动物营养学报 >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 1: 374 - 386

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.034

研究论文

低聚木糖和牛磺酸对犊牛生长性能、腹泻率和营养物质表观消化率的影响

  • 田雨晴 , 1 ,
  • 张一平 1 ,
  • 吴春会 1 ,
  • 王明亚 1 ,
  • 徐宏建 1 ,
  • 李妍 2 ,
  • 李建国 1 ,
  • 李秋凤 , 1, * ,
  • 曹玉凤 , 1, *
展开
  • 1 河北农业大学动物科技学院,保定 071000
  • 2 河北农业大学动物医学院,保定 071000
* 李秋凤,教授,硕士生导师,E-mail: ;
曹玉凤,教授,硕士生导师,E-mail:

田雨晴(1999—),女,河北廊坊人,硕士研究生,从事反刍动物营养与饲料研究。E-mail:

Copy editor: 陈鑫

收稿日期: 2023-07-17

  网络出版日期: 2024-01-12

基金资助

财政部和农业农村部-国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-37)

河北省二期现代农业产业技术体系肉牛创新团队高效养殖岗位建设项目(HBCT2018130202)

优质肉牛产业化生产及智慧化管理技术集成与示范(202202F019)

收起

Effects of Xylo-Oligosaccharides and Taurine on Growth Performance, Diarrhea Rate and Nutrient Apparent Digestibility of Calves

  • TIAN Yuqing , 1 ,
  • ZHANG Yiping 1 ,
  • WU Chunhui 1 ,
  • WANG Mingya 1 ,
  • XU Hongjian 1 ,
  • LI Yan 2 ,
  • LI Jianguo 1 ,
  • LI Qiufeng , 1, * ,
  • CAO Yufeng , 1, *
Expand
  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
  • 2 College of Animal Medical, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
* LI Qiufeng, professor, E-mail: ;
CAO Yufeng, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-07-17

  Online published: 2024-01-12

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摘要

本试验旨在探究低聚木糖(XOS)和牛磺酸(Tau)对犊牛生长性能、腹泻率和营养物质表观消化率的影响。选取健康状况良好的45日龄左右的荷斯坦公犊牛60头,按照体重[(80±1) kg]相近原则,分为4组(每组15个重复,每个重复1头),分别为对照组(C组)、10 g/(d·头)XOS组(X组)、4 g/(d·头)Tau组(T组)、10 g/(d·头)XOS+4 g/(d·头)Tau组(XT组)。添加剂饲喂至犊牛77日龄。每天记录犊牛采食量和腹泻情况,在犊牛45、63、77和93日龄晨饲前称重并测量体尺,在犊牛63、77和93日龄分别连续3 d采集粪便,测定营养物质表观消化率。结果表明:1)4组间犊牛始重无显著差异(P>0.05),T组犊牛末重显著高于C组和XT组(P<0.05)。犊牛45~63日龄时,4组间犊牛平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)差异不显著(P>0.05),X、T、XT组料重比(F/G)与C组相比显著降低(P<0.05)。犊牛64~77日龄时,4组间犊牛ADG、ADFI、F/G均差异不显著(P>0.05)。犊牛78~93日龄时,T组犊牛ADG显著高于C、X、XT组犊牛(P<0.05),ADFI显著高于C组(P<0.05),但与X、XT组差异不显著(P>0.05);4组间F/G无显著差异(P>0.05)。日龄对犊牛生长性能有显著影响(P<0.05),随着日龄的增长,犊牛的ADG、ADFI显著提高(P<0.05),F/G显著降低(P<0.05)。处理和日龄的互作效应对生长性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)X、T和XT组犊牛45~63日龄腹泻率和粪便评分显著低于C组(P<0.05),与C组相比,X、T和XT组犊牛45~63日龄腹泻率分别降低30.11%、32.69%、34.62%。日龄对犊牛腹泻率具有显著影响(P<0.05),各组腹泻率随着日龄的增长逐渐降低。处理和日龄之间的互作效应对腹泻率无显著影响(P>0.05)。3)添加XOS和Tau对犊牛各日龄体尺指标和体尺指数无显著影响(P>0.05)。日龄对犊牛体尺指标和体尺指数有显著影响(P<0.05),随着日龄的增长,犊牛的体尺指标显著提高(P<0.05),体长指数、体躯指数、胸围指数显著提高(P<0.05),管围指数显著降低(P<0.05)。处理和日龄的互作效应对体尺指标和体尺指数均无显著影响(P>0.05)。4)犊牛63、77日龄时,各组间犊牛干物质(DM)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05)。犊牛93日龄时,T组犊牛CP、NDF表观消化率显著高于C组和XT组(P<0.05);各组间DM、EE、ADF表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05)。日龄对犊牛营养物质表观消化率有显著影响(P<0.05),随着日龄的增长,犊牛的营养物质表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05)。处理和日龄的互作效应对营养物质表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,添加4 g/(d·头)Tau对犊牛生长性能、腹泻率、CP及NDF表观消化率改善效果最好。

