综述

肠道微生物代谢产物对畜禽肠黏膜屏障的影响及调控机制

  • 邓雄 , 1 ,
  • 张云常 1 ,
  • 王文欢 2 ,
  • 刘明 , 1, *
展开
  • 1 北京农学院动物科学技术学院,北京 102206
  • 2 山东弘科福莱生物技术有限公司,济南 250003
* 刘明,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

邓雄(1998—),男,湖南娄底人,硕士研究生,从事猪营养与饲料资源开发利用研究。E-mail:

Copy editor: 田艳明

收稿日期: 2023-08-22

  网络出版日期: 2024-02-01

基金资助

北京农学院科技创新“火花行动”支持计划"(BUA-HHXD2022011)

北京市博士后科研活动经费资助(2023-ZZ-119)

Effects of Intestinal Microbial Metabolites on Intestinal Mucosal Barrier in Livestock and Poultry and Its Regulatory Mechanism

  • DENG Xiong , 1 ,
  • ZHANG Yunchang 1 ,
  • WANG Wenhuan 2 ,
  • LIU Ming , 1, *
Expand
  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2 Shandong Hongke Fulai Bio-Technology Co.,Ltd., Ji’nan 250003, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-08-22

  Online published: 2024-02-01

摘要

肠道微生物与宿主的互作可以通过微生物代谢产物来实现。目前,已有研究报道,肠道微生物代谢产物在调控宿主肠黏膜屏障中发挥重要作用,是维持肠道稳态和肠道健康的关键因素。为了更好地研究肠道微生物代谢产物与肠黏膜屏障之间的关联效应与作用机制,本文针对当前研究的热点——肠道微生物代谢产物,如短链脂肪酸、次级胆汁酸和色氨酸代谢物,通过阐明其体内代谢途径及其对动物肠黏膜屏障功能的调控机制,旨在为通过调节肠道微生物及其代谢产物的天然功能成分的开发应用提供参考。

本文引用格式

邓雄 , 张云常 , 王文欢 , 刘明 . 肠道微生物代谢产物对畜禽肠黏膜屏障的影响及调控机制[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024 , 36(2) : 805 -813 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.074

Abstract

The mutualism between intestinal microorganisms and hosts can be achieved through microbial metabolites. Nowadays, literatures have reported that intestinal microbial metabolites showed crucial roles in regulating the intestinal mucosal barrier of livestock, and were key mediators for maintaining intestinal homeostasis and intestinal health. For a better understanding of the correlative effects and underlying mechanisms of intestinal microbial metabolites and intestinal mucosal barrier, the current research summarized the in vivo metabolic pathways of the most important three categories of intestinal microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids and tryptophan metabolites, and the regulatory effects and mechanisms on intestinal mucosal barrier function in livestock and poultry, which will provide scientific basis for manufacture of natural functional products that function via regulation of the intestinal microbial metabolites.

肠黏膜介导动物营养物质的吸收、转运和代谢,在维持畜禽肠道稳态和促进生长的过程中发挥重要作用[1]。动物肠道黏膜屏障由物理屏障、化学屏障、免疫屏障和生物屏障组成,是抵御外源抗原、有毒物质和维持肠道健康的重要防线。研究表明,动物机体摄入的营养物质除了用于自身的生长发育外,也可以作为信号分子,通过直接或间接的方式调控肠黏膜屏障功能[2]。直接调控是指营养物质调控与肠黏膜屏障相关基因和蛋白的表达,如饲粮中添加氨基酸等营养物质能够通过提高肠道紧密连接蛋白表达来增强肠道物理屏障,也可以通过促进分泌型免疫球蛋白A(secretory immunoglobulin A,sIgA)的生成来增强肠道免疫屏障[3]。间接调控则是通过调节肠道微生物及其代谢产物来实现。
肠道微生物定植于动物胃肠道中,除占据主要地位的细菌外,还包括真菌、病毒和原虫。细菌主要分为厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门和变形菌门。其中,拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门占肠道微生物总量的90%以上[4]。肠道微生物与宿主之间存在着互利共生的关系,宿主可以为肠道微生物提供营养物质与栖息场所;反之,肠道微生物可以利用未能在小肠中消化吸收的抗性淀粉、膳食纤维及蛋白质等营养物质,代谢生成短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids,SCFAs)、次级胆汁酸(secondary bile acids,SBAs)、吲哚及其衍生物、维生素、多胺、多酚及其衍生物等代谢产物,这些代谢产物可以作为宿主的能量底物,也可以作为胞内信号通路的调节因子,参与调节肠道黏膜屏障[5-6]
随着现代微生物和代谢物等高通量测序技术的不断发展,以及肠道微生物体外培养技术的成熟,当前对肠道微生物代谢产物以及其对肠黏膜屏障功能调控作用的研究也越发深入。基于肠道微生物代谢产物在调控肠道黏膜免疫中的重要作用,本文总结了SCFAs、SBAs和色氨酸代谢物这3类主要的微生物代谢产物对肠黏膜屏障的调节作用及相关机制,旨在为探明微生物代谢产物改善动物肠道健康与实际应用提供参考。

