1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
1.2 基础饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 苜蓿干草Alfalfa hay | 15.20 |
| 玉米青贮Corn silage | 24.17 |
| 蒸汽压片玉米Steam-flaked corn | 6.47 |
| 玉米Corn | 24.23 |
| 浓缩料Concentrated feed1) | 17.95 |
| 脂肪粉Fat powder | 0.75 |
| 棉籽粕Cottonseed meal | 4.04 |
| 全棉籽Whole cottonseed | 1.41 |
| 甜菜颗粒Beet granules | 4.78 |
| 蛋氨酸Methionine | 0.06 |
| 碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 | 0.56 |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.38 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |
| 有机物OM | 92.64 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 15.57 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 3.96 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 38.39 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 16.45 |
| 钙Ca | 0.85 |
| 总磷TP | 0.46 |
| 产奶净能NEL/(MJ/kg) | 6.60 |
1)浓缩料为商品饲料,其营养水平如下Concentrated feed was a commercial feed, and its nutrient levels showed as follows:干物质 DM 86%,粗蛋白质 CP 29.5%,粗纤维 CF 12%,粗灰分 Ash 18%,钙 Ca 1.3%,总磷 TP 0.6%,氯化钠 NaCl 1.3%,赖氨酸 Lys 0.8%。每千克浓缩料中含有 One kilogram of concentrated feed contained the following:VA 12 000 IU,VD 3 300 IU,VE 87 IU,Cu (as copper sulfate) 42 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 181 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 53 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 56 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 1.9 mg,Co (as cobalt sulfate) 0.41 mg。 2)产奶净能为计算值,其余营养水平为实测值。NEL was a calculated value, while the other nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集
1.4.1 饲粮样品的采集
1.4.2 瘤胃液样品的采集
1.5 测定指标及方法
1.5.1 饲粮营养成分含量的测定
1.5.2 瘤胃发酵参数的测定
1.5.3 瘤胃微生物区系的测定
表2 16S rDNA引物序列Table 2 16S rDNA primer sequences |
| 引物名称 Primer names | 引物序列 Primer sequences |
|---|---|
| 338F | 5'-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCA-3' |
| 806R | 5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3' |
1.6 数据处理与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 褪黑素对泌乳中期奶牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响
表3 褪黑素对泌乳中期奶牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响Table 3 Effects of melatonin on rumen fermentation parameters of dairy cows in mid-lactation period (n=6) |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验Ⅰ组 Trial group Ⅰ | 试验Ⅱ组 Trial group Ⅱ | 试验Ⅲ组 Trial group Ⅲ | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pH | 6.60 | 6.55 | 6.43 | 6.53 | 0.050 | 0.725 |
| 氨态氮NH3-N/(mmol/L) | 8.25b | 9.67ab | 10.70a | 10.48a | 0.330 | 0.024 |
| 微生物蛋白MCP/(μg/mL) | 201.13 | 232.00 | 280.80 | 253.82 | 11.120 | 0.063 |
| 乙酸Acetic acid/(mmol/L) | 57.46 | 63.75 | 67.10 | 65.78 | 3.427 | 0.786 |
| 丙酸Propionic acid/(mmol/L) | 18.51b | 25.28a | 28.97a | 26.83a | 1.293 | 0.015 |
| 异丁酸Isobutyric acid/(mmol/L) | 1.10 | 1.12 | 1.23 | 1.15 | 0.037 | 0.586 |
| 丁酸Butyric acid/(mmol/L) | 16.68 | 14.65 | 15.25 | 15.58 | 0.671 | 0.777 |
| 异戊酸Isovaleric acid/(mmol/L) | 1.46 | 1.27 | 1.30 | 1.40 | 0.059 | 0.671 |
| 戊酸Valeric acid/(mmol/L) | 2.28 | 2.51 | 2.26 | 2.42 | 0.077 | 0.648 |
| 乙酸/丙酸Acetic acid/propionic acid | 3.49 | 2.54 | 2.34 | 2.48 | 0.212 | 0.206 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA/(mmol/L) | 97.49 | 108.58 | 116.12 | 113.16 | 4.113 | 0.419 |
同行数据肩标不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01), and with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 褪黑素对泌乳中期奶牛瘤胃发酵状况的影响
