1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content |
|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | |
| 玉米 Corn | 59.80 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 25.10 |
| 稻壳 Rice hull | 7.50 |
| 小麦麸 Wheat bran | 4.00 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 0.80 |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 1.30 |
| DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met | 0.10 |
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride | 0.10 |
| 氯化钠 NaCl | 0.30 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.00 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 11.65 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 16.58 |
| 粗纤维 CF | 6.72 |
| 钙 Ca | 0.80 |
| 有效磷 AP | 0.43 |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 0.84 |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.55 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet:VA 1 500 IU,VD3 200 IU,VE 10 IU,VK 1.5 mg,VB1 2.5 mg,VB2 5.0 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 65 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.6 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 11.0 mg,Fe 90 mg,Mn 75 mg,Cu 5 mg,Zn 60 mg,I 0.3 mg,Se 0.3 mg。 2)粗蛋白质、钙和粗纤维为实测值,其余为计算值。CP, Ca and CF were measured values, and the others were calculated values. |
1.2 样品的采集
1.3 盲肠组织形态学分析
1.4 盲肠微生物16S rDNA分析
1.5 气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)代谢组学分析
1.6 盲肠内容物SCFAs含量的测定
1.7 数据统计与分析
2 结果
2.1 饲粮添加GSPs对鹅盲肠组织形态的影响
图1 饲粮添加GSPs对鹅盲肠组织形态的影响图A、图B、图C和图D分别代表对照组以及50、100和150 mg/kg GSPs添加组。 Fig.1 Effects of dietary GSPs on cecal tissue morphology of geese Fig.A, Fig.B, Fig.C and Fig.D represented control group, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg GSPs supplemental groups, respectively. |
表2 饲粮添加GSPs对鹅盲肠组织形态的影响Table 2 Effects of dietary GSPs on cecal tissue morphology of geese |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | GSPs添加水平 GSPs supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | SEM | P值P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||||
| 50 | 100 | 150 | ||||||
| 绒毛高度 Villus height/μm | 215.38b | 277.89a | 231.05b | 228.89b | 7.93 | 0.016 | 0.007 | 0.015 |
| 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm | 188.13 | 208.54 | 209.32 | 208.09 | 6.10 | 0.582 | 0.295 | 0.401 |
| 绒毛高度/隐窝深度 V/C | 1.15 | 1.37 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 0.05 | 0.132 | 0.286 | 0.216 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 | |
Values in the same row with different small letter superscripts mean significantly different (P<0.05). |
2.2 饲粮添加GSPs对鹅盲肠菌群的影响
2.2.1 盲肠菌群生境内多样性分析
图2 盲肠菌群生境内多样性分析0 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg和150 mg/kg分别代表对照组以及50、100和150 mg/kg GSPs添加组。下图同。 0-1~0-6表示对照组样本,50-1~50-6表示50 mg/kg GSPs添加组样本,100-1~100-6表示100 mg/kg GSPs添加组样本,150-1~150-6表示150 mg/kg GSPs添加组样本。图6同。 *表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。 Fig.2 Within-habitat diversity analysis of cecal microflora 0 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg represented control group, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg GSPs supplemental groups, respectively. The same as below. 0-1 to 0-6 indicated samples in control group, 50-1 to 50-6 indicated samples in 50 mg/kg GSPs supplemental group, 100-1 to 100-6 indicated samples in 100 mg/kg GSPs supplemental group, and 150-1 to 150-6 indicated samples in 150 mg/kg GSPs supplemental group. The same as Fig.6. * mean significant difference (P<0.05), and ** mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). |