1 肠道微生物主要代谢产物

1.1 SCFAs

SCFAs由微生物代谢小肠中未消化的抗性淀粉、膳食纤维和支链氨基酸产生,包括乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸及异戊酸。研究表明,拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门是代谢抗性淀粉、膳食纤维和支链氨基酸的主要细菌。SCFAs通过氢离子依赖单羧酸转运蛋白(monocarboxylate transporter,MCT)和钠离子偶联单羧酸转运蛋白1(sodium-coupled MCT1,SMCT1)介导的主动转运吸收进入结肠上皮细胞[7]。SCFAs被结肠上皮细胞吸收后,一部分作为能量底物参与三羧酸循环,另一部分则进入血液经门静脉循环到达肝脏,通过糖异生途径转化为乙酰辅酶A,作为肝糖原贮存在肝脏中[8]。除提供能量外,SCFAs还具有多种生物学功能,包括调节葡萄糖和脂质合成代谢、维持机体能量稳定以及参与机体免疫反应预防炎症等。

1.2 SBAs

胆汁酸(bile acids,BAs)是由胆固醇合成的甾体酸,是胆汁的主要成分。在肝脏中,胆固醇结合牛磺酸或甘氨酸生成初级胆汁酸(primary bile acids,PBAs),随后运输至胆囊中储存。PBAs通过胆管分泌进入十二指肠后,约95%的PBAs通过肝肠循环被重吸收进入肝脏,而未被重吸收的BAs进入结肠,经胆盐水解酶水解氨基酸基团后,在微生物的作用下转化生成SBAs[9-10]。肠道中的PBAs主要有胆酸(cholic acid,CA)和鹅去氧胆酸(chenodeoxycholic acid,CDCA);SBAs主要有脱氧胆酸(deoxycholic acid,DCA)、石胆酸(lithocholic acid,LCA)、熊去氧胆酸(ursodeoxycholic acid,UDCA)和牛磺胆酸(taurocholic acid,TCA),以及由CDCA和UDCA分别产生的牛磺-α-鼠胆酸(tauro-α-muricholic acid,T-α-MCA)和牛磺-β-鼠胆酸(tauro-β-muricholic acid,T-β-MCA)等[11]。研究表明,BAs的功能是促进脂肪和脂溶性营养素的吸收。此外,BAs还可以通过激活胆汁酸受体来调节葡萄糖和脂质代谢以及机体免疫功能[12]

1.3 色氨酸代谢产物

色氨酸是芳香族氨基酸,属于必需氨基酸。膳食色氨酸在小肠中被吸收,到达结肠的色氨酸主要由大肠杆菌、梭菌、拟杆菌、葡萄球菌、真细菌、乳杆菌以及瘤胃球菌等细菌分解代谢[13]。色氨酸有3种微生物代谢主途径,即犬尿氨酸途径、5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)途径和吲哚途径;其中95%的色氨酸通过犬尿氨酸途径代谢,生成烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD+),而5-HT和吲哚途径主要产生5-HT和吲哚及其衍生物,如吲哚-3-甲醛、吲哚-3-丙酮酸、吲哚-3-乙醛和吲哚-乳酸等[14-15]。研究表明,肠道微生物可通过编码犬尿氨酸酶或产生犬尿氨素衍生物来调控犬尿氨酸途径[16]。也有研究表明,肠道微生物可以通过调节5-HT的产生,结肠中的产孢梭菌、瘤胃球菌等微生物可以表达细菌脱羧酶和色氨酸酶A;色氨酸可以在这2种酶的作用下脱羧生成吲哚,再经其余微生物的氧化还原反应转化成吲哚衍生物[17]。色氨酸代谢产物具有显著的免疫调节功能,可以促进上皮细胞更新、调节黏膜免疫和维持屏障完整性,是肠道稳态的关键调节因子[14]。微生物代谢产物及代谢菌见表1[14,18-24]
表1 微生物代谢产物及代谢菌群

Table 1 Microbial metabolites and metabolic bacteria

代谢产物
Metabolites
主要代谢菌群
Main metabolic bacteria
文献
Literature
短链脂肪酸
SCFAs
普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)、毛螺菌属(Lachnospira)、金黄色葡萄球菌
(Staphylococcus aureus)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、球菌属
(Coprococcus)、梭菌属(Clostridium)、罗氏菌属(Roseburia)、
粪球菌属(Coprococcus)、粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium)
[18-20]
次级胆汁酸
SBAs
双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、梭菌属(Clostridium)、
乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)
[21-22]
色氨酸代谢物
Tryptophan
metabolites
大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、产孢梭菌(Clostridium sporogenes)、拟杆菌属
(Bacteroides)、梭菌属(Clostridium)、乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、
双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)
[14,23-24]

