1 材料与方法
1.1 试验动物
1.2 试验设计
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 淀粉源Starch sources | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 糯米 Glutinous rice | 玉米 Corn | 籼米 Indica rice | 高直链淀粉 High amylose | |
| 原料Ingredients | ||||
| 玉米Corn | 57.60 | 49.40 | ||
| 籼米Indica rice | 53.75 | |||
| 糯米Glutinous rice | 51.00 | |||
| 高直链淀粉High amylose | 6.00 | |||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 23.20 | 24.20 | 23.45 | 25.00 |
| 稻壳Rice husk | 9.60 | 9.50 | 10.10 | 9.30 |
| 麸皮Bran | 12.45 | 4.90 | 9.05 | 6.40 |
| 石粉Limestone | 1.10 | 1.10 | 0.90 | 1.20 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.20 | 1.10 | 1.30 | 1.10 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.10 | 0.10 | ||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.20 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 10.86 | 10.82 | 10.80 | 10.80 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 15.93 | 16.18 | 16.01 | 16.14 |
| 粗纤维CF | 6.86 | 6.87 | 6.83 | 6.80 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.92 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.43 |
| 总磷TP | 0.61 | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.61 |
| 有效磷AP | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.38 |
| 钙Ca | 0.85 | 0.82 | 0.83 | 0.86 |
| 总淀粉Total starch | 37.92 | 38.84 | 39.77 | 38.16 |
| 直/支链淀粉比Amylose/amylopectin ratio | 0.021 | 0.340 | 0.456 | 0.568 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Premix provided the following per kilogram of diets:VA 9 000 IU,VD 3 000 IU,VE 18 IU,VK 1.5 mg,VB1 0.9 mg,VB2 8 mg,VB6 3.2 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,烟酸 niacin 0.045 g,泛酸 pantothenate 11 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.65 mg,生物素 biotin 0.05 mg,Fe 0.06 g,Cu 0.01 g,Mn 0.095 g,Zn 0.09 g,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.3 mg。 2)代谢能和有效磷为计算值,其余为实测值。ME and AP were calculated values, while the others were measured values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集及指标测定
1.4.1 生长性能的测定
1.4.2 屠宰性能的测定
1.4.3 内脏器官指数的测定
1.4.4 胸肌肉品质的测定
1.4.4.1 肉色值和pH
1.4.4.2 滴水损失
1.4.4.3 剪切力
1.4.5 胸肌脂肪酸含量的测定
1.4.6 胸肌肌纤维直径和密度的测定
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果
2.1 不同淀粉源饲粮对35~63日龄仔鹅生长性能的影响
表2 不同淀粉源饲粮对35~63日龄仔鹅生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of different starch source diets on growth performance of goslings aged from 35 to 63 days |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 糯米 Glutinous rice | 玉米 Corn | 籼米 Indica rice | 高直链淀粉 High amylose | |||
| 35日龄体重BW at 35 days of age/g | 2 106 | 2 106 | 2 104 | 2 104 | 1.012 | 0.904 |
| 63日龄体重BW at 63 days of age/g | 3 637ab | 3 678a | 3 702a | 3 593b | 14.725 | 0.035 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 251.52 | 254.14 | 254.58 | 253.13 | 1.385 | 0.884 |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 54.67ab | 56.16ab | 57.05a | 53.46b | 0.501 | 0.041 |
| 料重比F/G | 4.60 | 4.53 | 4.47 | 4.77 | 0.050 | 0.246 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 不同淀粉源饲粮对63日龄仔鹅屠宰性能的影响