关键词： 犊牛; 低聚木糖; 牛磺酸; 腹泻率; 体尺; 营养物质表观消化率

本文引用格式

田雨晴 , 张一平 , 吴春会 , 王明亚 , 徐宏建 , 李妍 , 李建国 , 李秋凤 , 曹玉凤 . 低聚木糖和牛磺酸对犊牛生长性能、腹泻率和营养物质表观消化率的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024 , 36(1) : 374 -386 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.034

Abstract

This experiment was designed to explore the effects of xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) and taurine (Tau) on growth performance, diarrhea rate and nutrient apparent digestibility of calves. Select 60 healthy male Holstein calves aged around 45 days of age and divide them into 4 groups according to the principle of similar weight [(80±1) kg] (each group had 15 replicates, with 1 cow per replicate). The 4 groups were the control group (C group), 10 g/(d·calf) XOS group (X group), 4 g/(d·calf) Tau group (T group), 10 g/(d·calf) XOS+4 g/(d·calf) Tau group (XT group). The additives were fed to the calves until 77 days of age. Calf feed intake and diarrhea rate were recorded daily. Calves were weighed and measured before morning feeding at 45, 63, 77 and 93 days of age. Feces were collected for 3 consecutive days at 63, 77 and 93 days of age to determine apparent digestibility of nutrients. The results showed as follows: 1) there was no significant difference in the initial weight of calves among the four groups (P>0.05), while the final weight of calves in the T group was significantly higher than that that in the C and XT groups (P<0.05). At the age of 45 to 63 days, there was no significant difference in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) among the four groups of calves (P>0.05). The feed to weight ratio (F/G) in the X, T, and XT groups was significantly lower than that in the C group (P<0.05). At the age of 64 to 77 days, there were no significant differences in ADG, ADFI and F/G among the four groups of calves (P>0.05). At the age of 78 to 93 days, the ADG in T group was significantly higher than that in C, X and XT groups (P<0.05), and the ADFI was significantly higher than that in C group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference compared with X and XT groups (P>0.05); there was no significant difference in F/G among the four groups (P>0.05). Age had a significant impact on the growth performance of calves. As the age increase, the ADG and ADFI of calves significantly increased (P<0.05), F/G significantly decreased (P<0.05). The interaction effect between treatment and age had no significant effect on growth performance (P>0.05). 2) The diarrhea rate and fecal score of calves aged 45 to 63 days in the X, T and XT groups were significantly lower than those in the C group (P<0.05). Compared with the C group, the diarrhea rate of calves aged 45 to 63 days in the X, T and XT groups decreased by 30.11%, 32.69% and 34.62%, respectively. Age had a significant impact on calf diarrhea rate, and the diarrhea rate in each group gradually decreased with age. The interaction effect between treatment and age had no significant impact on diarrhea rate (P>0.05). 3) The addition of XOS and Tau had no significant effect on the body size indexes and body size indexes of calves at different time periods (P>0.05). Age had a significant impact on the body size indexes and body size indexes of calves (P<0.05). As age increase, the body size indexes of calves significantly increased (P<0.05), while the body length index, body index and chest circumference index significantly increased (P<0.05), while the circumference index significantly decreased (P<0.05). The interaction effect between treatment and age had no significant effect on both body size indexes and body size indexes (P>0.05). 4) At the age of 63 and 77 days, there was no significant difference in the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude fat (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acidic detergent fiber (ADF) among the groups (P>0.05). At 93 days of age, the apparent digestibility of CP and NDF in the T group was significantly higher than that in the C and XT groups (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in the apparent digestibility of DM, EE and ADF among the groups (P>0.05). Age had a significant impact on the apparent digestibility of nutrients in calves (P<0.05). As age increase, the apparent digestibility of nutrients in calves increased significantly (P<0.05). The interaction effect between treatment and age had no significant effect on the apparent digestibility of nutrients (P>0.05). In summary, adding 4 g/(d·calf) Tau to calf drinking water has the best effect on improving calf growth performance, diarrhea rate, apparent digestibility of CP and NDF.

