1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 发酵枳实残渣配方Table 1 Formula of fermented fructus aurantii immaturus residue% |
| 原料Ingredients | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 枳实残渣(湿) Fructus aurantii immaturus residue (wet) | 40.00 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 25.00 |
| 统糠(谷壳) Rice bran (chaff) | 20.00 |
| 麦麸Wheat bran | 8.00 |
| 玉米粉Corn meal | 5.00 |
| 复合发酵液Compound fermentation broth | 2.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
表2 枳实残渣发酵前后常规养分含量(鲜物质基础)Table 2 Conventional nutrient contents of fructus aurantii immaturus residue before and after fermentation (fresh matter basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 发酵前 Before fermentation | 发酵后 After fermentation |
|---|---|---|
| 水分Moisture | 60.29 | 61.00 |
| 干物质Dry matter | 39.71 | 39.01 |
| 粗蛋白质Crude protein | 6.52 | 6.26 |
| 粗脂肪Crude fat | 1.37 | 1.52 |
| 粗纤维Crude fiber | 9.14 | 9.25 |
| 粗灰分Crude ash | 3.79 | 3.80 |
| 钙Calcium | 0.31 | 0.31 |
| 总磷Total phosphorus | 0.19 | 0.19 |
1.2 试验设计
1.3 试验饲粮及饲养管理
表3 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 3 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 发酵枳实残渣添加水平 Fermented fructus aurantii immaturus residue supplemental levels/% | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 4 | 8 | 12 | |
| 原料Ingredients | ||||
| 玉米Corn | 66.29 | 62.90 | 59.33 | 55.57 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 19.75 | 18.65 | 17.90 | 17.30 |
| 乳清粉Whey mist | 4.30 | 4.30 | 4.30 | 4.30 |
| 鱼粉Fish meal | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 2.30 | 2.60 | 2.90 | 3.25 |
| 发酵枳实残渣Fermented fructus aurantii immaturus residue | 4.00 | 8.00 | 12.00 | |
| 赖氨酸盐酸盐Lysine·HCl | 0.50 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.65 |
| 蛋氨酸Methionine | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 |
| 碳酸钙CaCO3 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.74 |
| 石粉Limestone | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||||
| 消化能Digestion energy/(MJ/kg) | 14.63 | 14.46 | 14.33 | 14.21 |
| 粗蛋白质Crude protein | 16.85 | 17.10 | 17.09 | 16.87 |
| 粗脂肪Crude fat | 0.90 | 0.93 | 1.07 | 0.96 |
| 粗纤维Crude fiber | 6.56 | 6.47 | 6.48 | 6.46 |
| 赖氨酸Lysine | 1.24 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.24 |
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Methionine+cystine | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.69 |
| 钙Calcium | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.55 | 0.60 |
| 总磷Total phosphorus | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.57 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Premix provided the following per kg of diets: VA 6 000 IU,VD3 4 000 IU,VE 40 IU,VK3 4 mg,VB1 6 mg,VB2 12 mg,VB6 6 mg,VB12 0.05 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2 mg,烟酸 niacin 50 mg,D-泛酸钙 D-calcium pantothenate 25 mg,Cu 150 mg,Fe 100 mg,Mn 40 mg,Zn 100 mg,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.3 mg。 2)消化能为计算值,发酵枳实残渣的消化能参考柑橘渣的消化能计算[8];其他为实测值。Digestible energy was a calculated value, and the digestible energy of fermented fructus aurantii immaturus residue was calculated with reference to the digestible energy of citrus residue[8]; while the others were measured values. |
1.4 屠宰与样品采集
1.5 指标测定与方法
1.5.1 饲粮营养水平
1.5.2 生长性能
1.5.3 血清生化、抗氧化和免疫指标
1.5.4 空肠组织形态
1.5.5 空肠抗氧化和肠道形态相关基因mRNA表达
表4 RT-PCR引物序列Table 4 Primer sequence of RT-PCR |
| 基因 Genes | 序列 Sequence (5'—3') | 产物大小 Fragment size/bp |
|---|---|---|
| 核因子E2相关因子NRF2 | F:GAAAGCCCAGTCTTCATTGC R:TTGGAACCGTGCTAGTCTCA | 121 |
| 封闭蛋白Occludin | F:GCCTCATCGAGTTCGCTTAC R:CACGGACCACACTGTCAATC | 105 |
| 闭锁小带蛋白-1 ZO-1 | F:GTATCCTGCCGAGACTGCTC R:TAGCAGGGACTCCAAACCAC | 134 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶1 SOD1 | F:ACATGGGCAATGTGACTG R:CACAGCATTTCCCGTCT | 195 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶2 SOD2 | F:GGCCTACGTGAACAACCTGA R:TGATTGATGTGGCCTCCACC | 126 |
| 甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶GAPDH | F:ACTCACTCTTCTACCTTTGATGCT R:TGTTGCTGTAGCCAAATTCA | 123 |
1.5.6 结肠微生物16S rRNA基因扩增子测序
1.6 数据分析
2 结果
2.1 发酵枳实残渣对仔猪生长性能的影响
表5 发酵枳实残渣对仔猪生长性能的影响Table 5 Effects of fermented fructus aurantii immaturus residue on growth performance of piglets |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | 4%FF | 8%FF | 12%FF | ||
| 初重Initial weight/kg | 7.66±0.15 | 7.68±0.19 | 7.66±0.24 | 7.62±0.09 | 0.10 |
