动物营养学报 >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 1: 323 - 331

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.029

研究论文

不同剩余采食量渝州白鹅生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的比较研究

  • 李琴 , 1, 2 ,
  • 王郁石 1, 2, * ,
  • 赵献芝 1, 2 ,
  • 陈主平 1, 2 ,
  • 王丽辉 1, 2 ,
  • 张克山 1, 2 ,
  • 谢友慧 1, 2 ,
  • 李静 1, 2 ,
  • 王启贵 , 1, 2, **
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  • 1 重庆市畜牧科学院,重庆 402460
  • 2 重庆市肉鹅遗传改良工程技术研究中心,重庆 402460
** 王启贵,教授,E-mail:

*同等贡献作者

李琴(1978—),女,重庆人,研究员,博士,主要从事家禽育种及养殖技术研究。E-mail:

Copy editor: 菅景颖

收稿日期: 2023-07-10

  网络出版日期: 2024-01-12

基金资助

重庆市科研机构绩效激励引导专项(cstc2021jxjlX0011)

重庆市技术创新与应用发展项目(cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0248)

财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系资助

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Comparative Analysis of Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Yuzhou White Geese with Different Residual Feed Intake

  • LI Qin , 1, 2 ,
  • WANG Yushi 1, 2, * ,
  • ZHAO Xianzhi 1, 2 ,
  • CHEN Zhuping 1, 2 ,
  • WANG Lihui 1, 2 ,
  • ZHANG Keshan 1, 2 ,
  • XIE Youhui 1, 2 ,
  • LI Jing 1, 2 ,
  • WANG Qigui , 1, 2, **
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  • 1 Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China
  • 2 Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Goose Genetic Improvement, Chongqing 402460, China
** professor, E-mail:

*Contributed equally

Received date: 2023-07-10

  Online published: 2024-01-12

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摘要

本试验旨在比较不同剩余采食量(RFI)渝州白鹅在生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质方面的差异以及RFI与上述性状之间的关系。选用236只渝州白鹅Ⅲ系公鹅进行单笼个体饲养,试验鹅3周龄末上笼至10周龄末结束,试验期50 d。分别测定试验鹅3、4、6、8、10周龄末的加料量、剩料量和体重,获得各阶段的平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、饲料转化比(FCR)和RFI。试验鹅在10周龄末屠宰后进行屠宰性能和肉品质测定。依据3~10周龄RFI数据,筛选出38只RFI最低、38只RFI最高和115只RFI居中的试验鹅分别作为低RFI组(L-RFI组)、高RFI组(H-RFI)和中RFI组(M-RFI组,作为对照),对3组试验鹅的生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质性状进行分析。结果显示:不同RFI对试验鹅3~4周龄、4~6周龄、3~10周龄FCR以及各阶段ADFI有显著或极显著影响(P<0.05或P<0.01),且均以L-RFI组最低。不同RFI组各阶段体重和ADG无显著差异(P>0.05)。RFI与FCR、ADFI普遍存在显著正相关(P<0.05),与体重、ADG基本无相关性(P>0.05)。L-RFI组皮脂率、腹脂率极显著低于M-RFI组和H-RFI组(P<0.01),皮脂厚极显著低于H-RFI组(P<0.01),全净膛率、翅膀率、脚率显著或极显著高于H-RFI组(P<0.05或P<0.01),腿比率、腿肌率极显著高于M-RFI组和H-RFI组(P<0.01)。RFI与上述脂肪沉积性状呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与上述主要屠宰性能性状呈不同程度的负相关。不同RFI组肌肉pH、蒸煮损失和剪切力差异不显著(P>0.05),RFI与肉品质性状间基本不相关(P>0.05)。上述结果表明,RFI对渝州白鹅体重、增重和肉品质无显著影响;与M-RFI组和H-RFI组相比,L-RFI组渝州白鹅的饲料效率更高、屠宰性能更优、脂肪沉积更少。这提示,对RFI性状的负向选择有望提高肉鹅的饲料效率和屠宰性能且不会影响体重和增重,不会引起肉品质性状的改变。

关键词： 剩余采食量; 渝州白鹅; 生长性能; 饲料效率; 屠宰性能; 肉品质

本文引用格式

李琴 , 王郁石 , 赵献芝 , 陈主平 , 王丽辉 , 张克山 , 谢友慧 , 李静 , 王启贵 . 不同剩余采食量渝州白鹅生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的比较研究[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024 , 36(1) : 323 -331 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.029