Key words： calf; xylo-oligosaccharide; taurine; diarrhea rate; body size; apparent digestibility of nutrients

现代集约化养殖犊牛大多早期断奶,断奶期的犊牛消化器官尚未发育完全,抵抗力低,易受到各种有害微生物的入侵,从而引发腹泻,甚至死亡[1],严重影响牧场的经济效益和后备牛的储备。过去几十年中抗生素在综合防治畜禽动物疾病、提高养殖经营效益、保障动物产品资源有效供给等方面发挥了重要的作用,但长期使用抗生素导致药物残留和抗药性等问题,给养殖业带来了巨大损失,同时也对人类食品安全和健康造成了严重威胁。因此,选择具有抗菌消炎、无毒副作用、不易产生耐药性、无残留等特点的畜禽添加剂尤为重要[2]。
益生元是一种绿色无污染且不易产生耐药性的新型饲料添加剂。研究发现,益生元可选择性地促进肠道有益菌的增殖、优化肠道微生态平衡、促进矿物质吸收,进而提高免疫力[3]。低聚木糖(xylo-oligosaccharides,XOS)作为益生元其中之一,是由2~7个木糖分子以β-1,4糖苷键结合而成的功能性聚合糖。XOS具有促进动物生长、提高营养物质表观消化率、降低腹泻率、提高动物免疫等作用[4]。研究表明,在牛、羊的饲粮中添加适量的XOS可防止犊牛、羔羊下痢,提高平均日增重(ADG)和饲料转化率[5]。王喜明等[6]在哺乳期犊牛饲粮中添加5 g/(d·头)XOS,发现可显著提高犊牛ADG,降低犊牛腹泻率,促进犊牛生长。牛磺酸(taurine,Tau)又称β-氨基乙磺酸,是一种由含硫氨基酸转化而来的游离氨基酸,可以提高抗氧化能力、调节脂类代谢、增强动物的免疫能力和促进肠道发育等[7]。在山羊饲粮中添加0.10% Tau可显著提高其增重、血清抗氧化能力和免疫能力[8]。Tau能够刺激与蛋白质消化相关的激素或者酶的分泌,进而增强蛋白质的消化效率[9],Tau还可通过改变瘤胃细菌群落、改善瘤胃微生物粗蛋白质(CP)合成,提高纤维消化率[10]。
目前,XOS和Tau在单胃动物上研究较多,在幼龄反刍动物生产中的应用研究比较少见。因此,本试验以荷斯坦公犊牛为研究对象,探究XOS和Tau对其生长性能、腹泻率及营养物质表观消化率的影响,为XOS和Tau在幼龄反刍动物生产中的高效利用提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

XOS购于山东某生物科技股份有限公司(纯度95%),Tau购自于潜江某药业股份有限公司(纯度99%)。

1.2 试验时间与地点

试验于2022年7月至2022年8月在河北省乐源君凯(威县)牧业有限公司进行,试验期48 d。

1.3 试验设计

选取健康状况良好的45日龄左右的荷斯坦公犊牛60头,按照体重[(80±1) kg]相近原则,分为4组(每组15个重复,每个重复1头),分别为对照组(C组)、10 g/(d·头)XOS组(X组)、4 g/(d·头)Tau组(T组)、10 g/(d·头)XOS+4 g/(d·头)Tau组(XT组)。XOS和Tau添加量根据厂家推荐量确定。XOS和Tau于每日08:30和18:30饲喂饮水时添加,此时只饲喂少量水,待犊牛将混合添加剂的饮水全部喝完,再继续添加饮水,添加剂饲喂至犊牛77日龄,停喂后追踪后续生长性能。

1.4 试验饲粮与饲养管理

试验开始前,对犊牛岛进行消毒处理,试验期间,每周对犊牛岛地面及四壁进行消毒。试验犊牛全期饲养于犊牛岛,每头犊牛具有干净独立的料盆、奶盆和水盆,分别于每日08:00和18:00饲喂代乳粉,自由饮水。犊牛58日龄起采用逐渐断奶法每天减少2 L,直至63日龄时完全断奶,断奶后自由采食燕麦干草。开食料由中粮饲料(茂名)有限公司衡水分公司提供,型号为8751-20。代乳粉营养水平如表1所示,开食料及燕麦干草营养水平如表2所示。
表1 代乳粉营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Nutrient levels of milk replacer (DM basis)%

项目Items 含量Content
非脂固形物Solid non-fat 10.67
乳蛋白Milk protein 3.63
乳脂Milk fat 3.82
乳糖Lactose 5.08
粗灰分Ash 0.85

营养水平为测定值。表2同。

Nutrient levels were measured values. The same as Table 2.

表2 开食料和燕麦干草营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 2 Nutrient levels of starter and oat hay (DM basis)%

营养水平
Nutrient levels		 开食料
Starter		 燕麦干草
Oat hay
粗蛋白质CP 23.95 4.83
粗脂肪EE 1.37 1.40
中性洗涤纤维NDF 22.32 68.63
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 9.72 35.99

1.5 样品采集与指标测定

1.5.1 代乳粉、开食料及干草采集及常规成分测定

试验期间采集犊牛代乳粉、开食料及干草样品,-20 ℃冰箱保存待测。采用乳成分分析仪(MilkoScanTM FT6000)测定代乳粉的干物质(DM)、非脂固形物、乳蛋白、乳脂、乳糖、粗灰分(Ash)含量。开食料及燕麦干草的DM、CP、粗脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量分别参照GB/T 6435—2014、GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6433—2006、GB/T 2086—2006、NY/T 1459—2007进行测定,酸不溶灰分(AIA)含量测定方法参照Liu[11]。

