综述

不饱和脂肪酸在反刍动物饲粮中的应用研究进展

  • 姚朝辉 ,
  • 刘凯珍 ,
  • 虎业浩 ,
  • 高腾云 , *
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  • 河南农业大学动物科技学院,河南省家畜营养调控与生态养殖国际联合实验室,郑州 450046
* 高腾云,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

姚朝辉(1999—),男,河南许昌人,硕士研究生,研究方向为反刍动物营养。E-mail:

Copy editor: 菅景颖

收稿日期: 2023-07-26

  网络出版日期: 2024-02-01

基金资助

财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系资助(CARS-36)

Research Progress on Application of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Ruminant Diets

  • YAO Zhaohui ,
  • LIU Kaizhen ,
  • HU Yehao ,
  • GAO Tengyun , *
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  • International Joint Laboratory of Livestock Nutritional Regulation and Ecological Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-07-26

  Online published: 2024-02-01

摘要

不饱和脂肪酸主要存在于植物种子、植物油及含油量多的海鱼中,在自然界含量丰富,对人体具有补脑健脑、调节免疫功能、抵抗心血管疾病等重要作用。在反刍动物生产上,富含不饱和脂肪酸的饲粮具有改善反刍动物生产性能、减少甲烷排放和改善产品质量的功能。本文主要针对不饱和脂肪酸对反刍动物生产性能、瘤胃发酵、甲烷排放等方面的影响进行综述,旨在为不饱和脂肪酸在反刍动物营养方面的研究和应用提供参考。

本文引用格式

姚朝辉 , 刘凯珍 , 虎业浩 , 高腾云 . 不饱和脂肪酸在反刍动物饲粮中的应用研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024 , 36(2) : 708 -715 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.064

Abstract

Unsaturated fatty acids are mainly found in plant seeds, vegetable oils and marine fish with high oil content. Unsaturated fatty acids are abundant in nature and play an important role in human beings by tonifying brain, improving immunomodulation and fighting combat cardiovascular disease. In ruminant production, diets that rich in unsaturated fatty acids have the function of improving ruminant performance, reducing methane emission and improving the quality of animal products. This paper mainly summarized the effects of unsaturated fatty acids on ruminant performance, rumen fermentation and methane emission for the aim to provide reference for the research and application of UFA in ruminant nutrition.

全面禁抗以来,具有替抗作用的功能性饲料添加剂亟待开发。已有研究表明,饲粮中添加过多的不饱和脂肪酸(unsaturated fatty acids,UFA)可能会对瘤胃微生物产生毒性并抑制其生长[1];此外,Lunsin等[2]研究发现,在反刍动物饲粮中添加植物油对其瘤胃中中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber,NDF)和有机物的消化具有负面影响。然而,随着科学研究的不断发展,研究者发现饲粮中添加适宜水平的UFA对反刍动物的生产具有积极影响。UFA作为体内脂肪的一种组成成分,对人体起着不可或缺的作用,其作为家畜饲料添加剂在当前的应用也较为广泛。在反刍动物饲粮中补充脂质是公认的减少瘤胃甲烷排放的对策之一[3-4]。一些研究报告指出,在反刍动物饲粮中补充油脂,特别是富含中链脂肪酸(medium-chain fatty acids,MCFA)或长链多不饱和脂肪酸(long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,LCPUFA)的油脂,大大减少了瘤胃甲烷的产生[5-6];在肉牛[7]和奶牛[8-9]饲粮中添加富含UFA的脂质,如大豆油或亚麻籽油,可以降低总甲烷排放量。除了增加饲粮的能量密度和改善高产泌乳奶牛的能量状况外[10],补充脂质还可以增加牛奶[11]和肉类[12]中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA)和共轭亚油酸(conjugated linoleic acid,CLA)的含量,对人类健康非常有益[13]。本文将对UFA在反刍动物生产中应用的研究进展进行综述。

1 UFA的来源及分类

UFA是指脂肪酸链上含有至少1个碳碳双键的脂肪酸,根据双键数量的不同,可以将UFA分为2类,即单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsated fatty acids,MUFA)和PUFA。MUFA是指脂肪酸碳链上仅含有1个不饱和键的脂肪酸,具有减少血液中胆固醇和甘油三酯的作用,而PUFA则是指脂肪酸碳链上含有2个或以上不饱和键的脂肪酸,对细胞膜功能、基因表达、心血管疾病的预防和治疗以及生长发育等具有重要的作用。根据双键位置和功能的差异,可以将PUFA分为n-3系和n-6系。