Abstract

The purpose in this experiment was to study on the of differences of growth performance, slaughter performance and meat quality of Yuzhou white geese with different residual feed intake (RFI) and the relationships between RFI and above traits. A total of 236 Ⅲ line Yuzhou white male geese were raised in single cage from the end of 3 weeks of age to the end of 10 weeks of age for 50 d. The feeding amount, feeding residual amount and body weight of geese were measured at the end of 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks of age, and the average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and RFI were obtained for every experimental stage. The slaughter performance and meat quality were determined after slaughter at the end of 10 week of age. Based on RFI data of geese from 3 to 10 weeks of age, 38 with lowest RFI were selected as the low RFI group (L-RFI group), 38 with highest RFI were selected as the high RFI group (H-RFI group), and 115 with medium RFI were selected as the medium RFI group (M-RFI group, as control). The growth performance, slaughter performance and meat quality traits of Yuzhou white geese in the three RFI groups were compared and analyzed. The results showed as follows: different RFI had significant or extremely significant effects on the FCR at 3 to 4, 4 to 6 and 3 to 10 weeks of age and ADFI at each stage (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and they were lowest in the L-RFI group. There were no significant effects on body weight and ADG at each stage in different RFI groups (P>0.05). RFI was generally significantly positively correlated with FCR and ADFI (P<0.05), but was essentially unrelated with body weight and ADG (P>0.05). The percentage of skin fat and the percentage of abdominal fat in the L-RFI group were extremely significantly lower than those in the M-RFI and H-RFI groups (P<0.01), and the thick of skin fat in the L-RFI group was extremely significantly lower than that in the H-RFI group (P<0.01), the percentage of eviscerated yield, the percentage of wing and the percentage of foot in the L-RFI group were significantly or extremely significantly higher than those in the M-RFI and H-RFI groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the percentage of quarter leg and the percentage of leg muscle in the L-RFI group were extremely significantly higher than those in the M-RFI and H-RFI groups (P<0.01). RFI was significantly positively correlated with the above mentioned fatty deposition traits (P<0.05). RFI was negatively correlated with the above mentioned major slaughtering performance traits. There were no significant effects on meat quality traits such as muscle pH, cooking loss and shear force among three groups (P>0.05). There was essentially no significant correlation between RFI and meat quality traits (P>0.05). In conclusion, RFI has no significant effects on body weight, body weight gain and meat quality of Yuzhou white geese. The higher feed efficiency and the better slaughter performance and less fat deposition in L-RFI group compared with M-RFI and H-RFI groups. This suggests that, the negative selection of RFI trait is beneficial to improve the feed efficiency and slaughter performance of meat geese without affecting the weight and weight gain, and does not cause the change of meat quality traits.

Key words： residual feed intake; Yuzhou white geese; growth performance; feed efficiency; slaughter performance; meat quality

畜禽饲料占我国粮食供应总量的54%左右,随着我国肉、蛋、奶消费量的持续增加,饲料用粮将会进一步短缺。我国主流畜禽品种生长速度遗传潜能已得到充分发挥,通过提高畜禽生长速度来实现节约饲料的效果十分有限。饲料成本占畜禽养殖成本70%左右,提高饲料效率是增强我国畜禽品种竞争力的核心要素。剩余采食量(residual feed intake,RFI)是Koch等[1]提出的估计饲料效率的一种指标,是实际采食量与维持体重和体增重的需要采食量之间的差值,反映了个体由遗传背景所决定的代谢差异,能够排除生长的影响,更加准确地反映饲料效率,是国际上认可的评定饲料效率的首选方法之一[2]。
研究表明,RFI遗传力在0.28~0.58,属于中上遗传力[3⇓-5]。北京鸭RFI遗传力为0.41,与采食量和饲料转化比(FCR)呈遗传正相关,相关系数在0.6以上[5]。在小型肉鸭[6]、肉鹅[7]上的研究表明,RFI与采食量、FCR呈显著正相关,与体重和增重不相关,对RFI的选育不会影响动物的体重和增重。此外,研究表明,在相同饲养期内RFI更低的动物个体可产出更多的肉产品且不会影响增重[6,8-9]。RFI性状的负向选择可提高绵羊的宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率[9],提高肉鸭的全净膛率[10]以及肉鸭、肉鸡的胸肌率和瘦肉率[6,11];同时,RFI更低的家禽个体脂肪沉积更少[11-12]。因此,RFI性状的选育对于提高家禽生长性能、饲料效率和产肉性能具有重要意义。
在家禽方面,关于RFI对屠宰性能和肉品质的影响主要在鸡和鸭上开展了相关研究[6,10,13-14]。李琴等[7]测定了渝州白鹅的RFI并分析了其对生长性能的影响,目前RFI在鹅屠宰性能及肉品质方面的研究还未见到相关报道。本试验以渝州白鹅为试验动物,通过估计RFI,将试验鹅分成不同的RFI组,研究不同RFI的试验鹅在生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质方面的差异,并分析RFI与上述性状间的相关性,以期为RFI应用于肉鹅育种中饲料效率及肉用性能的选择提供重要参考信息。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验动物及管理