1.5.2 生长性能的测定

试验期间详细记录每天每头牛的投料量及剩料量,计算平均日采食量(ADFI)。分别于犊牛45、63、77和93日龄晨饲前称重,计算ADG和料重比(F/G);进行体尺测量,并计算体尺指数,计算公式如下:

体长指数(%)=(体长/体高)×100;

体躯指数(%)=(胸围/体长)×100;

胸围指数(%)=(胸围/体高)×100;

管围指数(%)=(管围/体高)×100。

1.5.3 腹泻率的测定

每日07:00和17:00观察犊牛的粪便情况,根据表3粪便评分标准[12]进行评分,≥3分时为腹泻。腹泻率计算公式如下:

腹泻率(%)=[腹泻头数/(总头数×试验天数)]×100。

表3 粪便评分标准

Table 3 Fecal score standards

评分Scores 评分标准Score standard
1 粪便成条形或颗粒状
2 粪便成形,但质地较软
3 粪便不成形,且较稀
4 粪水分离明显,但颜色正常
5 粪水分离明显,且颜色异常

1.5.4 营养物质表观消化率的测定

于犊牛63、77、93日龄分别连续3 d采集粪便,分成2份,其中一份每100 g新鲜粪便加入10%的稀硫酸固氮,-20 ℃冰箱保存,65 ℃烘干待测。粪便中DM、CP、EE、NDF、ADF、AIA含量测定方法同1.5.1。营养物质表观消化率计算公式如下:

某营养物质表观消化率(%)=[(a/b-b/d)/(a/c)]×100。

式中:a为饲粮中该营养物质含量(%);b为粪中该营养物质含量(%);c为饲粮中AIA含量(%);d为粪中AIA含量(%)。

1.6 数据统计与分析

本试验数据使用Excel 2019进行整理与计算,采用SPSS 22.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,主效应利用SPSS 22.0一般线性模型进行多因素方差分析,统计模型中包括处理、日龄、处理×日龄。试验结果用“平均值±标准差”表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。粪便评分采用非参数性检验中的Kruskal-Wallis进行分析,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 XOS和Tau对犊牛生长性能的影响

由表4和表5可知,4组间犊牛始重无显著差异(P>0.05),T组犊牛末重显著高于C和XT组(P<0.05)。犊牛45~63日龄时,4组间犊牛ADG、ADFI差异不显著(P>0.05),X、T、XT组F/G与C组相比显著降低(P<0.05)。犊牛64~77日龄时,4组间犊牛ADG、ADFI、F/G均差异不显著(P>0.05)。犊牛78~93日龄时,T组犊牛ADG显著高于C、X、XT组犊牛(P<0.05),ADFI显著高于C组(P<0.05),但与X、XT组差异不显著(P>0.05);4组间F/G无显著差异(P>0.05)。日龄对犊牛生长性能有显著影响(P<0.05),随着日龄的增长,犊牛的ADG、ADFI显著提高(P<0.05),F/G显著降低(P<0.05);处理和日龄的互作效应对生长性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表4 XOS和Tau对犊牛体重的影响

Table 4 Effects of xylo-oligosaccharide and taurine on body weight of calveskg

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
C X T XT
始重Initial body weight 79.65±9.48 79.86±7.97 80.70±6.43 80.61±5.30 0.99
末重Final body weight 107.70±6.18b 109.55±4.37ab 113.20±3.44a 107.94±3.36b 0.04

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05).

表5 XOS和Tau对犊牛生长性能的影响

Table 5 Effects of xylo-oligosaccharide and taurine on growth performance of calves

项目
Items		 平均日增重
ADG/(kg/d)		 平均日采食量
ADFI/[kg/(d·头)]		 料重比
F/G
45~63日龄45 to 63 days of age
C 0.29±0.08 1.59±0.11 5.42±0.91a
组别Groups X 0.36±0.11 1.62±0.14 4.44±0.83b
T 0.36±0.18 1.65±0.11 4.54±0.81b
XT 0.36±0.23 1.56±0.07 4.37±0.87b
64~77日龄64 to 77 days of age
C 0.46±0.17 1.97±0.10 4.27±1.31
组别Groups X 0.53±0.26 2.01±0.25 3.82±0.61
T 0.50±0.16 2.13±0.19 4.26±0.95
XT 0.47±0.18 1.98±0.12 4.23±0.96
78~93日龄78 to 93 days of age
C 1.00±0.12b 2.63±0.37b 2.63±0.43
组别Groups X 1.06±0.08b 2.86±0.11ab 2.71±0.42
T 1.26±0.15a 3.03±0.36a 2.40±0.28
XT 1.00±0.29b 2.77±0.22ab 2.76±0.49
主效应Main effects
C 0.58±0.33b 2.06±0.49b 4.11±1.48a
处理Treatment X 0.65±0.34ab 2.16±0.56b 3.66±0.96b
T 0.71±0.43a 2.27±0.63a 3.73±1.19ab
XT 0.61±0.37b 2.10±0.53b 3.78±1.06ab
45~63日龄45 to 63 days of age 0.35±0.16c 1.61±0.11c 4.69±0.93a
日龄Day of age 64~77日龄64 to 77 days of age 0.49±0.19b 2.02±0.18b 4.13±0.96b
78~93日龄78 to 93 days of age 1.08±0.20a 2.83±0.31a 2.62±0.42c
处理Treatment 0.05 <0.01 0.04
P值P-value 日龄Day of age <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
处理×日龄Treatment×day of age 0.24 0.26 0.17