2 肠黏膜屏障

肠黏膜屏障由物理屏障、化学屏障、免疫屏障和生物屏障组成。物理屏障是一道选择性透过屏障,在阻止病原菌和抗原入侵的同时调节水、离子和营养物质的吸收。物理屏障由肠上皮细胞及细胞间的紧密连接组成。肠上皮细胞主要包括吸收型肠上皮细胞、杯状细胞和潘氏细胞。细胞间的紧密连接蛋白包括闭锁小带蛋白(zonula occludens,ZO)、闭锁蛋白(occludin)、闭合蛋白(claudin)、桥粒以及连接黏附分子等[25]。化学屏障指位于上皮层上方的黏液层,主要成分是水、高度糖基化的黏蛋白、抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides,AMPs)和sIgA。黏蛋白由杯状细胞产生,α-防御素、溶菌酶和组织蛋白酶以及其他AMPs则由潘氏细胞分泌[26]。免疫屏障由免疫细胞及其分泌的炎性因子与活性氧介导。动物机体通过先天性免疫和适应性免疫来抵御病原体的侵袭。先天性免疫由树突状细胞和巨噬细胞介导:树突状细胞通过高效摄取、加工处理和呈递抗原发挥作用;巨噬细胞通过吞噬或分泌肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)发挥作用[27]。介导适应性免疫的免疫淋巴细胞为T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、浆细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和肥大细胞。T淋巴细胞分泌白细胞介素来调节机体的免疫应答;B淋巴细胞在抗原刺激下可分化为浆细胞;浆细胞合成和分泌免疫球蛋白,参与机体的体液免疫[28-29]。生物屏障主要由肠道共生菌组成,能够抵御病原菌的入侵。病原菌的入侵会导致肠道微生物结构和功能的改变,引起菌群失调。肠道共生菌通过定植抵抗作用抵御外源病原菌入侵[30]

3 微生物代谢产物调节肠黏膜屏障功能的作用及机制

3.1 SCFAs对肠黏膜屏障功能的调节作用及分子机制

SCFAs不仅作为结肠上皮细胞的能量来源,也参与调节肠道物理屏障。研究表明,饲粮中添加2 000 mg/kg丁酸钠可缓解断奶仔猪腹泻,进一步研究表明,丁酸钠与通过与结肠上皮细胞中的G蛋白偶联受体109A(G protein-coupled receptor 109A,GPR109A)结合,随后激活蛋白激酶B(Akt)信号通路,从而促进紧密连接蛋白的表达[31]。另一项研究表明,肉鸡饲粮中添加丁酸钠可以显著提高空肠occludin基因表达[32]。体外研究发现,2 mmol/L的戊酸钠可以提高Caco-2单层细胞电阻,表明戊酸钠具有降低细胞通透性的功能;研究还表明,戊酸钠的这种作用与单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)信号通路的激活和紧密连接蛋白的重组装相关,而与调控细胞间的紧密连接蛋白表达无关[33]。此外,丁酸钠可以有效减轻感染轮状病毒的IPEC-J2细胞紧密连接蛋白结构损伤,上调紧密连接蛋白相关基因的表达;丁酸钠可通过激活受体GPR109A介导的AMPK-核因子E2相关因子(nuclear factor E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)信号通路来维持肠黏膜机械屏障功能[34]
SCFAs还可以调控畜禽肠免疫屏障,并且是通过激活G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptor,GPCR)来实现。据文献报导,饲粮中添加丁酸钠可减轻泌乳山羊盲肠黏膜的炎症损伤,丁酸钠通过表观遗传修饰下调GPCR41/43和白细胞介素-1α(interleukin-1α,IL-1α)、TNF-α等相关炎症细胞因子的表达[35]。研究表明,在仔猪饲粮中补充丁酸钠可降低空肠黏膜中肥大细胞的百分比,降低TNF-α、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)等促炎因子水平,这一过程可能与激活c-Jun氨基端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)信号通路有关[36]。也有研究表明,SCFAs通过激活小鼠肠上皮细胞上的GPCR41和GPCR43,进一步激活丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK),促进趋化因子和细胞因子的分泌,从而介导机体免疫反应和结肠炎[37]。除此之外,SCFAs还可以作为组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase,HDAC)抑制剂发挥作用。SCFAs作为HDAC抑制剂可以抑制核苷酸结合NOD样受体蛋白3(NOD-like receptor protein 3,NLRP3)炎症小体的激活,从而减轻脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)诱导的畜禽肠道屏障损伤[38]。也有研究表明,丙酸钠通过直接作用于γδT细胞,以HDAC依赖性方式减少白细胞介素-17(interleukin-17,IL-17)的分泌[39]
SCFAs可以调控肠道黏液分泌。断奶仔猪饲粮补充1 kg/t丁酸钠可以增加回肠杯状细胞数量[40]。鸡饲粮中补充1 g/kg丁酸钠显著增加了空肠中的黏蛋白2(Muc2)基因表达水平[41]。此外,丁酸钠可以通过激活MAPK信号通路,调节Muc2基因的表达,进而促进结肠黏蛋白的生成[42]。也有研究发现,丁酸钠处理的IPEC-J2细胞猪β-防御素2和β-防御素3等防御肽基因表达显著增加[43]。研究表明,这一过程由Toll样受体2(Toll-like receptor 2,TLR2)/表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)信号通路介导,与SCFAs的HDAC抑制作用无关[44]。此外,丁酸也能通过诱导潘氏细胞分泌α-防御素增强肠化学屏障[45]
SCFAs也能调节肠道微生物组成。据文献报导,在饲粮中添加丁酸钠会提高断奶仔猪肠道中益生菌的丰度和多样性,如回肠与结肠中的乳杆菌属、链球菌属、巨球型菌属、布劳特氏菌属以及盲肠中的链球菌属和巨球型菌属[46-47]。在感染大肠杆菌的断奶仔猪饲粮中添加3%的丁酸钠能够提高结肠普雷沃氏菌属的丰度[48]。沙门氏菌是引起仔猪腹泻的主要病原菌之一。研究表明,感染沙门氏菌的仔猪肠道中,产生丁酸和丙酸的梭状芽胞杆菌、Turicibacter、拟杆菌属和乳杆菌属数量降低[49]。饲粮中添加丁酸钠能够减少沙门氏菌的定植,这可能是由于丁酸钠改变了其肠道微生物组成,形成了更有效的定植抵抗[50]