试验动物为重庆市畜牧科学院选育的渝州白鹅(品种审定中)Ⅲ系公鹅。将236只渝州白鹅单笼个体饲养,饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲粮[7],饲粮代谢量水平为12.13 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质含量为17.25%。试验鹅3周龄末上笼至10周龄末结束,试验期50 d。试验鹅圈舍条件及具体饲养管理措施同本课题组前期研究报道[7]。

1.2 测定性状与方法

1.2.1 生长性能测定

分别在3、4、6、8、10周龄末测定单只鹅的加料量、剩料量和体重。测定耗料时,一次性给每只鹅添加1个试验阶段内的饲粮,试验期间个别个体不够单独补充并记录,称体重前停料6 h。测定结束后,计算试验鹅3~4周龄、4~6周龄、6~8周龄、8~10周龄、3~10周龄的平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和FCR,计算公式如下:

ADFI=(试验期间的加料量-试验结束时的剩料重)/试验测定天数;

ADG=(试验鹅末期体重-试验鹅初始体重)/试验测定天数;

FCR=ADFI/ADG。

1.2.2 屠宰性能测定

在10周龄末测定试验鹅的屠宰性能。宰前停饲6 h后称活重,放血、拨毛,测定屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重、皮脂重、腹脂重、皮脂厚、腿重、腿肌重、胸肌重,并参照《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量统计方法》(NY/T 823—2004)计算屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、皮脂率、腹脂率、腿比率、腿肌率、胸肌率。皮脂厚为试验鹅的背部、胸部和腹部3个部位中点皮脂厚的平均值,用游标卡尺测定。心脏指数、肝脏指数、腺胃指数、肌胃指数分别为心脏重、肝脏重、腺胃重和肌胃重与宰前活重比值的百分率,头率、翅膀率和脚率分别为头重、两侧翅膀重和两侧脚重与全净膛重比值的百分率。

1.2.3 肉品质测定

屠宰后分割取胸肌、腿肌进行肉品质测定。肉色:利用全自动色差计(DP-400,日本柯尼卡美能达集团)测定屠宰后45 min腿肌、胸肌的红度(a*)、黄度(b*)、亮度(L*)值3个指标。pH:在腿肌、胸肌上分别各选取3个位点,用便携式pH计(TESTO-205,德图仪表有限公司)测定屠宰后45 min腿肌、胸肌的pH,取3次平行测定的平均值作为该肉样的pH。剪切力:使用质构仪(ILC-S 2500N,美国FTC公司)测定胸肌的剪切力,具体测定方法参照《肉嫩度的测定 剪切力测定法》(NY/T 1180—2006),每个个体3次测定结果的平均值作为该个体的剪切力。蒸煮损失:胸肌肉样加热前、后(肉样放置在水浴锅中加热至中心温度70 ℃)的重量损失占该肉样加热前重量的百分率。

1.3 RFI估计及试验鹅分组

各阶段RFI参照Aggrey等[15]的模型进行估计。以经整理筛选后获得的191只试验鹅个体的数据为基础,将其按3~10周龄RFI分成3组:RFI前20%最低[RFI=(-862.52±326.64 ) g]、平均体重为3 858 g的38只试验鹅为低RFI组(L-RFI组),RFI前20%最高[RFI=(803.34±246.09) g]、平均体重为的3 894 g的38只试验鹅为高RFI组(H-RFI)组,另60%RFI居中[RFI=(21.88±287.75 ) g]、平均体重为3 870 g的115只试验鹅作为对照,即中RFI组(M-RFI组)。以3组数据为基础,研究不同RFI组试验鹅在生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质方面的差异,并分析RFI与上述性状间的相关性。