表3 不同淀粉源饲粮对63日龄仔鹅屠宰性能的影响Table 3 Effects of different starch source diets on slaughter performance of goslings at 63 days of age % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 糯米 Glutinous rice | 玉米 Corn | 籼米 Indica rice | 高直链淀粉 High amylose | |||
| 屠宰率Dressing percentage | 84.81 | 85.43 | 85.48 | 84.71 | 0.498 | 0.925 |
| 全净膛率Percentage of eviscerated yield | 70.84 | 71.88 | 71.06 | 69.03 | 0.722 | 0.568 |
| 腹脂率Percentage of abdominal fat | 3.09a | 2.61b | 2.87ab | 2.52b | 0.075 | 0.027 |
| 胸肌率Percentage of breast muscle | 7.58 | 8.27 | 7.73 | 7.96 | 0.171 | 0.519 |
2.3 不同淀粉源饲粮对63日龄仔鹅内脏器官指数的影响
表4 不同淀粉源饲粮对63日龄仔鹅内脏器官指数的影响Table 4 Effects of different starch source diets on visceral organ indexes of goslings at 63 days of ageg/kg |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 糯米 Glutinous rice | 玉米 Corn | 籼米 Indica rice | 高直链淀粉 High amylose | |||
| 心脏指数Heart index | 5.13 | 4.93 | 5.01 | 5.28 | 0.070 | 0.335 |
| 肝脏指数Liver index | 16.93 | 18.54 | 18.37 | 17.91 | 0.339 | 0.334 |
| 脾脏指数Spleen index | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.83 | 0.032 | 0.572 |
| 法氏囊指数Bursa of Fabricius index | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.026 | 0.868 |
| 胰腺指数Pancreatic index | 2.86 | 2.52 | 3.02 | 2.60 | 0.075 | 0.056 |
| 肌胃指数Gizzard index | 33.27 | 31.41 | 31.65 | 33.53 | 0.560 | 0.426 |
| 腺胃指数Pancreatic index | 2.77 | 2.90 | 2.86 | 2.83 | 0.053 | 0.838 |
2.4 不同淀粉源饲粮对63日龄仔鹅胸肌肉品质的影响
表5 不同淀粉源饲粮对63日龄仔鹅胸肌肉品质的影响Table 5 Effects of different starch source diets on breast muscle quality of goslings at 63 days of age |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 糯米 Glutinous rice | 玉米 Corn | 籼米 Indica rice | 高直链淀粉 High amylose | |||
| pH | 5.91 | 5.77 | 5.76 | 5.78 | 0.023 | 0.058 |
| 亮度L* | 46.16a | 41.54b | 44.79a | 43.15ab | 0.602 | 0.027 |
| 红度a* | 13.52b | 15.21a | 14.58ab | 14.60ab | 0.217 | 0.036 |
| 黄度b* | 4.40 | 4.12 | 4.82 | 4.62 | 0.144 | 0.382 |
| 剪切力Shear force/N | 51.31b | 64.99a | 62.63a | 49.23b | 2.312 | 0.017 |
| 24 h滴水损失Drip loss at 24 h/% | 4.01 | 4.17 | 3.56 | 4.19 | 0.109 | 0.128 |
| 48 h滴水损失Drip loss at 48 h/% | 5.95 | 6.20 | 5.57 | 6.20 | 0.156 | 0.457 |
2.5 不同淀粉源饲粮对63日龄仔鹅胸肌脂肪酸含量的影响
表6 不同淀粉源饲粮对63日龄仔鹅胸肌脂肪酸含量的影响Table 6 Effects of different starch source diets on breast muscle fatty acid contents of goslings at 63 days of age μg/g |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 糯米 Glutinous rice | 玉米 Corn | 籼米 Indica rice | 高直链淀粉 High amylose | |||
| 月桂酸C12.0/(μg/g) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.001 | 0.942 |
| 肉豆蔻酸C14.0/(μg/g) | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.013 | 0.763 |
| 十五烷酸C15.0/(μg/g) | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.002 | 0.683 |
| 棕榈酸C16.0/(μg/g) | 26.41c | 27.98bc | 29.58ab | 31.30a | 0.595 | 0.013 |
| 十七烷酸C17.0/(μg/g) | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.005 | 0.231 |
| 硬脂酸C18.0/(μg/g) | 19.90c | 21.86bc | 22.53b | 25.02a | 0.506 | 0.001 |
| 花生酸C20.0/(μg/g) | 0.21c | 0.23bc | 0.24b | 0.27a | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| 山嵛酸C22.0/(μg/g) | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.003 | 0.733 |