C:基础饲粮;X:基础饲粮+10 g/(d·头)XOS;T:基础饲粮+4 g/(d·头)Tau;XT:基础饲粮+10 g/(d·头) XOS+4 g/(d·头)Tau。表7、表8、表9、表10同。C: basal diet; X: basal diet+10 g/(d·head) XOS; T: basal diet+4 g/(d·head) Tau; XT: basal diet+10 g/(d·head) XOS+4 g/(d·head) Tau. The same as Table 7, Table 8, Table 9 and Table 10.

同列数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。同表7、表8、表9、表10。In the same column, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as Table 7, Table 8, Table 9 and Table 10.

2.2 XOS和Tau对犊牛粪便评分及腹泻率的影响

由表6和表7可知,X、T和XT组犊牛45~63日龄腹泻率和粪便评分显著低于C组(P<0.05),与C组相比,X、T和XT组犊牛45~63日龄腹泻率分别降低30.11%、32.69%、34.62%。日龄对犊牛腹泻率具有显著影响(P<0.05),各组腹泻率随着日龄的增长逐渐降低;处理和日龄之间的互作效应对腹泻率无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表6 XOS和Tau对犊牛粪便评分的影响

Table 6 Effects of xylo-oligosaccharides and taurine on fecal score of calves

组别
Groups		 个案数
Number of cases		 秩平均值
Rank average value		 卡方
χ2		 P值
P-value
45~63日龄45 to 63 days of age
C 12 40.75
X 14 25.96 9.97 0.02
T 15 24.33
XT 14 23.04
64~77日龄64 to 77 days of age
C 12 35.42
X 14 27.71 3.61 0.31
T 15 25.40
XT 14 24.71
78~93日龄78 to 93 days of age
C 12 35.00
X 14 26.96 3.44 0.33
T 15 23.70
XT 14 27.64
表7 XOS和Tau对犊牛腹泻率的影响

Table 7 Effects of xylo-oligosaccharides and taurine on diarrhea rate of calves%

项目
Items		 腹泻率
Diarrhea rate		 项目
Items		 腹泻率
Diarrhea rate
45~63日龄45~63 days of age 处理Treatment
C 18.63±2.03a C 11.84±0.58a
组别Groups X 13.02±1.97b X 7.92±0.86b
T 12.54±1.71b T 7.37±0.88b
XT 12.18±1.44b XT 8.01±0.48b
64~77日龄64~77 days of age
C 11.54±1.50 日龄Day of age
组别Groups X 7.69±1.40 45~63日龄45~63 days of age 13.80±2.92a
T 7.18±1.59 64~77日龄64~77 days of age 8.67±1.93b
XT 8.79±1.78 78~93日龄78~93 days of age 3.38±1.59c
78~93日龄78~93 days of age
C 5.36±1.55 P值P-value
组别Groups X 3.06±0.98 处理Treatment <0.01
T 2.38±0.90 日龄Day of age <0.01
XT 3.06±1.23 处理×日龄Treatment×day of age 0.86

2.3 XOS和Tau对犊牛体尺指标和体尺指数的影响

由表8和表9可知,添加XOS和Tau对犊牛各日龄体尺指标和体尺指数无显著影响(P>0.05)。日龄对犊牛体尺指标和体尺指数有显著影响(P<0.05),随着日龄的增长,犊牛的体尺指标显著提高(P<0.05),体长指数、体躯指数、胸围指数显著提高(P<0.05),管围指数显著降低(P<0.05);处理和日龄的互作效应对体尺指标和体尺指数均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表8 XOS和Tau对犊牛体尺指标的影响

Table 8 Effects of xylo-oligosaccharides and taurine on body size indexes of calvescm