表4 褪黑素对泌乳中期奶牛瘤胃发酵状况的影响Table 4 Effects of melatonin on rumen fermentation status of dairy cows in mid-lactation period (n=6) |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验Ⅰ组 Trial group Ⅰ | 试验Ⅱ组 Trial group Ⅱ | 试验Ⅲ组 Trial group Ⅲ | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 六碳糖发酵量 Fermentable amount of hexose/(mmol/L) | 56.94 | 61.68 | 65.55 | 64.30 | 2.150 | 0.530 |
| 微生物细胞产量 Microbial cell yield/(mmol/L) | 2.85 | 3.19 | 3.41 | 3.32 | 0.123 | 0.413 |
| 瘤胃发酵效率 Rumen fermentation efficiency/% | 74.33 | 76.15 | 76.45 | 76.36 | 0.540 | 0.486 |
2.3 褪黑素对奶牛瘤胃微生物区系的影响
2.3.1 测序序列数据质控
图1 稀释曲线D1~D6:对照组的6个样本;S1_1~S1_6:试验Ⅰ组的6个样本;S2_1~S2_6:试验Ⅱ组的6个样本;S3_1~S3_6:试验Ⅲ组的6个样本。 Fig.1 Rarefaction curve D1 to D6: six samples from the control group; S1_1 to S1_6: six samples from the trial group Ⅰ; S2_1 to S2_6: six samples from the trial group Ⅱ; S3_1 to S3_6: six samples from the trial group Ⅲ. |
2.3.2 alpha多样性分析
表5 褪黑素对泌乳中期奶牛瘤胃微生物alpha多样性指数的影响Table 5 Effects of melatonin on rumen microbial alpha diversity indexes of dairy cows in mid-lactation period |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验Ⅰ组 Trial group Ⅰ | 试验Ⅱ组 Trial group Ⅱ | 试验Ⅲ组 Trial group Ⅲ | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observed_species指数 Observed_species index | 3 924.45 | 4 024.70 | 4 180.14 | 4 077.92 | 75.287 | 0.718 |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 4 446.95 | 4 699.76 | 4 942.51 | 4 742.10 | 113.604 | 0.519 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 10.02 | 10.41 | 10.59 | 10.29 | 0.258 | 0.903 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.002 | 0.275 |
2.3.3 beta多样性分析
2.3.4 褪黑素对门水平瘤胃菌群结构的影响
表6 褪黑素对泌乳中期奶牛瘤胃菌群中优势菌门相对丰度的影响Table 6 Effects of melatonin on relative abundance of dominant bacterial phyla in rumen microflora of dairy cows in mid-lactation period % |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验Ⅰ组 Trial group Ⅰ | 试验Ⅱ组 Trial group Ⅱ | 试验Ⅲ组 Trial group Ⅲ | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 40.44b | 45.94ab | 55.61a | 49.98ab | 1.977 | 0.035 |
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes | 31.62 | 34.27 | 37.46 | 35.97 | 1.762 | 0.706 |
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 2.92 | 2.89 | 1.77 | 2.55 | 0.214 | 0.202 |
| 软壁菌门Tenericutes | 1.18 | 1.06 | 1.14 | 1.01 | 0.070 | 0.838 |
| 放线菌门Actinobacteria | 1.11 | 1.03 | 1.52 | 1.09 | 0.163 | 0.730 |
| 螺旋菌门Spirochaetes | 1.37a | 0.85b | 0.65b | 0.77b | 0.094 | 0.023 |
2.3.5 褪黑素对属水平瘤胃菌群结构的影响
表7 褪黑素对泌乳中期奶牛瘤胃菌群中优势菌属相对丰度的影响Table 7 Effects of melatonin on relative abundance of dominant bacterial genera in rumen microflora of dairy cows in mid-lactation period % |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验Ⅰ组 Trial group Ⅰ | 试验Ⅱ组 Trial group Ⅱ | 试验Ⅲ组 Trial group Ⅲ | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 普雷沃氏菌属Prevotella | 17.98b | 25.60ab | 31.91a | 28.17a | 1.640 | 0.011 |
| 瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus | 3.18b | 4.15ab | 5.84a | 5.25a | 0.338 | 0.015 |
| 丁酸弧菌属Butyrivibrio | 2.77 | 3.55 | 5.43 | 4.43 | 0.379 | 0.064 |
| 解琥珀酸菌属Succiniclasticum | 3.40 | 3.56 | 3.75 | 3.59 | 0.195 | 0.947 |
| 夏普氏菌属Sharpea | 2.96 | 2.86 | 2.75 | 2.76 | 0.424 | 0.998 |
| 粪球菌属Coprococcus | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.09 | 1.14 | 0.062 | 0.979 |
| YRC22 | 1.26 | 1.28 | 1.18 | 1.15 | 0.058 | 0.858 |
| Shuttleworthia | 0.83 | 1.17 | 0.87 | 0.76 | 0.139 | 0.754 |
| CF231 | 0.73 | 0.56 | 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.072 | 0.518 |
| 月形单胞菌属Selenomonas | 0.73 | 0.51 | 0.69 | 0.48 | 0.064 | 0.422 |

京公网安备 11010802041926号