1.4 数据统计分析

采用Excel 2003软件进行数据的基本处理,采用SPSS 17.0软件进行回归和方差分析,显著性检验采用Duncan氏法。试验数据用平均值±标准差表示。P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著,P>0.05为差异不显著。RFI与各性状间的相关性采用Pearson相关分析方法进行分析,相关系数为Pearson相关系数,双尾检验,P<0.05为相关性显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同RFI对渝州白鹅生长性能的影响

表1为不同RFI对渝州白鹅生长性能的影响,结果显示:RFI对各周龄末体重、各阶段ADG均无显著影响(P>0.05);RFI对3~4周龄、4~6周龄、3~10周龄FCR有显著或极显著影响(P<0.05或P<0.01),对所有阶段ADFI均有极显著影响(P<0.01),且在3组间表现出一致的变化规律,即L-RFI组最低,M-RFI组居中,H-RFI组最高;全程(3~10周龄)FCR在L-RFI组为3.64,比M-RFI组、H-RFI组分别降低7.7%和13.7%;全程ADFI在L-RFI组为216 g,比M-RFI组、H-RFI组分别低19和36 g。
表1 不同RFI对渝州白鹅生长性能的影响

Table 1 Effects of different RFI on growth performance of Yuzhou white geese

项目
Items		 周龄
Weeks
of age		 低剩余采食量组
L-RFI group		 中剩余采食量组
M-RFI group		 高剩余采食量组
H-RFI group		 P值
P-value
3 904.26±139.12 914.35±153.68 895.82±154.05 0.791
4 1 637.76±192.86 1 662.96±200.43 1 644.21±188.68 0.744
体重BW/g 6 2 814.59±275.29 2 866.40±269.10 2 883.16±232.46 0.484
8 3 565.97±352.79 3 630.40±304.38 3 680.27±352.77 0.321
10 3 858.95±418.14 3 870.40±331.97 3 894.74±314.54 0.897
3~4 104.79±10.43 106.94±11.45 106.91±10.73 0.566
平均日增重 4~6 83.99±12.52 86.26±10.34 88.50±6.95 0.165
ADG/g 6~8 54.07±17.74 54.70±14.52 57.16±14.46 0.632
8~10 22.37±16.78 18.20±16.17 14.77±12.15 0.113
3~10 60.30±8.51 60.33±6.34 61.20±5.50 0.767
3~4 2.03±0.16Bb 2.15±0.16Aa 2.21±0.20Aa <0.001
饲料转化比 4~6 2.74±0.32Bb 2.86±0.25ABa 2.93±0.18Aa 0.005
FCR 6~8 4.89±2.06 5.05±1.72 5.07±1.53 0.879
8~10 11.57±12.99 14.99±74.12 37.13±64.18 0.152
3~10 3.64±0.36C 3.92±0.27B 4.14±0.23A <0.001
3~4 212.18±23.09Bb 229.02±25.83Aa 235.53±24.36Aa <0.001
平均日采食量 4~6 227.16±19.18C 245.11±17.51B 258.40±14.93A <0.001
ADFI/g 6~8 230.33±28.45C 253.67±21.96B 269.60±17.75A <0.001
8~10 195.07±30.10C 210.23±26.39B 236.78±21.29A <0.001
3~10 216.76±14.18C 235.29±15.04B 252.12±13.42A <0.001

同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

2.2 不同RFI对渝州白鹅屠宰性能的影响

表2为不同RFI对渝州白鹅屠宰性能的影响,结果显示:3组在皮脂率、腹脂率和皮脂厚上差异极显著(P<0.01),其中L-RFI组最低,比H-RFI组分别低3.79%、1.12%、0.36 mm;L-RFI组全净膛率、翅膀率、脚率显著或极显著高于H-RFI组(P<0.05或P<0.01),腿比率、腿肌率极显著高于M-RFI组和H-RFI组(P<0.01);3组在宰前活重、屠体重、半净膛率、胸肌率、头率及心脏指数、肝脏指数、腺胃指数、肌胃指数间差异不显著(P>0.05)。上述结果表明,L-RFI组试验鹅在屠宰性能上具有明显优势。
表2 不同RFI对渝州白鹅屠宰性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of different RFI on slaughter performance of Yuzhou white geese

