1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 粗纤维水平Crude fiber levels | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1~17日龄1 to 17 days of age | 18~37日龄18 to 37 days of age | ||||||||
| 低Low | 中Medium | 高High | 低Low | 中Medium | 高High | ||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||||
| 玉米Corn | 40.81 | 37.59 | 34.39 | 30.35 | 29.23 | 28.08 | |||
| 面粉Wheat flour | 20.00 | 22.50 | 25.00 | 30.00 | 30.00 | 30.00 | |||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 10.38 | 10.08 | 9.78 | 6.02 | 6.32 | 6.63 | |||
| 玉米干酒糟及其可溶物Corn DDGS | 8.00 | 7.69 | 7.37 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | |||
| 花生粕Peanut meal | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | |||
| 玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal | 4.78 | 2.39 | 0.00 | 6.33 | 3.17 | ||||
| 玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal | 2.99 | 3.35 | 3.70 | 2.44 | 2.71 | 2.99 | |||
| 大豆皮Soybean hull | 3.91 | 7.82 | 3.99 | 7.98 | |||||
| 石粉Limestone | 1.70 | 1.56 | 1.43 | 1.56 | 1.40 | 1.25 | |||
| 膨润土Bentonite | 1.37 | 0.69 | 0.00 | 0.89 | 0.45 | 0.00 | |||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.16 | 1.19 | 1.22 | 0.57 | 0.60 | 0.62 | |||
| 鸭油Duck oil | 1.00 | 1.25 | 1.50 | 4.00 | 4.31 | 4.63 | |||
| L-赖氨酸硫酸盐L-Lys·H2SO4 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.78 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.81 | |||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.20 | |||
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | |||
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | |||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||||||
| 水分Moisture | 13.2 | 12.6 | 13.7 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.5 | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 18.93 | 18.89 | 18.76 | 17.39 | 17.48 | 17.35 | |||
| 粗灰分Ash | 5.60 | 5.10 | 4.50 | 4.60 | 4.30 | 3.90 | |||
| 粗脂肪EE | 3.70 | 3.70 | 3.90 | 6.70 | 7.00 | 7.20 | |||
| 粗纤维CF | 2.90 | 4.20 | 5.80 | 3.60 | 4.70 | 5.50 | |||
| 钙Ca | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.80 | 0.74 | 0.70 | 0.63 | |||
| 总磷TP | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.46 | |||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.10 | |||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 | |||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 11.72 | 11.72 | 11.72 | 12.55 | 12.55 | 12.55 | |||
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:Cu 8 mg,Fe 80 mg,Mn 80 mg,Zn 60 mg,I 3 mg,Se 0.25 mg,VA 9 000 IU,VD3 2 000 IU,VE 11 IU,VK 1.0 mg,VB1 1.2 mg,VB2 5.8 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 66 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,VB6 2.6 mg,生物素 biotin 0.10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.7 mg,VB12 0.012 mg。 2)氨基酸和代谢能为计算值,其余为实测值。Amino acids and ME were calculated values, while the others were measured values. |
1.2 饲养管理
1.3 样品采集与指标测定
1.3.1 生长性能
1.3.2 屠宰性能和器官指数
1.3.3 肠道指数
1.3.4 肠道损伤评分
1.3.5 盲肠菌群结构测定
1.4 数据处理及统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲粮粗纤维水平对中新鸭生长性能的影响
表2 饲粮粗纤维水平对中新鸭生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of dietary crude fiber levels on growth performance of Zhongxin ducks |
