50d | 75.81ab | 83.45a | 73.86ab | 71.06b | 4.50 | <0.001 | |
| 48 h | 80.34b | 40.78c | 85.00ab | 96.39a | 81.36b | 81.01b | 4.47 | <0.001 | |
| 72 h | 79.99b | 50.76c | 91.35a | 97.12a | 93.36a | 90.27a | 4.32 | <0.001 | |
| 粗蛋白质有效降解率 EDCP | 48.61c | 24.02d | 68.21b | 73.61a | 62.85b | 64.61b | 3.77 | <0.001 | |
2.4 EDCP预测模型
表6 EDCP与体外产气量参数的相关系数Table 6 Correlation coefficient between EDCP and in vitro gas production parameters |
| 项目 Item | 12 h产气量 GP12 h | 24 h产气量 GP24 h | 48 h产气量 GP48 h | 72 h产气量 GP72 h | 理论最大产气量 B | 产气速率 c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质有效降解率EDCP | 0.116 | 0.185 | 0.179 | 0.166 | 0.278 | -0.226 |
表7 EDCP与24 h体外发酵参数的相关系数Table 7 Correlation coefficient between EDCP and 24 h in vitro fermentation parameters |
| 项目 Item | pH | 氨态氮 NH3-N | 总挥发性 脂肪酸 TVFA | 乙酸 Acetate | 丙酸 Propionate | 异丁酸 Isobutyrate | 丁酸 Butyrate | 异戊酸 Isovalerate | 戊酸 Valerate | 乙酸/丙酸 Acetate/ propionate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质有 效降解率 EDCP | 0.883* | 0.812* | -0.524 | -0.875* | 0.701 | 0.625 | 0.612 | 0.771 | 0.655 | -0.823* |
*表示显著相关(P<0.05)。 | |
* indicated significant correlation (P<0.05). |
表8 根据体外产气量参数和24 h体外发酵参数建立的饲料EDCP的预测方程Table 8 Prediction equations of feedstuff EDCP established based on in vitro gas production parameters and 24 h in vitro fermentation parameters |
| 预测方程Prediction equations | 决定系数R2 | P值P-value |
|---|---|---|
| EDCP=-959.252+149.593pH | 0.780 | 0.020 |
| EDCP=-904.360+144.320pH-0.821ADF | 0.973 | 0.005 |
| EDCP=-833.690+138.088pH-1.219ADF-0.689GP24 h | 0.998 | 0.003 |
EDCP:粗蛋白质有效降解率 effective degradability of crude protein;ADF:酸性洗涤纤维 acid detergent fiber;GP24 h:24 h产气量 24 h gas production。 |

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