1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料及样品采集
1.2 乳源外泌体提取方法的优化
1.2.1 差速超速离心法的优化
1.2.2 凝乳酶法的优化
1.2.3 乙酸法的优化
1.2.4 蔗糖密度梯度离心法的优化
1.3 乳源外泌体鉴定
1.3.1 TEM鉴定乳源外泌体
1.3.2 WB鉴定乳源外泌体
1.3.3 NTA鉴定乳源外泌体
1.3.4 BCA鉴定乳源外泌体
1.4 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 对比每种优化前和优化后的乳源外泌体提取方法
2.1.1 对比优化前和优化后3种提取方法的乳清
图1 优化前和优化后3种提取方法的乳清对比A:差速超速离心法;B:凝乳酶法;C:乙酸法。下图同。 图A中(1)为优化前差速超速离心法(多步离心);图B中(1)为优化前凝乳酶法(添加乙酸),(2):为优化前凝乳酶法(孵育6 h);图C中(1)为优化前乙酸法(pH 4.6),(2)为优化前乙酸法(牛奶和乙酸体积比为100:5)。图2、图3同。 Fig.1 Comparison of whey of three extraction methods before and after optimization A: differential overspeed centrifugal method; B: rennet method; C: acetic acid method. The same as below. In figure A, (1) is the differential ultra-fast centrifugal method (multi-step centrifugation) before optimization; in figure B, (1) is the pre-optimized rennet method (adding acetic acid), (2) is the pre-optimized rennet method (incubation for 6 h); in figure C, (1) is the pre-optimized acetic acid method (pH 4.6), (2) is the the pre-optimized acetic acid method (milk and acetic acid volume ratio of 100:5). The same as Fig.2 and Fig.3. |
2.1.2 TEM鉴定对比每种优化前和优化后的乳源外泌体形态
图2 TEM法筛选最优4种提取方法对比D:蔗糖密度梯度离心法,其中(1)为优化前蔗糖密度梯度离心法(43%、35%、20%蔗糖梯度),(2)为优化前蔗糖密度梯度离心法(30%蔗糖)。下图同。 白色箭头所指外泌体表面粗糙有损伤。 Fig.2 Comparison of four optimal extraction methods selected by TEM D:sucrose density gradient centrifugation method, (1) is the gradient centrifugation of sucrose density before optimization (43%, 35%, 20% sucrose gradients), and (2) is the gradient centrifugation of sucrose density before optimization (30% sucrose). The same as below. The white arrow indicates that the exosome surface is rough and damaged. |
2.1.3 WB鉴定对比每种优化前和优化后的乳源外泌体特异性蛋白表达量
表1 优化前和优化后4种提取方法的WB条带灰度值对比结果Table 1 Comparison results of WB strip gray values of four extraction methods before and after optimization |
| 方法 Methods | 优化后条带平均灰度值 Average strip gray value after optimization | 优化前(1)条带平均灰度值 Before optimization (1) average strip gray value | 优化前(2)条带平均灰度值 Before optimization (2) average strip gray value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 差速超速离心法 Differential overdrive centrifugation method | 429 763±38 771a | 161 364±42 439b | |
| 凝乳酶法 Rennet method | 522 776.0±37 135.0a | 269 183.5±16 228.5b | 157 875.5±14 024.5b |
| 乙酸法 Acetic acid method | 635 659.0±21 942.0a | 264 237.0±21 942.0b | 89 317.5±4 273.5b |
| 蔗糖密度提取离心法 Sucrose density gradient centrifugation method | 404 810.5±33 599.5a | 71 436.5±2 004.5b | 271 199.0±79 829.0b |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 鉴定比较优化后的4种最优乳源外泌体提取方法
2.2.1 优化后乳源外泌体提取方法
2.2.2 TEM鉴定比较优化后4种方法提取乳源外泌体的形态
2.2.3 NTA鉴定比较优化后4种方法提取乳源外泌体的大小
表2 优化后4种方法提取奶牛乳源外泌体粒径、粒子浓度和粒径峰值对比结果Table 2 Comparison results of particle size, particle concentration and particle peak value of milk exosomes extracted from dairy cows by four optimized methods |