1.1 n-3 PUFA

n-3 PUFA是一种由多个双键构成的多聚PUFA,其第1个双键位于碳链甲基端的第3位[14]。它的代表成员主要包括亚麻酸(α-linolenic acid,ALA)、二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)、二十二碳五烯酸(docosapentaenoic acid,DPA)等。核桃和亚麻籽中含有丰富的ALA;深海鱼、藻类和鱼油富含DHA和EPA。人类和其他哺乳动物通过一系列去饱和酶和碳链延长酶的作用,可以利用ALA合成EPA和DHA[14]

1.2 n-6 PUFA

n-6 PUFA指的是只含有2个双键,且第1个双键出现在甲基端的第6位的PUFA。这类脂肪酸包括花生四烯酸和亚油酸等。植物油、坚果和种子是n-6 PUFA的主要来源。

2 UFA对反刍动物生产性能的影响

2.1 UFA对干物质采食量(dry matter intake,DMI)和平均日增重(average daily gain,ADG)的影响

Kairenius等[15]通过研究发现,在饲粮中添加鱼油(200 g/d)或鱼油(200 g/d)与葵花籽油(500 g/d)的组合,这2种处理方式均能够降低奶牛的DMI,并增加ADG;Keady等[16]研究也发现,鱼油或鱼油与植物油的组合会导致泌乳奶牛DMI减少。耿亚楠等[17]研究得出,在奶山羊饲粮中添加3%富含DHA的海藻,奶山羊的DMI和ADG均无显著变化。Parente等[18]研究发现,饲喂含有油脂补充剂(3%蓖麻油、3%菜籽油或3%葵花籽油)的饲粮,与对照组相比,羔羊的DMI显著降低,ADG增加。饲喂含有脂质补充剂饲粮的反刍动物可观察到其DMI降低,可能是由于相对于对照组,其产生了更大能量密度的调节摄入反应,因为预估的可代谢能(metabolizable energy,ME)摄入量与所有饲粮相似,类似的ME摄入量解释了脂质补充剂对反刍动物产奶量、体重的影响,这表明DMI受到能量饱腹感机制的调节[19]。Bahramkhani-Zaringoli等[20]发现,饲粮中补充大豆油后,奶牛的DMI升高;且与对照组相比,饲粮中补充大豆油的奶牛具有较低的干物质(dry matter,DM)和NDF消化率。因此,推测DMI的增加更可能与补充油脂的饲粮的适口性增加和瘤胃环境的稳定性改善有关。上述研究表明,在饲粮中补充适量的UFA产品能够提高反刍动物的生长性能,但不同来源的UFA对反刍动物的DMI和体增重有不同影响,这可能与UFA的来源及补充量、试验动物种类的差异,以及饲粮的适口性有关,还需要进一步的研究以获得理论依据。

2.2 UFA对产奶量及奶和肉品质的影响

在反刍动物饲粮中加入UFA还能够调节奶的产量和质量,并改善肉品质。在饲粮中添加油脂影响瘤胃中的脂肪酸组成,其通过血液运输进而影响奶和肉产品中脂肪酸组成,进而提升畜产品质量[21]。Moran等[22]研究发现,与对照组相比,在饲粮中添加富含DHA的金桔藻能使奶牛每日产奶量提高1.9 kg。曹爱青[23]研究显示,在饲粮中添加富含ALA的亚麻籽后,处于泌乳期的荷斯坦奶牛的产奶量显著提高,这是由于奶牛泌乳期机体能量处于负平衡状态,添加亚麻籽使奶牛的能量代谢达到正平衡,从而提高产奶量。与曹爱青[23]的研究结果一致,潘坛等[24]研究表明,在饲粮中添加富含DHA的海藻油补充剂能显著提高西农萨能奶山羊的产奶量,且提升了奶中UFA的含量;周承福[25]研究表明,饲粮中添加1%的亚麻籽油可显著提高荷斯坦奶牛的产奶量。油脂通过影响瘤胃中脂肪酸的代谢,其经过血液运输进而影响肉品质。Correa等[26]经过试验得出,在内洛尔肉牛的饲粮中添3%的菜籽油改善了肉中的脂肪酸分布,增加了UFA含量,减少了饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acids,SFA)含量,增加了肉中n-6 PUFA和CLA含量,并改善了n-6与n-3 PUFA的比例。在羔羊育肥期饲粮中添加菜籽油,与对照组相比,肉质红度质更高,且肌内脂肪含量增加,并增加了PUFA和MUFA的含量[27]。马秀花[28]在滩羊的研究中得出,添加PUFA组合(大豆油、裂壶藻、亚麻油)能提高滩羊皮下脂肪中总挥发性脂肪酸(total volatile fatty acids,TVFA)、DHA、CLA含量,提升背最长肌中总PUFA、DHA含量,改善肉品质。综上所述,油脂中的UFA可由饲粮向畜产品中转化,提高反刍动物产品中UFA含量,从而提高生产效益。