| 木蜡酸C24.0/(μg/g) | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.002 | 0.723 |
| 饱和脂肪酸SFA/(μg/g) | 47.14c | 50.73b | 52.25ab | 54.49a | 0.716 | <0.001 |
| 肉豆蔻烯酸C14∶1/(μg/g) | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.57 | 0.021 | 0.579 |
| 十五碳烯酸C15∶1/(μg/g) | 0.69 | 0.54 | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.033 | 0.103 |
| 棕榈油酸C16∶1/(μg/g) | 1.81 | 2.34 | 2.29 | 2.06 | 0.108 | 0.266 |
| 十七碳烯酸C17∶1/(μg/g) | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 1.08 | 0.037 | 0.360 |
| 油酸C18∶1/(μg/g) | 23.63 | 22.73 | 23.99 | 19.66 | 0.772 | 0.181 |
| 十九碳烯酸C19∶1/(μg/g) | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.70 | 0.035 | 0.882 |
| 二十碳烯酸C20∶1/(μg/g) | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.65 | 0.60 | 0.019 | 0.385 |
| 二十二碳烯酸C22∶1/(μg/g) | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.021 | 0.309 |
| 神经酸C24∶1/(μg/g) | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.019 | 0.584 |
| 单不饱和脂肪酸MUFA/(μg/g) | 29.47a | 29.15a | 28.90a | 25.35b | 0.504 | 0.004 |
| 亚油酸C18∶2/(μg/g) | 11.29a | 9.01b | 8.84b | 8.49b | 0.358 | 0.012 |
| α-亚麻酸C18∶3/(μg/g) | 0.27 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.011 | 0.162 |
| 二十碳二烯酸C20∶2/(μg/g) | 0.24a | 0.16c | 0.19bc | 0.21ab | 0.008 | 0.001 |
| HOMO-γ-亚麻酸C20∶3/(μg/g) | 0.36ab | 0.38ab | 0.44a | 0.31b | 0.017 | 0.004 |
| 二十碳三烯酸C20∶3/(μg/g) | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.002 | 0.124 |
| 花生四烯酸C20∶4/(μg/g) | 7.35 | 6.96 | 5.88 | 7.47 | 0.306 | 0.250 |
| 二十碳五烯酸C20∶5/(μg/g) | 0.09b | 0.12b | 0.17a | 0.10b | 0.009 | 0.001 |
| 二十二碳二烯酸C22∶2/(μg/g) | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.004 | 0.059 |
| 二十二碳四烯酸C22∶4/(μg/g) | 1.49 | 1.29 | 1.06 | 1.48 | 0.071 | 0.107 |
| 二十二碳五烯酸C22∶5/(μg/g) | 1.02a | 0.75ab | 0.57b | 0.72ab | 0.059 | 0.039 |
| 二十二碳五烯酸钠C22∶5/(μg/g) | 0.49 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.021 | 0.882 |
| 二十二碳六烯酸C22∶6/(μg/g) | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.69 | 0.62 | 0.072 | 0.986 |
| 多不饱和脂肪酸PUFA/(μg/g) | 23.39a | 20.12b | 18.85b | 20.17b | 0.583 | 0.028 |
| 多不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸 PUFA/SFA | 0.50a | 0.40b | 0.36b | 0.37b | 0.016 | 0.006 |
| n-3多不饱和脂肪酸n-3PUFA/(μg/g) | 1.51 | 1.45 | 1.59 | 1.48 | 0.043 | 0.720 |
| n-6多不饱和脂肪酸n-6PUFA/(μg/g) | 20.09a | 17.33b | 16.14b | 17.07b | 0.378 | 0.001 |
| n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比例 n-6/n-3PUFA ratio | 14.72a | 12.43b | 10.57b | 12.25b | 0.458 | 0.006 |
2.6 不同淀粉源饲粮对63日龄仔鹅胸肌肌纤维特性的影响
表7 不同淀粉源饲粮对63日龄仔鹅胸肌肌纤维特性的影响Table 7 Effects of different starch source diets on breast muscle fiber characteristics of goslings at 63 days of age |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 糯米 Glutinous rice | 玉米 Corn | 籼米 Indica rice | 高直链淀粉 High amylose | |||
| 肌纤维直径Muscle fiber diameter/μm | 14.1ab | 17.1a | 17.2a | 12.8b | 0.65 | 0.025 |
| 肌纤维密度Muscle fiber density/(根/nm2) | 6 090a | 4 265b | 4 417b | 6 249a | 214 | <0.001 |

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