| 项目 Items | 优化后差速超速离心法 Optimized differential overspeed centrifugation method | 优化后凝乳酶法 Optimized rennet method | 优化后乙酸法 Optimized acetic acid method | 优化后蔗糖密度梯度离心法 Optimized sucrose density gradient centrifugation method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 粒子浓度 Particle concentration/(个/mL) | 5.9×1011 | 7.3×1011 | 6.2×1012 | 1.5×1012 |
| 粒径 Particle size/nm | 144.1±48.2 | 143.9±56.9 | 151.0±47.2 | 155.0±49.9 |
| 粒径峰值 Particle peak value/nm | 140.8 | 141.1 | 146.0 | 153.6 |
2.2.4 BCA蛋白浓度测定鉴定比较优化后4种方法提取的乳源外泌体的浓度
表3 优化后4种方法提取奶牛的乳源外泌体样品蛋白浓度对比结果Table 3 Comparison results of protein concentration of milk exosome samples extracted from dairy cows by four optimized methodsmg/mL |
| 项目 Item | 优化后差速超速离心法 Optimized differential overspeed centrifugation method | 优化后凝乳酶法 Optimized rennet method | 优化后乙酸法 Optimized acetic acid method | 优化后蔗糖密度梯度离心法 Optimized sucrose density gradient centrifugation method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 样品蛋白浓度 Sample protein concentration | 2.462 620 80 ±0.039 827 60a | 2.383 492 50 ±0.001 415 00a | 1.404 666 25 ±0.044 926 25b | 1.945 903 75 ±0.016 626 25a |
2.2.5 WB鉴定比较优化后4种方法提取的乳源外泌体特异性蛋白表达量
表4 优化后4种方法提取的乳源外泌体WB条带灰度值比较结果Table 4 Comparison results of gray values of WB bands extracted from milk exosomes by four optimized methods |
| 项目 Items | 优化后差速超速离心法 Optimized differential overspeed centrifugation method | 优化后凝乳酶法 Optimized rennet method | 优化后乙酸法 Optimized acetic acid method | 优化后蔗糖密度梯度离心法 Optimized sucrose density gradient centrifugation method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD81条带平均灰度值 CD81 strip average gray value | 92 092.5 ±15 288.5c | 150 789.5 ±4 287.5c | 408 171.0 ±33 107.0a | 247 931.5 ±22 462.5b |
| CD9条带平均灰度值 CD9 strip average gray value | 25 580.5 ±1 734.5c | 2 630.5 ±1 105.5c | 474 226.5 ±39 223.5a | 104 493.5 ±694.5b |
| TSG101条带平均灰度值 TSG101 strip average gray value | 3 857.0 ±505.0b | 6 854.0 ±868.0b | 417 588.5 ±26 119.5a | 8 188.0 ±341.0b |
| HSP70条带平均灰度值 HSP70 strip average gray value | 28 638.5 ±8 880.5b | 1 769.5 ±247.5b | 159 393.5 ±62.5a | 66 462.5 ±25 836.5b |
2.2.6 WB法鉴定筛选优化后乙酸法最优乙酸添加量
表5 优化后乙酸法不同乙酸添加量提取的乳源外泌体WB条带灰度值比较结果Table 5 Comparison results of gray values of WB bands of milk exosomes extracted by different acetic acid addition levels after optimized acetic acid method |
| 项目 Items | 每毫升乳中添加 4 μL乙酸(pH 5.0) Add 4 μL acetic acid per milliliter of milk (pH 5.0) | 每毫升乳中添加 8 μL乙酸(pH 4.6) Add 8 μL acetic acid per milliliter of milk (pH 4.6) | 每毫升乳中添加 12 μL乙酸(pH 4.3) Add 12 μL acetic acid per milliliter of milk (pH 4.3) | 每毫升乳中添加 20 μL乙酸(pH 4.0) Add 20 μL acetic acid per milliliter of milk (pH 4.0) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 乙酸法CD81条带 平均灰度值 Average gray value of CD81 strip by acetic acid method | 454 895.0 ±70 293.0 | 394 410.5 ±11 607.5 | 311 133.5 ±17 454.5 | 246 689.5 ±9 357.5 |
| 乙酸法HSP70条带 平均灰度值 Average gray value of HSP70 strip by acetic acid method | 449 155.5 ±19 734.5 | 236 121.0 ±33 384.0 | 156 935.5 ±10 307.5 | 86 237.0 ±5 839.0 |

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