项目
Items		 体高
Body height		 体斜长
Body length		 胸围
Hearth girth		 管围
Cannon
circumference
45日龄45 days of age
C 93.27±1.86 87.67±2.26 101.67±2.69 13.00±0.53
组别Groups X 93.29±1.07 88.50±3.74 103.00±1.41 13.00±0.68
T 93.07±1.16 88.07±2.79 102.87±2.07 13.00±0.65
XT 93.50±0.88 86.07±1.64 102.57±2.34 13.00±0.55
63日龄63 days of age
C 95.47±1.25 91.07±1.67 108.03±1.71 13.20±0.56
组别Groups X 96.36±1.39 91.57±4.22 109.14±1.96 13.07±0.62
T 95.87±2.59 91.73±2.49 109.07±1.53 13.13±0.52
XT 95.00±2.35 91.09±1.31 108.18±1.49 13.14±0.36
77日龄77 days of age
C 99.33±1.05 96.00±1.13 117.33±1.35 13.27±0.59
组别Groups X 100.79±1.37 97.57±2.56 118.36±1.50 13.29±0.61
T 100.87±1.30 97.53±3.24 118.97±0.90 13.27±0.45
XT 100.93±2.30 97.36±1.08 118.64±1.55 13.29±0.47
93日龄93 days of age
C 105.87±1.81 103.33±1.80 128.07±2.74 13.30±0.51
组别Groups X 106.71±1.27 104.71±3.20 129.93±1.44 13.33±0.51
T 106.90±2.21 104.47±1.25 129.60±3.13 13.33±0.52
XT 106.49±1.41 104.11±1.18 129.57±1.02 13.32±0.49
主效应Main effects
C 98.49±5.05 94.72±6.18 113.53±10.19 13.22±0.56
处理Treatment X 99.29±5.25 95.59±7.11 115.11±10.36 13.20±0.62
T 99.00±5.38 95.45±6.61 115.13±10.33 13.18±0.54
XT 98.66±5.33 95.16±6.34 114.74±10.54 13.20±0.48
45日龄45 days of age 93.27±1.28d 88.07±2.65d 102.52±2.19d 13.00±0.59c
日龄Day of age 63日龄63 days of age 95.67±1.99c 91.37±2.60c 118.06±1.71c 13.14±0.51bc
77日龄77 days of age 100.47±1.67b 97.10±1.85b 118.06±1.68b 13.28±0.52ab
93日龄93 days of age 106.19±1.71a 104.15±2.03a 129.28±1.88a 13.38±0.49a
处理Treatment 0.18 0.36 0.21 0.99
P值P-value 日龄Day of age <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01
处理×日龄Treatment×day of age 0.34 0.99 0.60 1.00
表9 XOS和Tau对犊牛体尺指数的影响

Table 9 Effects of xylo-oligosaccharide and taurine on body size indexes of calves%

项目
Items		 体长指数
Index of body
length		 体躯指数
Index of body
structure		 胸围指数
Index of chest
girth		 管围指数
Index of cannon
circumference
45日龄45 days of age
C 94.03±3.27 116.03±3.99 109.05±3.95 13.95±0.70
组别Groups X 94.88±4.22 116.60±5.58 110.42±1.71 13.94±0.71
T 94.64±3.32 116.94±5.03 110.55±2.78 13.97±0.78
XT 94.19±1.54 116.50±3.40 109.72±3.03 13.91±0.66
63日龄63 days of age
C 95.20±1.83 118.67±3.02 113.17±1.75 13.83±0.66
组别Groups X 95.44±4.26 119.40±5.32 113.29±4.67 13.57±0.65
T 95.76±3.78 118.98±3.85 113.83±3.08 13.70±0.48
XT 95.36±2.21 118.79±2.68 113.21±2.47 12.84±0.46
77日龄77 days of age
C 96.65±1.49 121.19±1.74 117.13±2.02 13.36±0.60
组别Groups X 96.83±2.95 121.40±4.16 117.45±2.03 13.18±0.62
T 96.71±2.42 122.03±2.90 117.96±1.41 13.16±0.49
XT 96.51±2.36 121.87±1.75 117.58±1.86 13.17±0.50
93日龄93 days of age
C 96.45±1.49 123.95±2.56 121.02±4.02 12.66±0.52
组别Groups X 96.83±2.95 124.19±4.23 121.77±1.98 12.59±0.52
T 96.71±2.42 124.19±2.44 122.07±2.10 12.56±0.52
XT 96.51±2.36 124.06±1.92 121.38±2.26 12.61±0.56
主效应Main effects
C 95.93±2.76 119.96±4.12 115.09±5.43 13.45±0.79
处理Treatment X 96.22±3.76 120.40±5.50 115.73±4.78 13.32±0.79
T 96.38±3.33 120.51±5.54 116.10±4.97 13.35±0.79
XT 96.22±2.66 120.41±3.92 115.87±5.23 13.38±0.76
45日龄45 days of age 94.43±3.17d 116.51±4.47d 109.93±2.98d 13.94±0.70c
日龄Day of age 63日龄63 days of age 95.54±3.31c 118.95±3.75c 113.55±2.47c 13.74±0.57b
77日龄77 days of age 96.68±2.29b 121.62±2.76b 117.53±1.82b 13.22±0.55a
93日龄93 days of age 98.10±2.48a 124.17±2.83a 121.77±1.71a 12.60±0.52a
处理Treatment 0.86 0.85 0.17 0.68
P值P-value 日龄Day of age <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
处理×日龄Treatment×day of age 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99

