1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 玉米Corn | 53.00 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 35.00 |
| 鱼粉Fish meal | 2.50 |
| 石粉Limestone | 5.80 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.40 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 |
| 豆油Soybean oil | 1.00 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.41 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 20.32 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 1.47 |
| 粗纤维CF | 1.85 |
| 钙Ca | 3.54 |
| 总磷TP | 0.63 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 100 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 70 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 70 mg,VA 12 000 IU,VD3 3 500 IU,VE 18 IU,VK3 1 mg,VB2 2.5 mg,VB6 2 mg。 2)代谢能为计算值,其他均为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集
1.5 指标测定
1.5.1 生产性能
1.5.2 养分表观代谢率
1.5.3 蛋品质
1.5.4 血浆生化指标
1.5.5 肠道结构
1.5.6 肠道微生物区系
1.6 数据处理与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 β-甘露聚糖酶对产蛋高峰期鹌鹑生产性能的影响
表2 饲粮中添加β-甘露聚糖酶对产蛋高峰期鹌鹑生产性能的影响Table 2 Effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on performance of quail during peak laying period (n=6) |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | β-甘露聚糖酶组 β-mannanase group | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 to 30 d | ||||
| 平均日采食量Average daily feed intake/g | 26.32 | 26.44 | 0.22 | 0.80 |
| 平均蛋重Average egg weight/g | 10.77 | 10.84 | 0.06 | 0.91 |
| 产蛋率Laying rate/% | 90.42 | 90.45 | 0.80 | 0.99 |
| 料蛋比Feed/egg | 2.45 | 2.44 | 0.02 | 0.75 |
| 31 to 60 d | ||||
| 平均日采食量Average daily feed intake/g | 26.58 | 26.67 | 0.23 | 0.87 |
| 平均蛋重Average egg weight/g | 10.82 | 11.66 | 0.07 | 0.80 |
| 产蛋率Laying rate/% | 87.29 | 87.45 | 0.88 | 0.93 |
| 料蛋比Feed/egg | 2.46a | 2.29b | 0.04 | 0.02 |
| 61 to 90 d | ||||
| 平均日采食量Average daily feed intake/g | 28.19 | 28.20 | 0.24 | 0.98 |
| 平均蛋重Average egg weight/g | 10.91 | 11.21 | 0.08 | 0.58 |
| 产蛋率Laying rate/% | 85.15 | 87.83 | 1.24 | 0.30 |
| 料蛋比Feed/egg | 2.59 | 2.52 | 0.02 | 0.52 |
| 91 to 120 d | ||||
| 平均日采食量Average daily feed intake/g | 28.51 | 28.07 | 0.23 | 0.38 |
| 平均蛋重Average egg weight/g | 11.09 | 11.27 | 0.10 | 0.92 |
| 产蛋率Laying rate/% | 82.48b | 87.85a | 1.29 | 0.03 |
| 料蛋比Feed/egg | 2.57 | 2.49 | 0.02 | 0.38 |
| 1 to 120 d | ||||
| 平均日采食量Average daily feed intake/g | 27.27 | 27.35 | 0.19 | 0.85 |
| 平均蛋重Average egg weight/g | 10.87b | 11.26a | 0.09 | 0.01 |
| 产蛋率Laying rate/% | 86.22 | 88.04 | 0.67 | 0.19 |
| 料蛋比Feed/egg | 2.51a | 2.43b | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| 死淘率Death and culling rate/% | 7.84A | 1.96B | 1.03 | <0.01 |
同行数据肩标无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
2.2 β-甘露聚糖酶对产蛋高峰期鹌鹑养分表观代谢率的影响
表3 饲粮中添加β-甘露聚糖酶对产蛋高峰期鹌鹑养分表观代谢率的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on nutrient apparent metabolic rates of quail during peak laying period (n=6) % |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | β-甘露聚糖酶组 β-mannanase group | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 能量Energy | 58.82b | 66.27a | 1.90 | 0.04 |
| 干物质DM | 51.39 | 55.47 | 3.41 | 0.57 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 42.76b | 48.13a | 1.18 | 0.01 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 85.83 | 89.36 | 1.64 | 0.30 |
2.3 β-甘露聚糖酶对产蛋高峰期鹌鹑蛋品质的影响
表4 饲粮中添加β-甘露聚糖酶对产蛋高峰期鹌鹑蛋品质的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on egg quality of quail during peak laying period (n=10) |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | β-甘露聚糖酶组 β-mannanase group | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 蛋形指数Egg shape index | 1.29B | 1.33A | 0.01 | <0.01 |
| 蛋比重Egg specific gravity/(g/mL) | 1.12 | 1.09 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
| 蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/N | 1.35b | 1.47a | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 蛋黄颜色Yolk color | 4.63b | 4.87a | 0.06 | 0.03 |
| 蛋白高度Egg white height/mm | 4.42 | 4.64 | 0.08 | 0.19 |
| 蛋壳厚度Eggshell thickness/mm | 0.20 | 0.21 | <0.01 | 0.34 |
| 哈氏单位Haugh unit | 88.48b | 90.73a | 0.50 | 0.02 |
2.4 β-甘露聚糖酶对产蛋高峰期鹌鹑血浆生化指标的影响