项目
Items		 低RFI组
L-RFI group		 中RFI组
M-RFI group		 高RFI组
H-RFI group		 P值
P-value
宰前活重Slaughter weight/kg 3 845.26±369.29 3 874.14±314.18 3 971.10±347.60 0.206
屠体重Carcass weight/kg 3 572.41±364.68 3 659.76±336.24 3 677.87±326.04 0.322
屠宰率Dressing percentage/% 92.88±2.75b 93.88±2.03a 92.89±2.40b 0.016
半净膛率Percentage of half-eviscerated yield/% 85.82±2.22 85.59±1.84 84.94±2.89 0.173
全净膛率Percentage of eviscerated yield/% 78.59±2.47a 77.66±2.21ab 76.97±3.13b 0.018
皮脂率Percentage of skin fat/% 18.97±2.54C 21.27±2.12B 22.76±2.38A <0.001
腹脂率Percentage of abdominal fat/% 2.21±0.83Bb 3.23±0.80Aa 3.33±0.97Aa <0.001
皮脂厚Thick of skin fat/mm 2.69±0.43Bb 2.71±0.47Bb 3.05±0.62Aa 0.009
腿比率Percentage of quarter leg/% 19.37±1.44Aa 18.68±1.06Bb 18.18±1.02Bc <0.001
腿肌率Percentage of leg muscle/% 15.45±1.33Aa 14.77±1.04Bb 14.40±0.98Bb <0.001
胸肌率Percentage of breast muscle/% 10.74±1.42 10.46±1.06 10.39±1.09 0.347
心脏指数Percentage of heart/% 0.59±0.05 0.59±0.06 0.59±0.06 0.858
肝脏指数Percentage of liver/% 1.94±0.27 1.89±0.32 1.99±0.44 0.285
腺胃指数Percentage of glandular stomach/% 3.13±0.37 3.04±0.56 2.98±0.51 0.443
肌胃指数Percentage of muscular stomach/% 2.69±0.32 2.60±0.47 2.53±0.43 0.303
头率Percentage of head/% 5.71±0.44 5.69±0.36 5.56±0.35 0.146
翅膀率Percentage of wing/% 13.55±0.67Aa 13.40±0.64Aa 12.97±0.72Bb <0.001
脚率Percentage of foot/% 4.69±0.38a 4.64±0.29ab 4.50±0.29b 0.017

2.3 不同RFI对渝州白鹅肉品质的影响

由表3可知,L-RFI组胸肌pH显著高于M-RFI组(P<0.05),二者与H-RFI组差异不显著(P>0.05);L-RFI组和M-RFI组胸肌肉色a*值显著低于 H-RFI组(P<0.05);L-RFI组腿肌肉色L*值显著高于M-RFI组(P<0.05),二者与H-RFI组显著不差异(P>0.05);其他肉质性状指标在3组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。从测定值来看,3组在pH上均是腿肌大于胸肌,在肉色L*、a*值上均是胸肌大于腿肌。从测定值变化趋势来看,3组胸肌肉色a*、b*值和剪切力随RFI的增加而增加,其余肉品质性状变化规律不明显。
表3 不同RFI对渝州白鹅肉品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of different RFI on meat quality of Yuzhou white geese

项目
Items		 低RFI组
L-RFI group		 中RFI组
M-RFI group		 高RFI组
H-RFI group		 P值
P-value
胸肌pH Breast muscle pH 5.82±0.09a 5.76±0.11b 5.79±0.13ab 0.042
腿肌pH Leg muscle pH 6.16±0.28 6.24±0.27 6.14±0.29 0.158
胸肌肉色L* Breast muscle color L* 48.03±6.02 47.17±5.12 47.69±3.88 0.643
胸肌肉色a* Breast muscle color a* 13.97±2.18b 14.11±2.15b 15.06±1.93a 0.041
胸肌肉色b* Breast muscle color b* 6.03±2.27 6.17±2.02 6.77±2.20 0.246
腿肌肉色L* Leg muscle L* 45.10±3.94a 43.15±4.09b 44.33±4.85ab 0.039
腿肌肉色a* Leg muscle a* 12.11±2.41 12.05±1.96 12.86±2.09 0.123
腿肌肉色b* Leg muscle b* 6.51±2.59 5.92±1.90 6.48±2.11 0.199
胸肌蒸煮损失Breast muscle cooking loss/% 16.79±6.35 17.18±5.53 15.76±5.55 0.428
胸肌剪切力Breast muscle shear force/N 59.07±13.98 61.54±14.18 64.85±14.15 0.274