3.2 SBAs对肠黏膜屏障功能的调节作用及分子机制

研究表明,饲粮中添加CDCA显著提高了断奶仔猪空肠和回肠的绒毛高度和隐窝深度比例、杯状细胞数量以及紧密连接蛋白的表达,同时提高了断奶仔猪肠道益生菌普雷沃氏菌属9和普雷沃氏菌科TCG-001的丰度,降低了致病菌Dorea的丰度[51]。DCA通过调节微生物群组成来抵抗空肠弯曲杆菌在鸡肠道中的定植,这表明微生物群与微生物代谢物之间存在相互作用[52]。饲粮中添加0.15%DCA还可以减少坏死性肠炎肉鸡的肠道炎症反应并阻止产气荚膜梭菌的入侵[53]。体外研究发现,LCA可增强Caco-2细胞通透性和细胞间紧密连接蛋白的表达,促进沉默信息调节因子2相关酶1(silent information regulator factor 2-related enzyme 1,Sirt1)、Nrf2和血红素氧合酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)的表达,并抑制TNF-α诱导的p65和核因子-κB抑制因子α(nuclear factor-κB inhibitor α,IκBα)的磷酸化水平升高,从而减轻TNF-α诱导的肠屏障功能损伤[54]
SBAs通过调节适应性和先天免疫反应来维持屏障功能[55]。补充UDCA、LCA等SBAs可缓解机体结肠炎,这种抗炎作用与法尼醇X受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR)、G蛋白偶联胆汁酸受体1(G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1,GPBAR1)、鞘氨醇-1-磷酸受体2(shingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2,S1PR2)、孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor,PXR)、组成型雄甾烷受体(constitutive androstane receptor,CAR)、维生素D受体(vitamin D receptor,VDR)以及视黄酸受体相关孤儿受体γt(retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt,RORγt)有关[56-58]。FXR与GPBAR1在维持胆汁酸稳态和调节胆汁酸代谢中发挥重要作用,也有研究证实FXR激活抑制小鼠结肠黏膜组织的促炎细胞因子产生和不同免疫细胞群的分化,GPBAR1激活可抑制树突状细胞中核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)相关促炎细胞因子产生[59-60]。敲除S1PR2的小鼠葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)诱导的结肠炎更严重[61],补充DCA会加剧DSS诱导的结肠炎,但用S1PR2拮抗剂JET-013治疗会减轻机体肠黏膜炎症细胞浸润的增加[62]。LCA可通过激活肠道PXR降低Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)的表达,进而减轻机体的坏死性肠炎;也能通过激活VDR抑制Th1激活来调控适应性免疫[63-64]。CAR能够调控CD4+效应T细胞中外源性转运蛋白——多重抗性蛋白1(multiple resistance protein 1,MDR1)的表达和促进白细胞介素-10(interleukin,IL-10)的表达来减轻肠炎[65]。据文献报导,SBAs通过与RORγt结合抑制TH17细胞的分化,调节TH17和Treg细胞的平衡,进而控制机体免疫反应[66]
然而,一些SBAs对肠黏膜屏障功能具有负面调控作用。有研究表明,HDCA通过FXR-磷脂酰肌醇-3-羟激酶(phosphatidylinositol-3-hydroxy kinase,PI3K)/Akt信号通路抑制IPEC-J2细胞增殖[67]。0.25 mmol/L的DCA降低Caco-2细胞中与紧密连接、缝隙连接和黏附连接相关的23个基因的表达,显著降低occludin的蛋白水平[68]。同时DCA降低小鼠潘氏细胞中吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶-1(indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase,IDO-1)的表达和犬尿氨酸水平[69]