3 UFA对反刍动物瘤胃功能的调控

3.1 UFA对养分消化率的影响

不同UFA对反刍动物养分消化率的影响有所不同。研究发现,在奶牛饲粮中添加不同浓度(2%、3%、4%,干物质基础)的亚麻籽油时,随着亚麻籽油添加量的增加,DM、NDF、酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber,ADF)消化率显著下降,粗蛋白质(crude protein,CP)消化率在亚麻籽油添加量为2%和3%时提升,在亚麻籽油添加量为4%时下降[29]。CP消化率增加是因为脂肪可以作为瘤胃微生物将饲料蛋白质转化为微生物蛋白的能量来源,使得微生物蛋白的生成量更高;此外,CP消化率的增加还可以通过原生动物微生物降解的减少来解释,这反过来又增加了胃肠道中可用的蛋白质数目;NDF和ADF消化率的降低可能与油脂中UFA对瘤胃中负责纤维分解的原虫、菌体的毒性有关;DM消化率的降低则可能与UFA造成相关酶的活性降低有关。然而,在其他研究中结果并不一致。Vargas-Bello-Pérez等[30]在山羊饲粮中补充向日葵和亚麻籽,发现DM、NDF、ADF、CP消化率不受影响。Pi等[31]研究得出,与对照组相比,葵花籽油组奶牛的DM、NDF消化率显著增加,ADF、CP消化率无显著变化。Avilés-Nieto等[32]在奶牛饲粮中补充不同水平的菜籽油后得到的结果与Vargas-Bello-Pérez等[30]的研究结果一致。这些结果强调了这样一个事实,即饲粮中添加油脂补充剂对反刍动物养分消化率的影响在很大程度上取决于所用油的类型和剂量,不同UFA来源的油脂对动物产生不同的影响,适当剂量的油脂对反刍动物生产状况的改善有积极作用,但高剂量油脂则可能对反刍动物消化产生不利影响。

3.2 UFA对瘤胃生物氢化的抑制

UFA的生物氢化常常发生在瘤胃中,是瘤胃微生物将UFA转化为SFA的过程[33]。瘤胃中存在的一种厌氧真菌,能够分解纤维素,并且在去饱和酶的作用下限制UFA的转化效率,因而使生物氢化的中间产物CLA和反式油酸在瘤胃中积累[34]。在反刍动物的瘤胃中,C18 PUFA的生物氢化是非常重要的。瘤胃中的微生物通过生物氢化来达到自我保护,从而减少了到达小肠的PUFA数量,这进一步抑制了C18 PUFA的生物氢化,导致C18:1 t11向C18:0的转化受到很大的抑制。Thanh等[35]的研究发现,在山羊饲粮中添加富含DHA的鱼油可以显著降低C18:0的比例。刘树林[36]在绒毛山羊饲粮中添加亚麻籽油和亚麻籽,发现可以通过降低瘤胃溶纤维丁酸弧菌的活性,抑制C18 PUFA的氢化;蓖麻油酸已被证明能有效抑制UFA的瘤胃生物氢化,促进CLA前体反式油酸在瘤胃中的积累[37]。UFA的抑制作用可阻碍瘤胃内微生物的消化过程,从而导致瘤胃中UFA和n-3 PUFA的流动有所提升。