2.2.2 盲肠菌群生境间多样性分析
2.2.3 盲肠菌群组成分析
图4 盲肠菌群组成分析A:门水平菌群组成;B:科水平菌群组成;C:属水平菌群组成。图C中点越大表明菌属相对丰度越高。 Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Desulfobacterota:脱硫杆菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Others:其他;Bacteroidaceae:拟杆菌科;Ruminococcaceae:瘤胃球菌科;Oscillospiraceae:颤螺菌科;Clostridia_UCG-014:梭菌UCG-014;Lachnospiraceae:毛螺菌科;Rikenellaceae:理研菌科;Clostridia_vadinBB60_group:梭菌vadinBB60群;产粪甾醇真细菌群[Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group;Desulfovibrionaceae:脱硫弧菌科;Romboutsia:罗氏菌属;Bilophila:嗜胆菌属;[Ruminococcus]_torques_group:瘤胃球菌属扭矩群;Alistipes:另枝菌属;Faecalibacterium:粪杆菌属;Parabacteroides:副拟杆菌属;Uncultured:未培养;Bacteroides:拟杆菌属。 Fig.4 Analysis of cecal microbial composition A: microbial composition at phylum level; B: microbial composition at family level; C: microbial composition at genus level. Larger dots in Fig.C indicated higher relative abundance of genus. |
2.3 饲粮添加GSPs对鹅盲肠代谢物的影响
2.3.1 盲肠代谢物正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)
图5 盲肠代谢物OPLS-DAA:50 mg/kg GSPs添加组与对照组;B:100 mg/kg GSPs添加组与对照组;C:150 mg/kg GSPs添加组与对照组;D:各GSPs添加组与对照组差异代谢物统计图。 Fig.5 OPLS-DA of cecal metabolites A: 50 mg/kg GSPs supplemental group vs control group; B: 100 mg/kg GSPs supplemental group vs control group; C: 150 mg/kg GSPs supplemental group vs control group; D: statistical map of differential metabolites between GSPs supplemental groups and control group. |
2.3.2 盲肠差异代谢物聚类分析
图6 盲肠差异代谢物聚类热图A:50 mg/kg GSPs添加组与对照组;B:100 mg/kg GSPs添加组与对照组;C:150 mg/kg GSPs添加组与对照组。图7同。 从蓝色到红色表示代谢物的表达丰度从低到高。 Arbutin:熊果苷;Xanthine:黄嘌呤;3-phenyllactic acid:3-苯基乳酸;Glycerol 3-phosphate:甘油3-磷酸;Beta-glycerophosphoric acid:β-甘油磷酸;L-aspartic acid:L-天冬氨酸;Carbamic acid:氨基甲酸;D-fructose-1-phosphate:D-果糖-1-磷酸;Trehalose-6-phosphate:海藻糖-6-磷酸;D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate:D-肌醇4-磷酸;4-aminobenzoicacid:4-氨苯甲酸;Cerotinic acid:蜡酸;Nornicotine:降烟碱;N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine:N-乙酰-5-羟色胺;Glucose-1-phosphate:葡萄糖-1-磷酸;L-histidine:L-组氨酸;Xylonolactone:木糖内酯;1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene:1,8-二羟基萘;3-indoleacetonitrile:3-吲哚乙腈;Glucosamine:葡萄糖胺;Spermidine:亚精胺;Hexitol:己糖醇;Valeric acid:缬酸;Tryptophol:色醇;Leucinic acid:闪白酸;4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid:4-羟基苯乳酸;Hydroxypropionic acid:羟基丙酸;Psilocin:盖菇素;Tridecanol:十三醇;Chlorphentermine:对氯苯丁胺;Indoxyl sulfate:吲哚磺酸;L-alanine-alanine:L-丙氨酸-丙氨酸;1,3-diaminopropane:1,3-二氨基丙烷;2,6-diaminopimelic acid:2,6-二氨基庚二酸;3,7,11-trimethyl-3,4-dihydroxydodecanoic acid:3,7,11-三甲基-3,4-二羟基十二烷酸;Glutaric acid:戊二酸;Tartaric acid:酒石酸;Citraconic acid:柠康酸;N-methylalanine:N-甲基丙氨酸;D-erythro-sphingosine:D-鞘氨醇;2-ketobutyric acid:2-酮基丁酸;Spermine:精胺;Myo-inositol:肌醇;2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid:2-羟基-3-甲基丁酸;2-hydroxybutyric acid:2-羟基丁酸;L-lactic