3.3 色氨酸代谢物对肠黏膜屏障功能的调节作用及分子机制

色氨酸代谢物主要通过芳香烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor,AhR)和PXR信号通路参与维持肠道屏障功能。有研究评估了11种微生物色氨酸代谢产物对AhR的组合效应发现,色氨酸代谢物组合中的吲哚浓度是影响肠道AhR活性的关键[70]。据文献报导,饲粮补充吲哚-3-羧酸,可以减少鸡空肠IL-1β、干扰素-γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)和IL-10蛋白表达,提高AhR与营养物质转运蛋白相关基因表达和鸡肠上皮细胞中紧密连接蛋白的表达[71]。吲哚-3-甲醛能改善DSS诱导的溃疡性结肠炎小鼠的肠屏障功能并减轻其炎症反应,这可能与TLR4/NF-κB/p38信号通路的抑制有关[72]。此外,吲哚-3-甲醇能提高小鼠肠道杯状细胞数量,进一步的体外试验证实吲哚-3-甲醇能够显著增加杯状细胞Muc2和潘氏细胞溶菌酶的蛋白表达[73]。体外试验研究表明,15 μmol/L吲哚甲酸显著提高IPEC-J2细胞的增殖活性,并提高AhR和增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)以及细胞周期蛋白D1的表达[74]。体外Caco-2与HT29共培养模型发现,吲哚-3-丙酸提高了claudin-1、occludin和ZO-1的基因和蛋白水平,进而增强物理屏障;吲哚-3-丙酸也可通过促进Muc2、黏蛋白4(Muc4)、三叶因子3(trefoil factor 3,TFF3)和抵抗素样分子β(resistin-like molecule β,RELMβ)的分泌来增强化学屏障[75]Muc2基因在肠道中的表达与PXR信号通路有关,敲除PXR导致机体肠道通透性增强,空肠和回肠Muc2表达水平下降,表明PXR是增强肠道化学屏障的重要调控靶点[64]
色氨酸代谢物通过调控肠道先天免疫和适应性免疫以及微生物组成来维持肠黏膜屏障。罗伊氏乳杆菌代谢色氨酸产生的吲哚-3-甲醛通过激活AhR促进固有层淋巴细胞分泌白细胞介素-22(interleukin,IL-22),然后诱导信号转导及转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)磷酸化以加速肠上皮增殖,从而恢复受损的肠黏膜[76]。吲哚-3-乙醛通过改变其对转化生长因子β(transforming growth factor β,TGFβ)的感知,减少体内Treg亚群和体外iTreg的发育,影响CD4+ T细胞对自身菌群抗原的识别[77]。此外,吲哚-3-丙酮酸作为电子受体,在吲哚-3-乳酸脱氢酶的作用还原为吲哚-3-乙醛酸,可以平衡氧化还原电位进而增强宿主对致病菌的定植抵抗[15]。也有文献报导,异位拟杆菌(Parabacteroides distasonis)通过促进吲哚丙烯酸生成、激活AhR信号通路,从而提高肠道屏障相关蛋白的表达[78]

4 小结

肠道是动物吸收营养物质和宿主防御的重要场所,对维持动物机体健康和促进动物的生长发育十分重要。在正常生理状态下,动物肠道微生物与肠黏膜屏障相互作用,共同维持肠道健康。肠道微生物代谢产物种类繁多,而目前的研究多集中于SCFAs、SBAs和色氨酸代谢物等主要代谢产物及其代谢途径和对动物肠道健康的影响与调控机制。对于其他代谢产物,如共轭脂肪酸、维生素等的研究相对较少,在生产应用上多视为能量底物和微量营养素。对于这类代谢产物,未来还需进一步探究其微生物的精确代谢途径及其调控动物肠道健康的作用与相关机理。
[1]
RAY K. Maintaining the mucosal barrier in intestinal inflammation[J]. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2016, 13(1):5.

[2]
HUANG T T, CHE Q J, CHEN X L, et al. Apple polyphenols improve intestinal antioxidant capacity and barrier function by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway in a pig model[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2022, 70(24):7576-7585.

DOI PMID

[3]
LUISE D, CHALVON-DEMERSAY T, CORREA F, et al. Review:a systematic review of the effects of functional amino acids on small intestine barrier function and immunity in piglets[J]. Animal, 2023, 17(Suppl.2):100771.

DOI

[4]
ADAK A, KHAN M R. An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities[J]. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2019, 76(3):473-493.

DOI PMID

[5]
MATSON V, GAJEWSKI T F. Dietary modulation of the gut microbiome as an immunoregulatory intervention[J]. Cancer Cell, 2022, 40(3):246-248.

DOI PMID

[6]
MURGA-GARRIDO S M, HONG Q L, CROSS T W L, et al. Gut microbiome variation modulates the effects of dietary fiber on host metabolism[J]. Microbiome, 2021, 9(1):117.

DOI

[7]
STUMPFF F. A look at the smelly side of physiology:transport of short chain fatty acids[J]. Pflügers Archiv-European Journal of Physiology, 2018, 470(4):571-598.

DOI

[8]
DALILE B, VAN OUDENHOVE L, VERVLIET B, et al. The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication[J]. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2019, 16(8):461-478.

[9]
LI H, PERINO A, HUANG Q Y, et al. Integrative systems analysis identifies genetic and dietary modulators of bile acid homeostasis[J]. Cell Metabolism, 2022, 34(10):1594-1610.e4.

DOI PMID

[10]
GUO X H, OKPARA E S, HU W T, et al. Interactive relationships between intestinal flora and bile acids[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022, 23(15):8343.

DOI

[11]
COLLINS S L, STINE J G, BISANZ J E, et al. Bile acids and the gut microbiota:metabolic interactions and impacts on disease[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2023, 21(4):236-247.

DOI

[12]
FOGELSON K A, DORRESTEIN P C, ZARRINPAR A, et al. The gut microbial bile acid modulation and its relevance to digestive health and diseases[J]. Gastroenterology, 2023, 164(7):1069-1085.

DOI

[13]
SUN M G, MA N, HE T, et al. Tryptophan (Trp) modulates gut homeostasis via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2020, 60(10):1760-1768.

