1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 附生微生物的收集
1.3 灭菌材料制备
1.4 试验设计
表1 各处理主要附生微生物数量Table 1 Main microorganisms number in each treatment lg(CFU/g FM) |
| 原料 Raw materials | 附生微生物 Epiphytic microorganisms | 乳酸菌 LAB | 酵母菌 Yeast | 霉菌 Mold | 大肠杆菌 ET |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
象草 | 象草Elephant grass(ME) | 6.23 | 6.50 | 4.87 | 5.34 |
Elephant grass (S) | 甘蔗尾叶Sugarcane tops(MS) | 7.63 | 6.63 | 4.10 | 6.67 |
| 混合Mixture (MES) | 7.31 | 6.52 | 4.65 | 6.34 | |
甘蔗尾叶 | 象草Elephant grass(ME) | 6.25 | 6.48 | 4.83 | 5.39 |
Sugarcane tops (E) | 甘蔗尾叶Sugarcane tops(MS) | 7.60 | 6.66 | 4.07 | 6.77 |
| 混合Mixture (MES) | 7.28 | 6.52 | 4.68 | 6.23 |
1.5 测定指标
1.6 测定方法
1.6.1 青贮品质测定
1.6.2 常规养分测定
1.6.3 有氧稳定性测定
1.6.4 微生物数量测定
1.7 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 高温灭菌对青贮原料常规养分和微生物数量的影响
表2 高温灭菌对不同青贮原料常规养分和微生物数量的影响Table 2 Effects of high temperature sterilization on conventional nutrients and microorganisms number of different silage materials |
| 项目 Items | 甘蔗尾叶Sugarcane tops | SEM | P值 P-value | 象草Elephant grass | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 新鲜 Fresh | 高温灭菌 High temperature sterilization | 新鲜 Fresh | 高温灭菌 High temperature sterilization | ||||||
| 干物质DM/% | 33.23 | 21.15 | |||||||
| 粗蛋白质CP/% DM | 5.09 | 5.02 | 0.09 | 0.73 | 7.14 | 6.85 | 0.12 | 0.27 | |
| 可溶性碳水化合物 WSC/% DM | 245.70a | 157.48b | 22.07 | 0.03 | 187.02a | 87.78b | 20.92 | <0.01 | |
| 缓冲容量BC/(mE/kg DM) | 141.55 | 139.77 | 1.47 | 0.60 | 240.13 | 262.98 | 7.04 | 0.10 | |
| 酸性洗涤不溶氮 ADIN/% DM | 2.16b | 3.66a | 0.34 | <0.01 | 3.07b | 4.16a | 0.25 | <0.01 | |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF/% DM | 69.70 | 69.85 | 0.21 | 0.77 | 64.53 | 64.04 | 0.27 | 0.41 | |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF/% DM | 35.14 | 35.17 | 0.15 | 0.99 | 37.45 | 37.21 | 0.16 | 0.50 | |
| 粗纤维CF/% DM | 33.18 | 33.90 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 36.84 | 36.18 | 0.20 | 0.11 | |
| 粗灰分Ash/% DM | 5.83 | 5.55 | 0.13 | 0.32 | 4.56 | 4.87 | 0.13 | 0.26 | |
| 乳酸菌 LAB/[lg(CFU/g FM)] | 7.75 | 6.54 | |||||||
| 酵母菌 Yeast/[lg(CFU/g FM)] | 6.75 | 6.47 | |||||||
| 霉菌 Mold/[lg(CFU/g FM)] | 4.05 | 5.00 | |||||||
| 大肠杆菌 ET/[lg(CFU/g FM)] | 6.89 | 5.44 | |||||||
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). |
2.2 不同处理对青贮饲料常规养分的影响
表3 不同处理对青贮饲料常规养分的影响Table 3 Effects of different treatments on conventional nutrients of silage % |
| 原料 Raw materials | 附生微生物 Epiphytic microorganisms | 干物质 DM | 中性洗 涤纤维 NDF | 酸性洗 涤纤维 ADF | 可溶性碳 水化合物 WSC | 粗蛋 白质 CP | 粗纤维 CF | 粗灰分 Ash |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
象草 | 象草Elephant grass | 38.47c | 62.56b | 36.04ab | 9.28 | 6.28a | 31.89d | 7.27a |
Elephant grass | 甘蔗尾叶Sugarcane tops | 38.96b | 63.44b | 37.42ab | 3.15 | 6.60a | 34.16a | 7.50a |
| 混合Mixture | 36.27d | 65.72a | 37.68a | 7.40 | 5.69a | 33.44b | 6.88b | |
甘蔗尾叶 | 象草Elephant grass | 39.50a | 66.84a | 34.95bc | 5.26 | 3.76b | 33.10bc | 5.40c |