acid:L-乳酸;Serotonin:血清素;Pimaric acid:海松酸;Amidosulfonic acid:氨基磺酸;Desyrel:曲唑酮;Benzylalcohol:苯甲醇;2-piperidinobenzonitrile:2-哌啶基苯甲腈;Alloxanoic acid:四氧嘧啶酸;Levoglucosan:左旋葡聚糖;1,4-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethoxybenzene:1,4-二羟基-2,6-二甲基苯;3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid:3-(4-羟苯基)丙酸;3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid:3-羟基苯乙酸;3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid:3,4-二羟基苯乙酸;Coniferin:松柏苷;Phenylacetic acid:苯乙酸;N-methylglutamic acid:N-甲基谷氨酸;Urea:尿素;4-pyridoxic acid:4-吡哆酸;Stigmasterol:豆甾醇;Methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside:甲基β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷;Galactinol:肌醇半乳糖苷;Saccharopine:酵母氨酸;3-aminoisobutanoic acid:3-氨基异丁酸。 Fig.6 Heat map of differential metabolites clustering in cecum A: 50 mg/kg GSPs supplemental group vs control group; B: 100 mg/kg GSPs supplemental group vs control group; C: 150 mg/kg GSPs supplemental group vs control group. The same as Fig.7. Colors from blue to red indicated the expression abundance of metabolites from low to high. |
2.3.3 盲肠代谢物KEGG代谢通路富集分析
图7 盲肠代谢物KEGG代谢通路富集分析富集评分越高,富集程度越大;颜色由蓝到红表示P值依次降低;点越大,说明富集到该通路上的代谢物数目越多。 Beta-alanine metabolism:β-丙氨酸代谢;ABC transporters:ABC转运体;Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis:糖酵解/糖异生;Starch and sucrose metabolism:淀粉和蔗糖代谢;Glycerolipid metabolism:甘油酯代谢;Galactose metabolism:半乳糖代谢;Histidine metabolism:组氨酸代谢;Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis:氨酰tRNA生物合成;Pentose and glucuronate interconversions:戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化;Tryptophan metabolism:色氨酸代谢;Nitrogen metabolism:氮代谢;Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism:氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢;Apoptosis:细胞凋亡;Arginine and proline metabolism:精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢;Necroptosis:坏死性凋亡;Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis:缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸生物合成;Sphingolipid metabolism:鞘脂类代谢;Glutathione metabolism:谷胱甘肽代谢;Propanoate metabolism:丙酸盐代谢;Fatty acid degradation:脂肪酸降解;Lysine degradation:赖氨酸降解;Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism:甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢;Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism:乙醛酸盐和二羧酸盐代谢;Phenylalanine metabolism:苯丙氨酸代谢;Pyrimidine metabolism:嘧啶代谢;Gap junction:间隙连接;Tyrosine metabolism:酪氨酸代谢;Arginine biosynthesis:精氨酸生物合成。 Fig.7 Enrichment analysis of KEGG metabolic pathways of cecal metabolites The higher the enrichment score, the higher the enrichment degree. The color from blue to red indicated that the P-value was decreased in turn. The larger the dot, the greater the number of metabolites enriched to the pathway. |
2.3.4 饲粮添加GSPs对鹅盲肠SCFAs含量的影响
图8 饲粮添加GSPs对鹅盲肠SCFAs含量的影响同一组数据柱标有不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。 Fig.8 Effects of dietary GSPs on SCFAs content in cecum of geese Data columns in the same group marked with different letters indicated significant difference (P<0.05), while with no letter or the same letters indicated no significant difference (P>0.05). |

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