| 项目 Items | 粗纤维水平Crude fiber levels | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 低Low | 中Medium | 高High | |||
| 初始体重IBW/g | 52.00±0.00 | 52.00±0.00 | 52.00±0.00 | 1.000 | |
1~17日龄 | 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 70.13±2.04 | 69.94±2.66 | 71.21±2.37 | 0.292 |
1 to 17 days of age | 平均日增重ADG/g | 62.45±2.57 | 61.70±1.91 | 62.26±2.66 | 0.715 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.12±0.02 | 1.13±0.04 | 1.15±0.05 | 0.314 | |
| 终末体重FBW/g | 1 113.94±43.56 | 1 101.25±32.31 | 1 110.75±44.99 | 0.716 | |
18~37日龄 | 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 225.21±14.12 | 225.56±19.50 | 221.96±15.00 | 0.795 |
18 to 37 days of age | 平均日增重ADG/g | 113.33±8.97 | 114.54±7.95 | 109.06±7.53 | 0.176 |
| 料重比F/G | 2.00±0.16 | 1.97±0.13 | 2.04±0.16 | 0.471 | |
| 终末体重FBW/g | 3 380.44±164.71 | 3 391.67±155.90 | 3 291.69±179.10 | 0.215 | |
1~37日龄 | 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 153.65±7.46 | 153.30±9.72 | 152.33±8.41 | 0.901 |
1 to 37 days of age | 平均日增重ADG/g | 89.97±4.45 | 90.26±4.21 | 87.54±4.84 | 0.210 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.71±0.10 | 1.70±0.08 | 1.74±0.11 | 0.460 | |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮粗纤维水平对中新鸭屠宰性能的影响
表3 饲粮粗纤维水平对中新鸭屠宰性能的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary crude fiber levels on slaughter performance of Zhongxin ducks |
| 项目 Items | 粗纤维水平Crude fiber levels | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 低Low | 中Medium | 高High | ||
| 宰前活重Live weight before slaughter/g | 3 343.80±173.05 | 3 463.70±254.61 | 3 311.20±122.90 | 0.070 |
| 屠宰率Dressed percentage/% | 91.62±2.23 | 92.70±3.03 | 91.85±2.16 | 0.443 |
| 全净膛率Eviscerated percentage/% | 72.61±2.42 | 72.39±3.31 | 73.05±3.88 | 0.845 |
| 腹脂率Abdominal fat percentage/% | 0.90±0.16b | 1.11±0.27ab | 1.21±0.24a | 0.036 |
| 胸肌率Breast muscle percentage/% | 17.59±1.47 | 17.86±1.63 | 17.51±1.24 | 0.783 |
| 腿肌率Leg muscle percentage/% | 12.78±1.16 | 13.36±1.46 | 12.85±1.15 | 0.674 |
2.3 饲粮粗纤维水平对中新鸭肠道指数和器官指数的影响
表4 饲粮粗纤维水平对中新鸭肠道指数和器官指数的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary crude fiber levels on intestinal index and organ index of Zhongxin ducks |
| 项目 Items | 粗纤维水平Crude fiber levels | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 低Low | 中Medium | 高High | |||
| 十二指肠 | 相对长度Relative length/(cm/kg) | 10.89±0.95 | 10.63±1.10 | 10.89±1.20 | 0.749 |
| Duodenum | 相对重量Relative weight/(g/kg) | 3.25±0.48 | 3.37±0.44 | 3.58±0.40 | 0.116 |
| 空肠 | 相对长度Relative length/(cm/kg) | 28.65±1.29 | 29.65±2.33 | 29.14±2.21 | 0.388 |
| Jejunum | 相对重量Relative weight/(g/kg) | 8.62±0.76b | 9.05±0.64b | 9.95±1.38a | 0.002 |
| 回肠 | 相对长度Relative length/(cm/kg) | 26.70±1.63 | 27.33±1.69 | 28.42±2.46 | 0.056 |
| Ileum | 相对重量Relative weight/(g/kg) | 7.52±0.66b | 7.45±0.86b | 9.00±0.92a | <0.001 |
| 器官指数 | 肌胃指数Gizzard index | 20.57±4.31 | 20.94±2.99 | 21.75±4.50 | 0.698 |
| Organ index | 腺胃指数Proventriculus index | 2.13±0.34b | 2.08±0.37b | 2.40±0.34a | 0.025 |
| 十二指肠 | 绝对长度Absolute length/cm | 36.33±2.51 | 36.30±2.57 | 36.01±3.69 | 0.948 |
| Duodenum | 绝对重量Absolute weight/g | 10.83±1.47 | 11.54±1.45 | 11.84±1.32 | 0.129 |
| 空肠 | 绝对长度Absolute length/cm | 95.81±6.51 | 101.43±6.61 | 96.49±7.96 | 0.066 |