2.4 渝州白鹅RFI与各性状间的相关性

2.4.1 渝州白鹅RFI与生长性能性状的相关性

由图1可知,除8~10周龄RFI与3、4周龄末体重呈显著负相关(P<0.05)外,其他阶段的RFI与各周龄末体重间无显著相关(P>0.05);除8~10周龄外,其他阶段的RFI与各阶段FCR、ADFI普遍存在正相关,但与ADG基本无相关性或呈较弱的正相关,提示RFI与FCR的相关是由采食量差异产生;全程(3~10周龄)RFI与全程FCR、ADFI呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数分别为0.590、0.669,提示RFI能够有效反映渝州白鹅的饲料效率,且与采食量高度相关。
图1 渝州白鹅RFI与生长性能性状间的相关性

3~4RFI、4~6RFI、6~8RFI、8~10RFI、3~10RFI分别为3~4周龄、4~6周龄、6~8周龄、8~10周龄、3~10周龄剩余采食量;BW3、BW4、BW6、BW8、BW10分别为3、4、6、8、10周龄末体重;3~4FCR、4~6FCR、6~8FCR、8~10FCR、3~10FCR分别为3~4周龄、4~6周龄、6~8周龄、8~10周龄、3~10周龄饲料转化比;3~4ADG、4~6ADG、6~8ADG、8~10ADG、3~10ADG分别为3~4周龄、4~6周龄、6~8周龄、8~10周龄、3~10周龄平均日增重;3~4ADFI、4~6ADFI、6~8ADFI、8~10ADFI、3~10ADFI分别为3~4周龄、4~6周龄、6~8周龄、8~10周龄、3~10周龄平均日采食量。“*”表示相关性显著(P<0.05)。下图同。

Fig.1 Correlation between RFI and growth performance traits of Yuzhou white geese

3~4RFI, 4~6RFI, 6~8RFI, 8~10RFI and 3~10RFI are residual feed intake at 3 to 4, 4 to 6, 6 to 8, 8 to 10 and 3 to 10 weeks of age, respectively; BW3, BW4, BW6, BW8 and BW10 are body weight at the end of 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks of age, respectively; 3~4FCR, 4~6FCR, 6~8FCR, 8~10FCR and 3~10FCR are feed conversion ratio at 3 to 4, 4 to 6, 6 to 8, 8 to 10 and 3 to 10 weeks of age, respectively; 3~4ADG, 4~6ADG, 6~8ADG, 8~10ADG and 3~10ADG are average daily gain at 3 to 4, 4 to 6, 6 to 8, 8 to 10 and 3 to 10 weeks of age, respectively; 3~4ADFI, 4~6ADFI, 6~8ADFI, 8~10ADFI and 3~10ADFI are average daily feed intake at 3 to 4, 4 to 6, 6 to 8, 8 to 10 and 3 to 10 weeks of age, respectively. “*” indicates significant correlation (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.4.2 渝州白鹅RFI与屠宰性能及肉品质性状间的相关性

由图2可知,各阶段的RFI与皮脂率、腹脂率和皮脂厚(4~6周龄RFI除外)呈显著正相关(P<0.05),最高相关系数分别为0.521、0.433、0.228;与半净膛率、全净膛率、腿比率、腿肌率、胸肌率、腺胃指数、肌胃指数、翅膀率、脚率呈不同程度负相关,相关系数在-0.30~-0.15;除少数阶段的RFI与胸肌pH、胸肌肉色a*和b*值、腿肌肉色b*值呈显著相关(P<0.05)外,大多数阶段的RFI与肌肉肉色、pH、剪切力和蒸煮损失无显著相关(P>0.05)。上述结果提示,RFI可影响肉鹅的屠宰性能和脂肪沉积性状,但对肉品质基本无影响。
图2 渝州白鹅RFI与屠宰性能和肉品质性状间的相关性

Fig.2 Correlation between RFI and slaughter performance and meat quality traits of Yuzhou white geese