3.3 UFA对瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids,VFA)浓度的影响

研究表明,UFA的添加可能会使瘤胃VFA的浓度产生变化。Mirzaei-Alamouti等[38]研究发现,在羔羊饲粮中补充葵花籽油和鱼油补充剂,瘤胃中TVFA浓度及乙酸与丙酸浓度之比降低;且与油脂补充剂量呈正相关。其中,TVFA浓度的降低可能是与添加的葵花籽和鱼油补充剂抑制了底物的降解有关。在饲粮中补充鱼油与亚麻籽油混合物导致山羊瘤胃TVFA浓度和原生动物种群大幅下降,但不影响个体VFA比例[35]。Sato等[39]发现,亚麻籽油会促进琥珀酸途径代谢,增加丙酸的产量,瘤胃中乙酸与丙酸浓度之比降低及丙酸摩尔比例升高可能与此有关。Gordiano等[40]经过研究发现,在肉母牛饲粮中补充大豆油后,瘤胃中TVFA浓度降低,乙酸和丙酸浓度没有显著变化。然而,张春梅等[41]研究发现,随着菜籽油添加水平的提高,体外瘤胃中TVFA浓度也得到提升;随着菜籽油中所含PUFA不饱和度的增加,体外瘤胃中乙酸摩尔比例显著降低,丙酸摩尔比例显著升高。由此可知,UFA所引起的反刍动物瘤胃VFA浓度的变化可能与饲粮中植物油在饲粮中所占比例及其添加水平有关;总的来讲,一般都是乙酸浓度下降,丙酸浓度上升。

3.4 UFA对瘤胃微生物活性的影响

UFA对部分瘤胃微生物有抑制作用。Boland等[42]研究发现,补充亚麻籽油后,奶牛瘤胃分枝杆菌的相对丰度显著降低了50%,总产甲烷菌和其他特定产甲烷菌的数量减少。同样,Christodoulou等[43]报道,与饲喂正常对照饲粮相比,饲喂补充亚麻籽饲粮的奶牛瘤胃中古菌和产甲烷菌的相对丰度显著降低,这表明补充UFA可有效减少瘤胃中产甲烷菌的数量。瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)是瘤胃中主要的纤维素分解细菌之一[44]。Yang等[45]研究发现,与饲喂正常对照饲粮的奶牛相比,饲喂补充植物油饲粮的奶牛瘤胃中具有较少数量的纤维素分解细菌和原虫,但蛋白质分解细菌的数量有所增加,特别是当油脂富含ALA时。一般来说,饲粮中添加UFA可以减少反刍动物瘤胃微生物的数量,对微生物产生的影响主要取决于补充的脂肪的剂量和类型。此外,关于UFA对瘤胃微生物的影响,相关理论知识仍然有限,需要进一步研究其作用机制。

3.5 UFA对甲烷产量的影响

大量研究表明,反刍动物饲粮中添加UFA能够减少瘤胃甲烷的产生量。Vargas等[46]研究发现,在饲粮中添加亚麻籽油可使奶牛的甲烷产量减少21%~28%。Aviles-Nieto等[47]观察到,在肉牛基础饲粮中添加不同水平的菜籽油均减少了瘤胃甲烷的产生。Darabighane等[48]研究得出,在奶牛饲粮中加入葵花籽和鱼油混合物,与对照组相比减少了甲烷的排放量。然而,有其他研究者观察到,在饲粮中添加油脂不会减少甲烷的产生量[49-51],这可能是由于饲粮中油脂的添加剂量低造成的,这一猜测在总结和分析不同研究数据的论文后得到证实[52-53]。Jalč等[54]认为,无论添加的植物油的脂肪酸组成如何,这种效果都是相似的。反刍动物饲粮中添加C18游离脂肪酸会减少瘤胃发酵产生的甲烷,并且这种减少的程度受脂肪酸不饱和度、动物种类和基础饲粮的影响[50,55]。当脂肪酸成分不同的油或油籽用作饲粮脂质补充剂时,它们中的大多数会减少甲烷的产生,而且各种油或油籽之间存在细微差异[56-58]。补充不同油或油籽对瘤胃甲烷产生的影响的差异高度依赖于基础饲粮,并且当添加到高营养水平饲粮中时,添加不同油或油籽引起的甲烷产生量减少程度似乎相似[59]。反刍动物饲粮中添加UFA能够减少瘤胃甲烷的产生量,这可能是由于UFA可以改变奶牛的瘤胃原虫数量、微生物种群和瘤胃发酵模式,进而影响营养物质的消化代谢和甲烷排放。

4 小结

UFA特别是PUFA在动物体内是不可或缺的营养物质,对人和动物机体功能起着重要的作用。当前,研究发现,在反刍动物饲粮中添加UFA不仅能够提升反刍动物的生产性能和奶与肉品质,而且对甲烷减排有重大意义。但是,饲粮中添加UFA的效果受到适口性、添加剂量、试验动物种类等多方面影响,探索不同动物的不同生理阶段对不同来源的UFA的最适剂量将成为新的研究趋势。
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