1 材料与方法
1.1 试验时间和地点
1.2 试验设计及饲养管理
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content |
|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | |
| 苜蓿颗粒 Alfalfa granules | 20.00 |
| 棉籽壳 Cottonseed hull | 27.00 |
| 玉米粉 Com four | 10.00 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 20.00 |
| 棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal | 10.00 |
| 麸皮 Bran | 10.00 |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 0.20 |
| 碳酸钙 CaCO3 | 1.50 |
| 碳酸氢钠 NaHCO3 | 0.50 |
| 氯化钠 NaC1 | 0.50 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 0.30 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |
| 干物质 DM | 94.02 |
| 有机物 OM | 90.83 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 21.00 |
| 消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) | 14.20 |
| 钙 Ca | 0.55 |
| 磷 P | 0.30 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Premix provides the following per kg of the diet:VA 940 IU,VE 20 IU,S 200 mg,Fe 24 mg,Cu 8 mg,Mn 40 mg,Zn 40 mg,I 0.3 mg,Se 0.2 mg,Co 0.1 mg。 2)消化能为计算值,由于鹿用饲料缺失消化能数据,因此参照了羊用饲料消化能;其他营养水平为实测值。DE is a calculated value, due to the deer feed lacks the data of DE, so refers to the DE of sheep feed; while other nutrient levels are measured values. |
1.3 样品采集及指标测定
1.3.1 营养物质表观消化率
1.3.2 瘤胃液的采集及处理
1.3.3 样本DNA的提取及PCR扩增
1.4 数据统计与分析
2 结果
2.1 塔里木马鹿生茸不同阶段营养物质表观消化率的变化规律
表2 塔里木马鹿生茸不同阶段的营养物质表观消化率Table 2 Nutrient apparent digestibilities of Tarim wapiti in different stages of antler growth% |
| 项目 Items | 生茸不同阶段 Different stages of antler growth | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 生茸高峰期 Peak period of antler growth | 生茸后期 Late stage of antler growth | 锯茸后期 Late stage of sawing antler | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 74.74a | 66.56b | 63.44b | 2.35 | 0.049 |
| 干物质 DM | 47.79 | 37.89 | 34.33 | 3.28 | 0.236 |
| 有机物 OM | 51.74a | 42.69ab | 37.29b | 3.13 | 0.047 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 46.20 | 34.23 | 46.71 | 3.21 | 0.137 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 44.37a | 32.68ab | 25.40b | 3.84 | 0.043 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 塔里木马鹿生茸不同阶段瘤胃发酵参数的变化规律
表3 塔里木马鹿生茸不同阶段的瘤胃发酵参数Table 3 Rumen fermentation parameters of Tarim wapiti in different stages of antler growth |
| 项目 Items | 生茸不同阶段 Different stages of antler growth | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 脱盘前期 Early stage of antler plate | 生茸高峰期 Peak period of antler growth | 生茸后期 Late stage of antler growth | 锯茸后期 Late stage of sawing antler | |||
| pH | 5.97 | 6.21 | 6.18 | 6.09 | 0.07 | 0.644 |
| 氨态氮 NH3-N/(mg/dL) | 18.19 | 17.86 | 18.44 | 17.75 | 0.13 | 0.209 |
| 微生物蛋白 MCP/(mg/dL) | 92.43b | 108.46a | 109.23a | 87.64c | 2.20 | <0.001 |
| 乙酸 Acetic acid/(mmol/L) | 44.02c | 54.75a | 48.18b | 46.04bc | 1.01 | <0.001 |
| 丙酸 Propionic acid/(mmol/L) | 23.86b | 26.99a | 27.30a | 24.95c | 0.38 | <0.001 |
| 丁酸 Butyric acid/(mmol/L) | 14.47c | 24.39a | 20.16b | 14.97c | 1.12 | <0.001 |
| 异丁酸 Isobutyric acid/(mmol/L) | 1.29ab | 1.15bc | 1.06c | 1.36a | 0.04 | 0.220 |
| 戊酸 Valeric acid/(mmol/L) | 2.07b | 2.26a | 2.05b | 2.15ab | 0.03 | 0.023 |
| 异戊酸 Isovaleric acid/(mmol/L) | 1.58a | 1.19b | 1.22b | 1.64a | 0.06 | 0.030 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸 TVFA/(mmol/L) | 87.29c | 110.73a | 99.97b | 91.11c | 2.30 | <0.001 |
2.3 塔里木马鹿生茸不同阶段瘤胃微生物菌群丰度和多样性变化规律
图1 稀释曲线A:脱盘前期 early stage of antler plate;B:生茸高峰期 peak period of antler growth;C:生茸后期 late stage of antler growth;D:锯茸后期 late stage of sawing antler。下图同 the same as below。 横坐标为序列数目,纵坐标为OTU数目。 Fig.1 Dilution curve The horizontal coordinate is sequence number, and the vertical coordinate is the OTU number. |