表5 饲粮中添加β-甘露聚糖酶对产蛋高峰期鹌鹑血浆生化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on plasma biochemical indices of quail during peak laying period (n=10) |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | β-甘露聚糖酶组 β-mannanase group | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 1.68 | 1.72 | 0.47 | 0.97 |
| 钙Ca/(mmol/L) | 1.58 | 1.46 | 0.06 | 0.38 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 7.49b | 9.40a | 0.47 | 0.04 |
| 肌酐CRE/(μmol/L) | 2 322.60A | 1 314.97B | 177.76 | <0.01 |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 23.02a | 14.30b | 1.98 | 0.02 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 91.49a | 50.94b | 8.29 | 0.01 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 21.51 | 20.84 | 0.89 | 0.72 |
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 23.31b | 28.51a | 1.14 | 0.01 |
| 无机磷Inorganic P/(mmol/L) | 0.85 | 0.63 | 0.10 | 0.30 |
| 胰岛素INS/(mU/L) | 34.49 | 34.72 | 0.51 | 0.83 |
| 胰岛素样生长因子-1 IGF-1/(ng/mL) | 121.60 | 114.78 | 2.57 | 0.20 |
| 白细胞介素-1 IL-1/(pg/mL) | 253.18a | 239.77b | 3.22 | 0.03 |
| 白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(pg/mL) | 243.28 | 238.52 | 2.79 | 0.42 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL) | 23.94 | 24.50 | 0.38 | 0.49 |
| 白细胞介素-8 IL-8/(pg/mL) | 93.84 | 99.94 | 1.89 | 0.11 |
2.5 β-甘露聚糖酶对产蛋高峰期鹌鹑肠道结构的影响
表6 饲粮中添加β-甘露聚糖酶对产蛋高峰期鹌鹑肠道结构的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on intestinal structure of quail during peak laying period (n=6) |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | β-甘露聚糖酶组 β-mannanase group | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 十二指肠Duodenum | ||||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/mm | 0.84B | 1.01A | 0.25 | <0.01 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/mm | 0.23A | 0.18B | 0.01 | <0.01 |
| 绒隐比VH/CD | 3.68B | 5.65A | 0.27 | <0.01 |
| 空肠Jejunum | ||||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/mm | 0.79 | 0.84 | 0.02 | 0.14 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/mm | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.20 |
| 绒隐比VH/CD | 5.06 | 4.77 | 0.23 | 0.56 |
| 回肠Ileum | ||||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/mm | 0.43B | 0.53A | 0.02 | <0.01 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/mm | 0.10 | 0.11 | <0.01 | 0.51 |
| 绒隐比VH/CD | 4.24B | 5.14A | 0.17 | <0.01 |
2.6 β-甘露聚糖酶对产蛋高峰期鹌鹑盲肠微生物区系的影响
2.6.1 β-甘露聚糖酶对产蛋高峰期鹌鹑盲肠微生物alpha多样性的影响
2.6.2 β-甘露聚糖酶对产蛋高峰期鹌鹑盲肠微生物beta多样性的影响
2.6.3 β-甘露聚糖酶对产蛋高峰期鹌鹑盲肠微生物菌群组成的影响
图4 β-甘露聚糖酶对产蛋高峰期鹌鹑盲肠微生物门水平菌群丰度的影响Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Bacteroidetes:拟杆菌门;Unidentified-Bacteria:未知菌门; Proteobacteria:变形菌门; Actinobacteria:放线菌门;Fusobacteria:梭杆菌门;Deferribacteres:脱铁杆菌门;Verrucomicrobia:疣微菌门;Tenericutes:软壁菌门;Others:其他。 Fig.4 Effects of β-mannanase on phylum level flora abundance of cecal microorganisms of quail during peak laying period (n=6) |
图5 β-甘露聚糖酶对产蛋高峰期鹌鹑盲肠微生物纲水平菌群丰度的影响Bacteroidia:拟杆菌纲;Clostridia:梭菌纲;Unidentified-Bacteria:未知菌纲;Gammaproteobacteria:γ-变形菌纲;Erysipelotrichia:丹丝毒菌纲;Deltaproteobacteria:δ-变形菌纲;Bacilli:杆菌纲;Alphaproteobacteria:α-变形菌纲;Fusobateriia:梭杆菌纲;Others:其他。 Fig.5 Effects of β-mannanase on flora abundance of cecal microorganisms at class level of quail during peak laying period (n=6) |
2.6.4 鹌鹑盲肠微生物菌群丰度与表型指标的相关性分析
图6 纲水平的菌与差异表型指标的相关性分析*表示显著相关(P<0.05);**表示极显著相关(P<0.01)。* indicates significant correlation (P<0.05); ** indicates very significant correlation (P<0.01). Unidentified-Bacteria:未知菌纲;Deltaproteobacteria:δ-变形菌纲;Bacilli:杆菌纲;Bacteroidia:拟杆菌纲;Clostridia:梭菌纲; Gammaproteobacteria:γ-变形菌纲; Erysipelotrichia:丹丝毒菌纲;Alphaproteobacteria:α-变形菌纲;Fusobacteriia:梭杆菌纲。AEW:平均蛋重 average egg weight;DCR:死淘率 death and culling rate;E:能量 energy;CP:粗蛋白质 crude protein;ESI:蛋形指数egg pattern index;ES:蛋壳强度 eggshell thickness;YC:蛋黄颜色 eggshell color;HU:哈氏单位 Haugh unit;ALB:白蛋白 albumin;TP:总蛋白total protein;VH:绒毛高度villus height;VH/CD:绒隐比 villus height/crypt depth;F/E:料蛋比 feed to egg ratio;CRE:肌酐 creatinine;AST:谷草转氨酶 aspartate aminotransferase;IL-10:白细胞介素-10 interleukin-10;CD:隐窝深度 crypt depth。 Fig.6 Correlation analysis between bacteria at class level and different phenotypic indexes (n=6) |

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