DOI PMID

[14]
LIU M Y, NIEUWDORP M, DE VOS W M, et al. Microbial tryptophan metabolism tunes host immunity,metabolism,and extraintestinal disorders[J]. Metabolites, 2022, 12(9):834.

DOI

[15]
ROAGER H M, LICHT T R. Microbial tryptophan catabolites in health and disease[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1):3294.

DOI PMID

[16]
AGUS A, PLANCHAIS J, SOKOL H. Gut microbiota regulation of tryptophan metabolism in health and disease[J]. Cell Host & Microbe, 2018, 23(6):716-724.

[17]
WILLIAMS B B, VAN BENSCHOTEN A H, CIMERMANCIC P, et al. Discovery and characterization of gut microbiota decarboxylases that can produce the neurotransmitter tryptamine[J]. Cell Host & Microbe, 2014, 16(4):495-503.

[18]
REKHA K, VENKIDASAMY B, SAMYNATHAN R, et al. Short-chain fatty acid:an updated review on signaling,metabolism,and therapeutic effects[J/OL]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition:1-29[2023-06-05]. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2124231.

[19]
LI S Y, XU K, CHENG Y, et al. The role of complex interactions between the intestinal flora and host in regulating intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory bowel disease[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2023, 14:1188455.

DOI

[20]
PALMNÄS-BÉDARD M S A, COSTABILE G, VETRANI C, et al. The human gut microbiota and glucose metabolism:a scoping review of key bacteria and the potential role of SCFAs[J]. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2022, 116(4):862-874.

DOI

[21]
CAI J W, RIMAL B, JIANG C T, et al. Bile acid metabolism and signaling,the microbiota,and metabolic disease[J]. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2022, 237:108238.

[22]
CAI J, SUN L L, GONZALEZ F J. Gut microbiota-derived bile acids in intestinal immunity,inflammation,and tumorigenesis[J]. Cell Host & Microbe, 2022, 30(3):289-300.

[23]
LI X J, ZHANG B B, HU Y Y, et al. New insights into gut-bacteria-derived indole and its derivatives in intestinal and liver diseases[J]. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2021, 12:769501.

DOI

[24]
SU X M, GAO Y H, YANG R C. Gut Microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites maintain gut and systemic homeostasis[J]. Cells, 2022, 11(15):2296.

DOI

[25]
LUISSINT A C, PARKOS C A, NUSRAT A. Inflammation and the intestinal barrier:leukocyte-epithelial cell interactions,cell junction remodeling,and mucosal repair[J]. Gastroenterology, 2016, 151(4):616-632.

DOI

[26]
PAONE P L, CANI P D. Mucus barrier,mucins and gut microbiota:the expected slimy partners?[J]. Gut, 2020, 69(12):2232-2243.

DOI

[27]
GERMIC N, FRANGEZ Z, YOUSEFI S, et al. Regulation of the innate immune system by autophagy:monocytes,macrophages,dendritic cells and antigen presentation[J]. Cell Death and Differentiation, 2019, 26(4):715-727.

DOI

[28]
ZOUALI M. B lymphocytes,the gastrointestinal tract and autoimmunity[J]. Autoimmunity Reviews, 2021, 20(4):102777.

DOI

[29]
ZHANG H L, GAO J, TANG Y J, et al. Inflammasomes cross-talk with lymphocytes to connect the innate and adaptive immune response[J/OL]. Journal of Advanced Research.[2023-06-05]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2023.01.012.

[30]
BUFFIE C G, PAMER E G. Microbiota-mediated colonization resistance against intestinal pathogens[J]. Nature Reviews Immunology, 2013, 13(11):790-801.

DOI PMID

[31]
FENG W Q, WU Y C, CHEN G X, et al. Sodium butyrate attenuates diarrhea in weaned piglets and promotes tight junction protein expression in colon in a GPR109A-dependent manner[J]. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 2018, 47(4):1617-1629.

DOI PMID

[32]
LIU L, LING H Y, ZHANG W, et al. Functional comparison of Clostridium butyricum and sodium butyrate supplementation on growth,intestinal health,and the anti-inflammatory response of broilers[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2022, 13:914212.

DOI

[33]
GAO G Z, ZHOU J R, WANG H Q, et al. Effects of valerate on intestinal barrier function in cultured Caco-2 epithelial cell monolayers[J]. Molecular Biology Reports, 2022, 49(3):1817-1825.

DOI

[34]
DONG X, WANG Y, ZHU X X, et al. Sodium butyrate protects against rotavirus-induced intestinal epithelial barrier damage by activating AMPK-Nrf2 signaling pathway in IPEC-J2 cells[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 228:186-196.

DOI PMID

[35]
CHANG G J, MA N N, ZHANG H M, et al. Sodium butyrate modulates mucosal inflammation injury mediated by GPR41/43 in the cecum of goats fed a high concentration diet[J]. Frontiers in Physiology, 2019, 10:1130.

DOI PMID

[36]
WANG C C, WU H, LIN F H, et al. Sodium butyrate enhances intestinal integrity,inhibits mast cell activation,inflammatory mediator production and JNK signaling pathway in weaned pigs[J]. Innate Immunity, 2018, 24(1):40-46.