3 讨论

3.1 RFI对渝州白鹅生长性能的影响

已有研究表明,RFI对动物的体重、增重等生长性能无显著影响。Gilbert等[16]研究表明,经过9个世代选育的高、低RFI系长白猪在生长速度等性能指标上基本维持不变。本试验研究表明,RFI对渝州白鹅体重和ADG无显著影响,且RFI与ADG间基本无相关或呈弱相关。这与李琴[7]在肉鹅上研究得出的RFI与各阶段体重、ADG不存在显著相关或仅有较低的相关相的结论一致,在小型肉鸭[6]、肉鸡[17-18]和北京鸭[12]上的研究也得到与上述一致的结论。虽然RFI对体重和增重无显著影响,但RFI与体重和增重存在一定程度的相关,张云生[19]对北京鸭RFI性状的选育表明,5个选育世代后公鸭、母鸭的体重增加了400 g左右,表明RFI性状的持续选育可能会引起动物的增重或体重的变化。

3.2 RFI对渝州白鹅采食量及饲料效率的影响

在不降低畜禽体重和生长速度的前提下,对RFI的选育实质是降低采食量来提高饲料报酬。在相同饲养背景下,对RFI的持续选育可使肉鸭的FCR显著下降,经5个世代选育后的北京鸭FCR下降了7%,高、低RFI分化的肉鸭群体在采食量和FCR上出现显著差异[19]。同样,低RFI组绍兴鸭的采食量和料蛋比显著低于高RFI组[20],且采食量降低的同时不会影响产蛋鸭的平均蛋重[21]。本试验研究表明,RFI与全程FCR、ADFI的相关系数分别达到0.590、0.669,RFI对ADFI、FCR有显著影响且L-RFI组值最低,表明RFI可有效反映肉鹅的饲料效率,低RFI个体饲料效率高。在肉鸭上,RFI与采食量和FCR的相关性较高,分别为0.626、0.655[5];在ADG无显著差异的情况下,与中、高RFI羔羊相比,低RFI羔羊的FCR显著降低[22],以上结果与本研究结果一致。李琴等[7]研究表明,RFI与肉鹅的采食量和FCR存在显著正相关,提示RFI的选择可以影响采食量和饲料效率,低RFI个体的选择有利于提高饲料效率、降低采食量。低RFI动物的采食量更少,可能与其具有较低的维持能量需要有关,低RFI动物在不影响生长速度和体重的前提下,维持能量的需求更低,极大促进了能量效率的提高[16,23];与高RFI公牛相比,低RFI公牛采食量较低,生长速度相似,维持所需的净能、可代谢能及可代谢能利用效率更低,低RFI公牛的能量效率更高[24]。

3.3 RFI对渝州白鹅屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

RFI与屠宰性能和肉品质之间存在一定的相关性,对RFI的选择可能会引起屠宰性能的变化。本研究结果显示,不同RFI组试验鹅屠宰性能差异显著,但对pH、蒸煮损失、剪切力等肉品质性状无显著影响,L-RFI组的皮脂率、腹脂率和皮脂厚最低,其全净膛率、腿比率、腿肌率、翅膀率和脚率最高,且RFI与上述脂肪沉积性状呈正相关,与屠宰性能性状呈负相关,与肉品质性状几乎不相关。上述结果表明,低RFI渝州白鹅皮下、腹部沉积的脂肪更低、屠宰性能更高且肉品质无差异,表明RFI性状的选育可改善动物的肉用性能但基本不影响肉品质。研究表明,在黄羽肉鸡中选择低RFI个体可以降低体脂率且不影响肉品质[14],小体型肉鸭RFI与腹脂率呈显著正相关,与全净膛率、胸肌率、瘦肉率呈显著负相关,低RFI的小体型肉鸭腹脂率更低、屠宰性能更高[6,25];对980只北京鸭F2群体的研究也支持这一结论,RFI与腹脂重呈正相关,低RFI可降低北京鸭腹脂重[12];同样,选择低RFI肉鸡个体也有利于减少脂肪沉积,提高瘦肉率[11,13]。上述研究结论与本研究结果一致。脂肪的沉积差异被认为是导致RFI产生差异的关键因素,Nkrumah等[26]报道,5%~10%的RFI变化是由于动物间胴体脂肪差异产生的,当摄入相同的能量时,低RFI个体蛋白质沉积效率高于脂肪沉积效率,与低效率个体相比会沉积更多的蛋白质、更少的脂肪。

4 结论

与M-RFI组和H-RFI组相比,L-RFI组渝州白鹅的饲料效率更高、屠宰性能更优且脂肪沉积更少,同时体重、增重以及肉品质未发生显著变化。这提示,对低RFI肉鹅进行选育有望提高饲料效率、屠宰性能且不会影响体重和增重,不会引起肉品质性状的改变。

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