| Jejunum | 绝对重量Absolute weight/g | 28.80±2.70b | 31.05±3.03a | 32.95±4.62a | 0.008 |
| 回肠 | 绝对长度Absolute length/cm | 89.29±7.20 | 93.49±4.07 | 94.00±7.76 | 0.098 |
| Ileum | 绝对重量Absolute weight/g | 25.09±2.04b | 26.48±2.46a | 29.78±2.92a | <0.001 |
| 器官绝对重量 | 肌胃Gizzard/g | 68.54±13.22 | 71.84±11.29 | 72.17±15.85 | 0.719 |
| Absolute organ weight | 腺胃Proventriculus/g | 7.11±1.13 | 7.11±1.29 | 7.95±1.10 | 0.078 |
2.4 饲粮粗纤维水平对中新鸭肠道损伤评分的影响
表5 饲粮粗纤维水平对中新鸭肠道损伤评分的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary crude fiber levels on intestinal injury score of Zhongxin ducks |
| 项目 Items | 粗纤维水平Crude fiber levels | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 低Low | 中Medium | 高High | ||
| 胀气Gut ballooning | 1.36±0.10 | 1.00±0.63 | 1.07±0.80 | 0.478 |
| 水分增多Excessive moisture | 0.00±0.00 | 0.00±0.00 | 0.06±0.25 | 0.653 |
| 肠壁变薄Thinning intestinal tract | 1.19±0.40 | 1.40±0.51 | 1.31±0.48 | 0.128 |
| 弹性减弱Lack of tonus | 1.19±0.40 | 1.40±0.51 | 1.31±0.48 | 0.174 |
| 黏液增多Excessive mucus | 1.13±0.34 | 1.20±0.41 | 1.06±0.25 | 0.218 |
| 黏膜脱落Mucosa sloughing | 1.19±0.40 | 1.40±0.51 | 1.38±0.50 | 0.170 |
| 出血性肠炎Bloody intestinal enteritis | 0.06±0.25 | 0.07±0.26 | 0.00±0.00 | 0.332 |
| 气泡增多Excessive foam | 0.13±0.34 | 0.20±0.56 | 0.13±0.34 | 0.863 |
| 平均值Average value | 0.65±0.19 | 0.74±0.27 | 0.67±0.19 | 0.463 |
2.5 饲粮粗纤维水平对中新鸭盲肠菌群结构的影响
2.5.1 α多样性分析
2.5.2 β多样性分析
2.5.3 盲肠门和属水平菌群分析
图3 盲肠菌群门水平分布柱状图(前10)Fig.3 Column diagram of distribution of cecal flora at phylum level (top 10) |
表6 饲粮粗纤维水平对中新鸭盲肠菌群门水平相对丰度的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary crude fiber levels on relative abundance of cecal flora at phylum level of Zhongxin ducks % |
| 项目 Items | 粗纤维水平Crude fiber levels | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 低Low | 中Medium | 高High | ||
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 52.91±4.52 | 58.56±2.75 | 54.33±6.16 | 0.128 |
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidota | 44.08±5.04 | 38.78±3.36 | 43.47±6.83 | 0.198 |
| 脱硫杆菌门Desulfobacterota | 1.64±1.36 | 1.27±1.09 | 0.99±1.34 | 0.682 |
| 脱铁杆菌门Fusobacteriota | 0.36±0.12 | 0.17±0.03 | 0.03±0.07 | 0.220 |
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 0.32±0.01 | 0.53±0.05 | 0.15±0.01 | 0.124 |
| 放线菌门Actinobacteriota | 0.34±0.02 | 0.24±0.01 | 0.24±0.01 | 0.472 |
图4 盲肠菌群属水平分布柱状图(前10)Fig.4 Column diagram of distribution of cecal flora at genus level (top 10) |
表7 饲粮粗纤维水平对中新鸭盲肠菌群属水平相对丰度的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary crude fiber levels on relative abundance of cecal flora at genus level of Zhongxin ducks % |
| 项目 Items | 粗纤维水平Crude fiber levels | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 低Low | 中Medium | 高High | ||
| 拟杆菌属Bacteroides | 24.74±7.01 | 22.77±3.32 | 24.65±7.42 | 0.823 |
| 粪杆菌属Faecalibacterium | 7.65±4.33 | 6.60±2.48 | 7.13±4.85 | 0.785 |
| 巨单胞菌属Megamonas | 7.89±2.79 | 9.31±2.79 | 9.00±1.32 | 0.915 |
| 考拉杆菌属Phascolarctobacterium | 6.44±2.31 | 6.36±6.77 | 6.04±6.49 | 0.928 |
| 理研菌科RC9肠道群Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group | 4.72±0.09 | 2.77±1.89 | 3.84±1.39 | 0.460 |
| 未鉴定颤螺菌科Unclassified_Oscillospiraceae | 4.38±1.32 | 3.98±0.82 | 3.79±0.62 | 0.794 |

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