2.4 XOS和Tau对犊牛营养物质表观消化率的影响

由表10可知,犊牛63、77日龄时,各组间犊牛DM、EE、CP、NDF、ADF表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05)。犊牛93日龄时,T组犊牛CP、NDF表观消化率显著高于C组和XT组(P<0.05);各组间DM、EE、ADF表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05)。日龄对犊牛营养物质表观消化率有显著影响(P<0.05),随着日龄的增长,犊牛的营养物质表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05);处理和日龄的互作效应对营养物质表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表10 XOS和Tau对犊牛营养物质表观消化率的影响

Table 10 Effects of xylo-oligosaccharides and taurine on nutrient apparent digestibility of calves%

项目
Items		 干物质
DM		 粗脂肪
EE		 粗蛋白质
CP		 中性洗
涤纤维
NDF		 酸性洗
涤纤维
ADF
63日龄63 days of age
C 74.67±7.16 83.87±0.69 82.11±1.03 50.61±1.03 35.74±0.79
组别Groups X 76.43±4.07 84.40±1.64 83.48±1.65 51.50±1.86 37.16±0.53
T 77.41±2.88 86.58±1.87 83.90±2.49 52.57±1.17 37.58±1.62
XT 74.69±3.43 83.96±0.91 82.43±1.02 50.82±1.99 36.12±1.14
77日龄77 days of age
C 76.45±0.85 85.40±0.59 83.84±0.95 55.14±0.50 36.21±2.33
组别Groups X 78.67±1.23 86.22±1.21 84.16±0.71 57.22±0.97 37.50±2.04
T 79.41±0.53 87.56±1.32 84.29±0.52 58.69±1.70 38.76±1.06
XT 76.11±1.19 85.34±1.30 83.65±1.41 56.00±1.71 36.16±1.48
93日龄93 days of age
C 80.88±2.17 86.92±1.12 85.45±0.85b 56.05±1.42bc 40.52±1.22
组别Groups X 81.35±1.43 87.74±1.45 86.94±1.38ab 59.43±1.72ab 41.46±0.41
T 82.84±0.68 87.97±1.31 87.82±0.90a 61.29±0.88a 41.88±1.87
XT 80.51±1.27 86.34±1.17 85.62±0.40b 56.77±1.48bc 40.98±0.80
主效应Main effects
C 77.33±4.79 85.40±1.50 83.80±1.66b 53.93±2.85b 37.49±2.67
处理Treatment X 78.82±4.11 86.12±2.42 85.19±2.18ab 56.05±3.94a 38.71±2.33
T 79.88±2.82 86.37±1.51 85.67±2.20a 57.51±4.14a 39.74±2.75
XT 77.10±3.27 85.21±1.45 83.90±2.23ab 54.53±6.27b 37.75±3.02
63日龄63 days of age 75.80±4.37b 84.70±1.91c 82.98±2.29b 51.37±2.44b 36.65±1.81b
日龄Day of age 77日龄77 days of age 77.66±2.84b 86.13±1.61a 84.49±1.15b 56.76±4.74a 37.16±1.95b
93日龄93 days of age 81.39±1.61a 87.24±1.32a 86.45±1.32a 58.38±2.80a 41.46±1.41a
处理Treatment 0.14 0.23 0.01 0.01 0.07
P值P-value 日龄Day of age <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
处理×日龄
Treatment×day of age		 1.00 0.91 1.00 0.97 0.99

3 讨论

3.1 XOS和Tau对犊牛生长性能的影响

生长性能是评价动物生长发育快慢最直观的指标,直接影响养殖场的经济效益,因此提高生长性能是肉牛培育的重要目标[13]。Liu等[14]研究发现,在饲粮中添加XOS可以调控断奶仔猪营养物质代谢,提高断奶仔猪的ADFI、ADG,降低断奶仔猪的死淘率、腹泻率。李美君等[15]研究发现,在饲粮中添加100 g/t的XOS能有效提高仔猪的ADFI和ADG,同时降低仔猪腹泻率。Tau是一种中枢抑制性神经递质或调质,其能调节神经组织的兴奋性,具有诱食、促进生长和提高消化酶活性的作用。前人在育肥猪上的研究表明,在饲粮中添加2 g/kg Tau,能够显著提高仔猪的ADG,并有改善ADFI和降低F/G的趋势[16]。本试验研究发现,在犊牛饮水中添加10 g/(d·头)XOS和4 g/(d·头)Tau以及XOS和Tau复配可显著降低犊牛45~63日龄F/G,与前人在仔猪上的研究结果一致。添加4 g/(d·头)Tau可显著提高犊牛末重、78~93日龄ADG、ADFI,但在犊牛45~77日龄时ADG、ADFI无显著差异,到78~93日龄时差异显著,这可能是因为Tau对犊牛的促生长作用存在滞后性。