Sugarcane tops | 甘蔗尾叶Sugarcane tops | 38.52c | 66.12a | 32.76c | 5.35 | 3.22b | 34.09a | 6.54b |
| 混合Mixture | 39.61a | 65.73a | 33.29c | 5.84 | 4.14b | 32.80c | 5.89c | |
| SEM | 0.05 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.79 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |
| 原料Raw material | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.49 | <0.01 | 0.10 | <0.01 | |
| P值 P-value | 附生微生物 Epiphytic microorganisms | <0.01 | 0.25 | 0.84 | 0.30 | 0.92 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| 原料×附生微生物 Raw material×epiphytic microorganisms | <0.01 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.31 | 0.04 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
同列数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same column, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.3 不同处理对青贮发酵指标和微生物数量的影响
表4 不同处理对青贮发酵指标的影响Table 4 Effects of different treatments on fermentation parameters of silage |
| 原料 Raw materials | 附生微生物 Epiphytic microorganisms | pH | 乳酸 LA/ (g/kg DM) | 氨态氮 NH3-N/ (g/kg DM) | 乙醇 ET/ (g/kg DM) | 乙酸 AA/ (g/kg DM) | 丙酸 PA/ (g/kg DM) | 丁酸 BA/ (g/kg DM) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
象草 | 象草Elephant grass | 3.98b | 10.35a | 0.09ab | 20.17d | 2.86d | 0.00b | 0.25c |
Elephant grass | 甘蔗尾叶Sugarcane tops | 4.08b | 10.31a | 0.07b | 19.07d | 3.03c | 0.00b | 0.83b |
| 混合Mixture | 4.16a | 8.00d | 0.11a | 22.77c | 3.13c | 1.35a | 3.91a | |
甘蔗尾叶 | 象草Elephant grass | 3.71c | 8.67c | 0.07b | 23.70b | 4.08b | 0.00b | 0.02d |
Sugarcane tops | 甘蔗尾叶Sugarcane tops | 3.77c | 8.80c | 0.07b | 20.05d | 4.94a | 0.00b | 0.13cd |
| 混合Mixture | 3.72c | 9.60b | 0.05b | 25.77a | 4.31b | 0.00b | 0.00d | |
| SEM | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
| 原料Raw material | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| P值 P-value | 附生微生物 Epiphytic microorganisms | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| 原料×附生微生物 Raw material×epiphytic microorganisms | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
表5 不同处理对青贮微生物数量的影响Table 5 Effects of different treatments on microorganisms number of silage lg(CFU/g FM) |
| 原料 Raw materials | 附生微生物 Epiphytic microorganisms | 乳酸菌 LAB | 酵母菌 Yeast | 霉菌 Mold | 大肠杆菌 ET |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
象草 | 象草Elephant grass | 6.06b | 2.85b | 3.54c | <2.00 |
Elephant grass | 甘蔗尾叶Sugarcane tops | 7.03a | 4.26a | 3.47c | <2.00 |
| 混合Mixture | 4.70c | 2.70b | 2.85d | <2.00 | |
甘蔗尾叶 | 象草Elephant grass | 4.70c | 4.10a | 3.42c | <2.00 |
Sugarcane tops | 甘蔗尾叶Sugarcane tops | 4.70c | <2.00c | 4.04b | <2.00 |
| 混合Mixture | 5.00c | <2.00c | 4.56a | <2.00 | |
| SEM | 0.40 | 0.57 | 0.17 | ||
| 原料Raw material | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
| P值 P-value | 附生微生物 Epiphytic microorganisms | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 原料×附生微生物 Raw material×epiphytic microorganisms | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
微生物数量<2.00 lg(CFU/g FM)视为未检出。 | |