表4 塔里木马鹿生茸不同阶段的瘤胃菌群丰富度和多样性指数Table 4 Rumen flora richness and diversity index of Tarim wapiti in different stages of antler growth |
| 项目 Items | 生茸不同阶段 Different stages of antler growth | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 脱盘前期 Early stage of antler plate | 生茸高峰期 Peak period of antler growth | 生茸后期 Late stage of antler growth | 锯茸后期 Late stage of sawing antler | |||
| 观测物种数 Observed species | 727.40a | 588.80b | 677.20ab | 695.60a | 18.67 | 0.039 |
| Chao1指数 Chao1 index | 796.19a | 665.60b | 742.84ab | 793.81a | 19.55 | 0.048 |
| Shannon指数 Shannon index | 6.26a | 5.25b | 5.85ab | 5.58ab | 0.14 | 0.045 |
| 覆盖率 Goods coverage/% | 99.72 | 99.74 | 99.70 | 99.70 | <0.01 | 0.547 |
图2 瘤胃微生物非度量尺度分析Stress:应力值,该值越小越好,一般认为当该值小于0.2时,非度量尺度分析的结果较可靠。 Fig.2 Non-metric scale analysis of rumen microorganisms Stress: stress value, the smaller the value, the better, it is generally believed that when the value is less than 0.2, the non-metric scale analysis result is more reliable. |
2.4 塔里木马鹿生茸不同阶段瘤胃微生物门、属水平相对丰度变化规律
表5 塔里木马鹿生茸不同阶段的瘤胃微生物门水平相对丰度Table 5 Relative abundance of rumen microbiota at phylum level of Tarim wapiti in different stages of antler growth% |
| 项目 Items | 生茸不同阶段 Different stages of antler growth | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 脱盘前期 Early stage of antler plate | 生茸高峰期 Peak period of antler growth | 生茸后期 Late stage of antler growth | 锯茸后期 Late stage of sawing antler | |||
| 拟杆菌门 Bacteroidetes | 62.15b | 87.02a | 73.19ab | 75.43ab | 3.31 | 0.049 |
| 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes | 32.31a | 11.25b | 21.80ab | 19.94ab | 2.93 | 0.042 |
| 广古菌门 Euryarchaeota | 0.81 | 0.28 | 2.71 | 1.80 | 0.55 | 0.440 |
| 变形菌门 Proteobacteria | 1.76a | 0.53b | 0.90ab | 1.09ab | 0.20 | 0.044 |
| 放线菌门 Actinobacteria | 0.89 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.209 |
| 无壁菌门 Tenericutes | 0.74 | 0.24 | 0.56 | 0.63 | 0.09 | 0.199 |
| 酸杆菌门 Acidobacteria | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.433 |
| 互养菌门 Synergistetes | 0.30 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.205 |
| 未分类的细菌门 Unidentified-bacteria | 0.32 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.420 |
| 黑色素杆菌门 Melainabacteria | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.271 |
表6 塔里木马鹿生茸不同阶段的瘤胃微生物属水平相对丰度Table 6 Relative abundance of rumen microbiota at genus level of Tarim wapiti in different stages of antler growth% |
| 项目 Items | 生茸不同阶段 Different stages of antler growth | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 脱盘前期 Early stage of antler plate | 生茸高峰期 Peak period of antler growth | 生茸后期 Late stage of antler growth | 锯茸后期 Late stage of sawing antler | |||
| 粪杆菌属 Faecalibacterium | 3.910 | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.014 | 0.970 | 0.411 |
| 琼脂杆菌属 Agathobacter | 2.710 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.670 | 0.407 |
| 甲烷短杆菌属 Methanobrevibacter | 0.790 | 0.280 | 2.690 | 1.800 | 0.550 | 0.441 |
| 未注释的拟杆菌目 Unidentified-Bacteroidales | 1.580 | 3.770 | 4.080 | 3.470 | 0.650 | 0.552 |
| 解琥珀酸菌属 Succiniclasticum | 2.420 | 1.820 | 1.530 | 2.480 | 0.350 | 0.747 |
| 无甾醇支原体属 Asteroleplasma | 0.340 | 0.060 | 0.810 | 0.890 | 0.260 | 0.672 |
| 未注释的瘤胃球菌科 Unidentified- Ruminococcaceae | 1.430ab | 0.650b | 1.800a | 1.470ab | 0.180 | 0.043 |
| 未注释的毛螺菌科 Unidentified- Lachnospiraceae | 1.910a | 0.510b | 1.150ab | 1.530ab | 0.200 | 0.044 |
| 厌氧弧菌属 Anaerovibrio | 1.560a | 0.610b | 0.930ab | 1.070ab | 0.150 | 0.049 |
| 拟杆菌属 Bacteroides | 0.810 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0.012 | 0.200 | 0.417 |

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