DOI

[37]
KIM M H, KANG S G, PARK J H, et al. Short-chain fatty acids activate GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal epithelial cells to promote inflammatory responses in mice[J]. Gastroenterology, 2013, 145(2):396-406.e1.

DOI PMID

[38]
FENG Y H, WANG Y, WANG P, et al. Short-chain fatty acids manifest stimulative and protective effects on intestinal barrier function through the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy[J]. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 2018, 49(1):190-205.

DOI PMID

[39]
DUPRAZ L, MAGNIEZ A, ROLHION N, et al. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids regulate IL-17 production by mouse and human intestinal γδ T cells[J]. Cell Reports, 2021, 36(1):109332.

DOI

[40]
SADURNÍ M, BARROETA A C, SOL C, et al. Effects of dietary crude protein level and sodium butyrate protected by medium-chain fatty acid salts on performance and gut health in weaned piglets[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2023, 101:skad090.

[41]
ROBINSON K, YANG Q, LI H, et al. Butyrate and forskolin augment host defense,barrier function,and disease resistance without eliciting inflammation[J]. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2021, 8:778424.

DOI

[42]
JUNG T H, HAN K S, PARK J H, et al. Butyrate modulates mucin secretion and bacterial adherence in LoVo cells via MAPK signaling[J]. PLoS One, 2022, 17(7):e0269872.

DOI

[43]
ZENG X F, SUNKARA L T, JIANG W Y, et al. Induction of porcine host defense peptide gene expression by short-chain fatty acids and their analogs[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(8):e72922.

DOI

[44]
DOU X J, GAO N, LAN J, et al. TLR2/EGFR are two sensors for pBD3 and pEP2C induction by sodium butyrate Independent of HDAC inhibition[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2020, 68(2):512-522.

DOI PMID

[45]
TAKAKUWA A, NAKAMURA K, KIKUCHI M, et al. Butyric acid and leucine induce α-defensin secretion from small intestinal Paneth cells[J]. Nutrients, 2019, 11(11):2817.

DOI

[46]
LIU H, ZHAO J, ZHANG W J, et al. Impacts of sodium butyrate on intestinal mucosal barrier and intestinal microbial community in a weaned piglet model[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2022, 13:1041885.

DOI

[47]
DA SILVA C A, DIAS C P, CALLEGARI M A, et al. Phytogenics and encapsulated sodium butyrate can replace antibiotics as growth promoters for lightly weaned piglets[J]. PLoS One, 2022, 17(12):e0279197.

DOI

[48]
LÓPEZ-COLOM P, CASTILLEJOS L, BARBA-VIDAL E, et al. Response of gastrointestinal fermentative activity and colonic microbiota to protected sodium butyrate and protected sodium heptanoate in weaned piglets challenged with ETEC F4+[J]. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 2019, 73(5):339-359.

DOI

[49]
GARRIDO V, MIGURA-GARCÍA L, GAITÁN I, et al. Prevalence of Salmonella in free-range pigs:risk factors and intestinal microbiota composition[J]. Foods, 2021, 10(6):1410.

DOI

[50]
BARBA-VIDAL E, ROLL V F B, CASTILLEJOS L, et al. Response to a Salmonella typhimurium challenge in piglets supplemented with protected sodium butyrate or Bacillus licheniformis:effects on performance,intestinal health and behavior[J]. Translational Animal Science, 2017, 1(2):186-200.

DOI

[51]
SONG M, ZHANG F L, CHEN L, et al. Dietary chenodeoxycholic acid improves growth performance and intestinal health by altering serum metabolic profiles and gut bacteria in weaned piglets[J]. Animal Nutrition, 2021, 7(2):365-375.

DOI PMID

[52]
ALRUBAYE B, ABRAHA M, ALMANSOUR A, et al. Microbial metabolite deoxycholic acid shapes microbiota against Campylobacter jejuni chicken colonization[J]. PLoS One, 2019, 14(7):e0214705.

DOI

[53]
BANSAL M, ALENEZI T, FU Y, et al. Specific secondary bile acids control chicken necrotic enteritis[J]. Pathogens, 2021, 10(8):1041.

DOI

[54]
YAO B Y, HE J N, YIN X, et al. The protective effect of lithocholic acid on the intestinal epithelial barrier is mediated by the vitamin D receptor via a SIRT1/Nrf2 and NF-κB dependent mechanism in Caco-2 cells[J]. Toxicology Letters, 2019, 316:109-118.

DOI PMID

[55]
VISEKRUNA A, LUU M. The role of short-chain fatty acids and bile acids in intestinal and liver function,inflammation,and carcinogenesis[J]. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 2021, 9:703218.

DOI

[56]
SINHA S R, HAILESELASSIE Y, NGUYEN L P, et al. Dysbiosis-induced secondary bile acid deficiency promotes intestinal inflammation[J]. Cell Host & Microbe, 2020, 27(4):659-670.e5.

[57]
LAJCZAK-MCGINLEY N K, PORRU E, FALLON C M, et al. The secondary bile acids,ursodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid,protect against intestinal inflammation by inhibition of epithelial apoptosis[J]. Physiological Reports, 2020, 8(12):e14456.