3.2 XOS和Tau对犊牛粪便评分及腹泻率的影响

腹泻是幼龄动物常出现的一种疾病,主要由病原菌引起。XOS对多种病原菌具有高度吸附能力,如大肠杆菌、肠炎门氏菌等[17]。范程瑞[18]研究发现,在饲粮中添加200 mg/kg XOS可提高断奶仔猪ADG、抗氧化能力,降低腹泻率。郭雪峰[19]研究表明,添加XOS可以提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,降低腹泻率,其中以添加0.02% XOS的综合效果最好。Yu等[20]研究表明,Tau可以降低肠道变形菌丰度,增加拟杆菌丰度,改善肠道健康。在饲粮中添加Tau可促进幼龄动物的生长发育和营养物质的代谢吸收,进而提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,缓解腹泻情况[21]。本试验研究发现,在犊牛饮水中添加10 g/(d·头)XOS、4 g/(d·头)Tau以及XOS和Tau复配可降低犊牛45~63日龄腹泻率和粪便评分,且将犊牛45~63日龄腹泻率分别降低30.11%、32.69%、34.62%,这个时期正处于犊牛逐渐断奶期,说明XOS和Tau可以在一定程度上缓解犊牛断奶应激,XOS可以降低犊牛腹泻的原因可能是由于XOS不易被肠道中的消化酶所降解,可携带附着的病原菌通过肠道排出体外,防止病原菌在肠道中集群,从而降低犊牛腹泻[22-23]。Tau可作为抗氧化剂缓解炎症反应引起的应激,发挥抗炎、抑菌等作用[24],本试验研究发现,添加Tau可降低犊牛腹泻,尤其对犊牛45~63日龄时的腹泻率具有显著效果,这可能是由于Tau对致病性大肠杆菌具有较强的抑制作用。

3.3 XOS和Tau对犊牛体尺指标和体尺指数的影响

体尺可以准确反映犊牛主要部位的发育情况[25-26]。体尺指数可以反映各体躯部位的发育程度的数量关系。一般情况下,犊牛体尺的发育主要由遗传因素决定,当营养物质的摄入量能够满足机体的营养需要时,犊牛体尺一般差异不大[27]。本试验中,添加XOS和Tau对犊牛体尺指标和体尺指数没有显著影响,体尺随着日龄的增长而增长,符合生长发育规律,在试验过程中,犊牛自由采食开食料,保证了充足的营养摄入,因此体尺指标无显著变化可能与试验牧场犊牛的饲养水平较高有关。

3.4 XOS和Tau对犊牛营养物质表观消化率的影响

营养物表观消化率可反映犊牛消化和利用饲粮中营养物质的能力[28]。XOS所具有的营养作用及其对肠道功能的改善均促进了动物机体对营养物质的利用效率,而对营养物质利用率的提高是XOS促进动物生长、提高动物生产性能、改善动物产品品质等生理作用的基础。在饲粮中添加XOS可提高仔猪消化道内酶活和免疫能力,并且增加营养物质的利用率,此外还可降低F/G[29]。本试验添加10 g/(d·头)XOS对营养物质表观消化率影响不显著,与前人研究结果不一致,可能是因为动物种类、饲粮结构及XOS的来源及纯度不同。Tau可改善犊牛肠黏膜形态结构,提高肠黏膜和内容物消化酶活性,促进养分消化吸收,通过提高蛋白质的消化率而间接促进动物生长发育[30-31]。研究表明,当蛋白质供应量充足或不足时,添加1% Tau可以提高CP表观消化率[32]。张建斌等[33]研究发现,饲粮中添加0.1% Tau能增强仔猪肠道的吸收功能,提高CP表观消化率,本试验结果显示,与C组相比,在犊牛饮水中添加4 g/(d·头)Tau可显著提高犊牛93日龄CP、NDF表观消化率,与Tau在单胃动物上的研究结果一致。随着饲喂时间的延长,犊牛养分表观消化率也呈现出显著的增长,可能是因为XOS和Tau对犊牛养分表观消化率的影响会随着时间的增加而产生一定的沉积效应,其详细机制有待进一步研究。

4 结论

本试验中,添加10 g/(d·头)XOS以及10 g/(d·头)XOS+4 g/(d·头)Tau可显著降低犊牛45~63日龄F/G、腹泻率及粪便评分;添加4 g/(d·头)Tau可显著提高犊牛末重、78~93日龄ADG、ADFI以及93日龄CP、NDF表观消化率,显著降低犊牛45~63日龄F/G、腹泻率及粪便评分。综上所述,添加4 g/(d·头)Tau对犊牛生长性能、腹泻率、CP及NDF表观消化率改善效果最好。

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