Microbial count <2.00 lg(CFU/g FM) is considered as undetected. |
2.4 有氧暴露过程不同处理对青贮pH的影响
图1 有氧暴露期间青贮的pHE表示灭菌象草原料,S表示灭菌甘蔗尾叶原料。ME表示象草附生微生物,MS表示甘蔗尾叶附生微生物,MES表示象草和甘蔗尾叶混合附生微生物(1∶1)。 Fig.1 pH of silage during aerobic exposure E stands for sterilized elephant grass material, S stands for sterilized Sugarcane tops material. ME represents epiphytes of elephant grass, MS represents epiphytes of Sugarcane tops, MES represents mixed epiphytes of elephant grass and Sugarcane tops (1∶1). |
2.5 不同处理对有氧不稳定时青贮发酵指标和微生物数量的影响
表6 不同处理对有氧不稳定时青贮发酵指标的影响Table 6 Effects of different treatments on fermentation parameters of silage under aerobic instability |
| 原料 Raw materials | 附生微生物 Epiphytic microorganisms | 有氧不稳 定时天数 Days of aerobic instability/d | pH | 乳酸 LA/ (g/kg FM) | 氨态氮 NH3-N/ (g/kg FM) | 乙醇 ET/ (g/kg FM) | 乙酸 AA/ (g/kg FM) | 丙酸 PA/ (g/kg FM) | 丁酸 BA/ (g/kg FM) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 象草 Elephant grass | 6 | 6.51a | 0.83a | 0.11a | 18.6a | 0.55b | 0.00b | 0.00c | |
| 象草 Elephant grass | 甘蔗尾叶 Sugarcane tops | 12 | 4.78d | 0.51b | 0.11a | 17.96b | 3.82a | 0.00b | 0.08a |
| 混合Mixture | 12 | 6.51a | 0.47b | 0.11a | 18.58a | 0.55b | 0.67a | 0.03b | |
| 象草 Elephant grass | 6 | 4.94c | 0.36c | 0.06b | 14.78c | 0.41c | 0.00b | 0.00c | |
| 甘蔗尾叶 Sugarcane tops | 甘蔗尾叶 Sugarcane tops | 6 | 5.45b | 0.29c | 0.10a | 17.36b | 0.41c | 0.00b | 0.00c |
| 混合Mixture | 6 | 4.88cd | 0.32c | 0.04b | 15.14c | 0.17d | 0.00b | 0.00c | |
| SEM | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.31c | 0.06 | 0.01 | ||
| 原料Raw material | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
P值 P-value | 附生微生物 Epiphytic microorganisms | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.02 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 原料×附生微生物 Raw material×epiphytic microorganisms | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
表7 不同处理对有氧不稳定时青贮微生物数量的影响Table 7 Effects of different treatments on microorganisms number of silage under aerobic instability lg(CFU/g FM) |
| 原料 Raw materials | 附生微生物 Epiphytic microorganisms | 乳酸菌 LAB | 酵母菌 Yeast | 霉菌 Mold | 大肠杆菌 ET | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
象草 | 象草Elephant grass | 6.80b | 4.28c | 6.61b | 4.44abc | ||||||
Elephant grass | 甘蔗尾叶Sugarcane tops | 7.27a | 4.86c | 4.78c | 4.12bc | ||||||
| 混合Mixture | 7.40a | 6.03b | 4.38c | 3.96c | |||||||
| 甘蔗尾叶 | 象草Elephant grass | 6.77b | 6.90a | 7.52a | 5.25a | ||||||
| Sugarcane tops | 甘蔗尾叶Sugarcane tops | 6.76b | 7.13a | 6.90b | 5.18a | ||||||
| 混合Mixture | 7.11a | 3.70d | 7.11b | 4.88ab | |||||||
| SEM | 0.07 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.15 | |||||||
| 原料Raw material | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||||||
| P值 P-value | 附生微生物 Epiphytic microorganisms | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.34 | ||||||
| 原料×附生微生物 Raw material×epiphytic microorganisms | 0.07 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.91 |

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