[58]
THIBAUT M M, BINDELS L B. Crosstalk between bile acid-activated receptors and microbiome in entero-hepatic inflammation[J]. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 2022, 28(3):223-236.

DOI PMID

[59]
GADALETA R M, VAN ERPECUM K J, OLDENBURG B, et al. Farnesoid X receptor activation inhibits inflammation and preserves the intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease[J]. Gut, 2011, 60(4):463-472.

DOI PMID

[60]
HU J P, WANG C K, HUANG X Y, et al. Gut microbiota-mediated secondary bile acids regulate dendritic cells to attenuate autoimmune uveitis through TGR5 signaling[J]. Cell Reports, 2021, 36(12):109726.

DOI

[61]
CHEN T Z, LIN R Y, JIN S S, et al. The sphingosine-1-phosphate/sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 axis in intestinal epithelial cells regulates intestinal barrier function during intestinal epithelial cells-CD4+ T-cell interactions[J]. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 2018, 48(3):1188-1200.

DOI PMID

[62]
ZHAO S N, GONG Z Z, DU X X, et al. Deoxycholic acid-mediated sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 signaling exacerbates DSS-induced colitis through promoting cathepsin B release[J]. Journal of Immunology Research, 2018, 2018:2481418.

[63]
POLS T W H, PUCHNER T, KORKMAZ H I, et al. Lithocholic acid controls adaptive immune responses by inhibition of Th1 activation through the vitamin D receptor[J]. PLoS One, 2017, 12(5):e0176715.

DOI

[64]
HUANG K Z, MUKHERJEE S, DESMARAIS V, et al. Targeting the PXR-TLR4 signaling pathway to reduce intestinal inflammation in an experimental model of necrotizing enterocolitis[J]. Pediatric Research, 2018, 83(5):1031-1040.

DOI PMID

[65]
CHEN M L, HUANG X S, WANG H T, et al. CAR directs T cell adaptation to bile acids in the small intestine[J]. Nature, 2021, 593(7857):147-151.

DOI

[66]
HANG S Y, PAIK D, YAO L N, et al. Bile acid metabolites control TH17 and Treg cell differentiation[J]. Nature, 2019, 576(7785):143-148.

DOI

[67]
SONG M, YANG Q, ZHANG F L, et al. Hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) suppresses intestinal epithelial cell proliferation through FXR-PI3K/AKT pathway,accompanied by alteration of bile acids metabolism profiles induced by gut bacteria[J]. The FASEB Journal, 2020, 34(5):7103-7117.

DOI

[68]
ZENG H W, SAFRATOWICH B D, CHENG W H, et al. Deoxycholic acid modulates cell-junction gene expression and increases intestinal barrier dysfunction[J]. Molecules, 2022, 27(3):723.

DOI

[69]
LIU L H, XU J X, XU X J, et al. Intestinal stem cells damaged by deoxycholic acid via AHR pathway contributes to mucosal barrier dysfunction in high-fat feeding mice[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022, 23(24):15578.

DOI

[70]
VRZALOVÁ A, PEČINKOVÁ P, ILLÉS P, et al. Mixture effects of tryptophan intestinal microbial metabolites on aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022, 23(18):10825.

DOI

[71]
PARK I, NAM H, GOO D, et al. Gut microbiota-derived indole-3-carboxylate influences mucosal integrity and immunity through the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptors and nutrient transporters in broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria maxima[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2022, 13:867754.

DOI

[72]
LIU M F, WANG Y X, XIANG H X, et al. The tryptophan metabolite indole-3-carboxaldehyde alleviates mice with DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by balancing amino acid metabolism,inhibiting intestinal inflammation,and improving intestinal barrier function[J]. Molecules, 2023, 28(9):3704.

DOI

[73]
PARK J H, LEE J M, LEE E J, et al. Indole-3-carbinol promotes goblet-cell differentiation regulating Wnt and notch signaling pathways AhR-dependently[J]. Molecules and Cells, 2018, 41(4):290-300.

[74]
ZHANG R F, HUANG G W, REN Y T, et al. Effects of dietary indole-3-carboxaldehyde supplementation on growth performance,intestinal epithelial function,and intestinal microbial composition in weaned piglets[J]. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2022, 9:896815.

DOI

[75]
LI J J, ZHANG L, WU T, et al. Indole-3-propionic acid improved the intestinal barrier by enhancing epithelial barrier and mucus barrier[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2021, 69(5):1487-1495.

DOI PMID

[76]
HOU Q H, YE L L, LIU H F, et al. Lactobacillus accelerates ISCs regeneration to protect the integrity of intestinal mucosa through activation of STAT3 signaling pathway induced by LPLs secretion of IL-22[J]. Cell Death and Differentiation, 2018, 25(9):1657-1670.

DOI

[77]
WOJCIECH L, PNG C W, KOH E Y, et al. A tryptophan metabolite made by a gut microbiome eukaryote induces pro-inflammatory T cells[J]. The EMBO Journal, 2023, 42(21):e112963.

DOI

[78]
LIU D L, ZHANG S B, LI S J, et al. Indoleacrylic acid produced by Parabacteroides distasonis alleviates type 2 diabetes via activation of AhR to repair intestinal barrier[J]. BMC Biology, 2023, 21(1):90.

DOI

文章导航

/