| 末重Final weight/kg | 21.13±0.49 | 21.33±0.50 | 21.76±0.50 | 20.48±0.34 | 0.29 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 449.97±8.57bc | 482.73±13.23ab | 497.37±12.13a | 446.85±11.35c | <0.01 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 873.13±24.34b | 850.89±20.33b | 967.29±23.30a | 885.70±29.41b | 0.01 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.99±0.05 | 1.90±0.02 | 1.89±0.03 | 1.99±0.07 | 0.26 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 发酵枳实残渣对仔猪血清生化、抗氧化和免疫指标的影响
表6 发酵枳实残渣对仔猪血清生化、抗氧化和免疫指标的影响Table 6 Effects of fermented fructus aurantii immaturus residue on serum biochemical, antioxidant and immune indices of piglets |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | 4%FF | 8%FF | 12%FF | ||
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 48.40±0.49c | 49.27±0.84bc | 51.22±0.19a | 50.34±0.72ab | 0.02 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 32.13±0.94 | 32.70±0.32 | 34.70±1.05 | 34.24±0.47 | 0.26 |
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 2.46±0.08 | 2.24±0.23 | 2.35±0.20 | 2.34±0.18 | 0.87 |
| 肌酐CREA/(μmol/L) | 86.67±1.68 | 82.57±3.22 | 81.29±1.31 | 82.71±2.31 | 0.38 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 5.77±0.10a | 5.23±0.15b | 5.77±0.11a | 5.73±0.14a | 0.01 |
| 总胆红素TBIL/(μmol/L) | 1.53±0.07 | 1.48±0.09 | 1.24±0.08 | 1.25±0.13 | 0.09 |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) | 9.14±0.62c | 16.36±1.15b | 23.19±1.16a | 21.61±1.29a | <0.01 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 124.35±3.16b | 139.14±5.76ab | 146.87±5.92a | 141.87±5.60a | 0.03 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 132.96±1.27b | 146.86±4.84ab | 162.42±8.28a | 136.83±6.13b | <0.01 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) | 10.54±0.37b | 12.28±0.56a | 12.86±0.68a | 11.82±0.39ab | 0.03 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 9.06±0.37a | 7.31±0.50bc | 6.10±0.39c | 8.19±0.44ab | <0.01 |
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) | 41.63±2.31b | 53.61±2.98a | 56.37±3.54a | 49.31±3.46ab | 0.01 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/mL) | 10.87±0.68b | 14.07±0.92a | 15.05±0.44a | 14.78±0.92a | <0.01 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) | 118.39±5.18b | 125.43±6.91b | 149.69±6.98a | 121.48±3.99b | <0.01 |
2.3 发酵枳实残渣对仔猪空肠组织形态的影响
表7 发酵枳实残渣对仔猪空肠组织形态的影响Table 7 Effects of fermented fructus aurantii immaturus residue on jejunal tissue morphology of piglets |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | 4%FF | 8%FF | 12%FF | ||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/μm | 316.54±7.40b | 334.95±11.17ab | 361.62±18.73a | 321.21±15.47ab | <0.01 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 164.53±2.96a | 152.79±3.00b | 135.67±3.45c | 152.75±3.63b | <0.01 |
| 绒毛高度/隐窝深度V/C | 1.93±0.06b | 2.20±0.11b | 2.68±0.17a | 2.10±0.09b | <0.01 |
| 杯状细胞数量Goblet cell number/个 | 22.78±1.64b | 22.33±0.88b | 27.42±1.41a | 22.33±1.00b | 0.03 |
2.4 发酵枳实残渣对仔猪空肠抗氧化和肠道形态相关基因mRNA表达的影响
图2 发酵枳实残渣对仔猪空肠抗氧化和肠道形态相关基因mRNA表达的影响数据柱标相同小写字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下图同。 Fig.2 Effects of fermented fructus aurantii immaturus residue on mRNA expression of antioxidant and intestinal morphology related genes in jejunum of piglets Value columns with the same small letters or no letters mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.5 发酵枳实残渣对仔猪结肠微生物多样性的影响
图5 发酵枳实残渣对仔猪结肠微生物门(A)和属水平(B)优势菌群分布的影响Fig.5 Effects of fermented fructus aurantii immaturus residue on distribution of dominant microflora at phylum (A) and genus levels (B) in colonic microbe of piglets |
表8 发酵枳实残渣对仔猪结肠微生物门(A)和属水平(B)差异菌群的影响Table 8 Effects of fermented fructus aurantii immaturus residue on differential microflora at phylum (A) and genus levels (B) in colonic microbe of piglets% |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | 4%FF | 8%FF | 12%FF | ||
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 82.52±1.56a | 82.34±1.53a | 76.66±0.91b | 77.48±1.49b | <0.01 |
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes | 12.65±1.30b | 13.92±1.36ab | 18.32±1.56a | 18.31±1.87a | 0.02 |
| 乳杆菌属Lactobacillus | 36.43±3.99b | 47.87±2.17a | 46.05±2.86a | 37.33±2.41b | 0.02 |
| 普氏菌属Prevotella | 8.07±1.28b | 10.28±1.31b | 11.09±0.99b | 16.85±1.80a | <0.01 |
| 链球菌属Streptococcus | 11.39±0.95a | 6.04±1.38b | 3.61±0.52b | 3.49±0.46b | <0.01 |

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