综述

生物活性肽对肠道健康的调控机制及其在畜禽生产中的应用

  • 胡兆莹 , 1 ,
  • 刘兵 1 ,
  • 曹久爱 1 ,
  • 余东游 , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 浙江大学动物科学学院,杭州 310058
  • 2 浙江大学海南研究院,三亚 572025
*余东游,研究员,博士生导师,E-mail:

胡兆莹(2000—),女,广东广州人,硕士研究生,研究方向为动物营养与饲料科学。E-mail:

Copy editor: 田艳明

收稿日期: 2023-05-23

  网络出版日期: 2024-04-15

基金资助

浙江省农业重大技术协同推广计划项目

Regulatory Mechanisms of Bioactive Peptides on Intestinal Health and Their Application in Livestock and Poultry Production

  • HU Zhaoying , 1 ,
  • LIU Bing 1 ,
  • CAO Jiuai 1 ,
  • YU Dongyou , 1, 2
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  • 1 College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 2 Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-05-23

  Online published: 2024-04-15

摘要

生物活性肽是一类具有特殊生物学功能的氨基酸序列多肽片段,主要通过发挥抗菌、抗炎、免疫和抗氧化等功能改善机体健康。肠道是动物消化吸收营养物质的主要器官,良好的肠道环境对维持机体健康至关重要。生物活性肽可通过改善肠道形态和黏膜功能、增强肠道免疫和抗氧化功能、调节肠道菌群及其代谢产物等途径维持肠道稳态、改善肠道健康。本文综述了常见生物活性肽的功能特性及其对畜禽肠道健康的调控机制,以期为在畜禽生产中的应用和新型生物活性肽的开发提供参考。

本文引用格式

胡兆莹 , 刘兵 , 曹久爱 , 余东游 . 生物活性肽对肠道健康的调控机制及其在畜禽生产中的应用[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024 , 36(4) : 2128 -2142 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.185

Abstract

Bioactive peptides are a class of amino acid sequence polypeptide fragments with special biological functions, mainly through antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immune and antioxidant functions to improve body health. Intestinal tract is the main organ for animals to digest and absorb nutrients, and a good intestinal environment is very important for maintaining body health. Bioactive peptides can maintain intestinal homeostasis and improve intestinal health by improving intestinal morphology and mucosal function, enhancing intestinal immune and antioxidant function, and regulating intestinal flora and its metabolites, etc. In this paper, the functional properties of common bioactive peptides and their regulatory mechanisms on intestinal health of livestock and poultry were reviewed, with a view to providing references for their application in livestock production and the development of novel bioactive peptides.

生物活性肽是指可通过影响生物过程或底物从而改善生物机体功能和健康状况的氨基酸序列片段,长度为2~40个氨基酸残基不等[1]。生物活性肽的活性主要取决于其结构,如氨基酸组成、N端和C端氨基酸类型、肽链特性、氨基酸电荷性质、疏水和亲水性质以及空间结构等[2]。生物活性肽在其来源的母体蛋白序列中并不活跃,需经胃肠道转运过程中的消化酶酶解和发酵等过程释放后发挥作用[1]。与蛋白质相比,生物活性肽的分子质量更小,能够更高效地被肠道吸收;与单个游离氨基酸相比也具有更丰富的调节作用[3]
肠道是动物最大的消化吸收器官和免疫器官,与机体健康密切相关,肠道健康决定了动物营养吸收利用效果及抗病能力。近年来,生物活性肽、益生菌和多糖等活性物质对动物肠道健康的调控作用备受关注,但目前关于生物活性肽的报道多集中于其改善畜禽生产、繁殖性能方面,针对畜禽肠道健康的调控作用鲜有报道。近年来,随着对生物活性肽研究的逐渐深入,其对肠道健康的有益作用也逐渐被揭示,如可通过改善肠道形态和黏膜功能、提高肠道抗氧化和免疫力及调节肠道菌群等多方面综合改善畜禽肠道健康状况、抵御疾病危害。本文主要从生物活性肽的来源、分类、对肠道健康的调控机制及其在畜禽生产中的应用进行综述,为揭示其作为肠道健康调节剂改善动物健康提供参考。

1 生物活性肽的来源和分类

生物活性肽种类丰富、来源广泛,对其分类具有多种方式。根据不同对象,生物活性肽可分为动物源、植物源和海洋生物源性生物活性肽。例如:乳蛋白肽、卵清蛋白肽、卵黏蛋白肽和肌肉蛋白肽等属于动物源性生物活性肽[4-7];玉米肽、大豆肽、番茄种子蛋白肽和鹰嘴豆芽蛋白肽等属于植物源性生物活性肽[8-9];牡蛎、对虾和鳕鱼等海洋生物中提取的血红蛋白肽和胶原蛋白肽等属于海洋生物源性生物活性肽[10-11]。根据作用环境可分为内源性和外源性生物活性肽[3]。内源性生物活性肽是指在动物机体神经系统和内分泌系统中产生的肽类,如参与调控机体信号传导的激素肽和激素样肽;而外源性生物活性肽则指通过膳食等外部摄入条件进入机体发挥调节功能的肽类[3,12]。根据生成途径还可分为天然肽、酶解肽和合成肽[3]。现也多依照功能活性对生物活性肽进行区分描述,例如抗微生物肽、抗氧化肽、抗炎免疫调节肽、激素调节肽、矿物质螯合肽以及其他活性功能肽[3]。部分生物活性肽的的活性功能如表1[6,12-25]所示。
表1 部分生物活性肽的生物活性功能

Table 1 Biological functions of some bioactive peptides

项目
Items
前体蛋白
Precursor protein
多肽序列
Peptide sequence
生物活性
Bioactivity
参考文献
Reference
鸡蛋
Chicken egg
卵转铁蛋白 IRW,IQW 抗氧化、抗炎免疫调节 [13-14]
卵黏蛋白 LDEPDPL,NIQTDDFRT 抗氧化 [6]
卵黄蛋白 YINQMPQKSRE 抗氧化 [15]
卵清溶菌酶 IVSDGNGMRAWVAWR,
RAWVAWR,RWVAWR
抗菌 [16]
鸭蛋 Duck egg 卵清蛋白 VSEE 钙螯合 [17]
动物乳
Animal milk

酪蛋白
YFYPEL 抗炎免疫调节 [18]
YPFPGPI 阿片结合 [12]
β-乳球蛋白 SFNPTQL 抗氧化 [19]
苋菜 Amaranth 苋菜蛋白 FPFPPTLGY,FGAPR 降血脂 [20]
小麦胚芽
Wheat germ
清蛋白、球蛋白、
麦谷蛋白等
GNPIPREPGQVPAY 抗氧化 [21]
大豆 Soybean β-伴大豆球蛋白 LLPHH,LLPHHADADY 抗氧化 [22]
鳕鱼皮 Pollock skin 胶原蛋白 GPAGPHGPPG 钙、铁、锌螯合 [23]
金枪鱼 Tuna 肌肉蛋白 MWN,MEKS,MKKS 降血压 [24]
腐生子囊菌
Pseudoplectania
nigrella
细菌分泌蛋白 GFGCNGPWNEDDLRCHNHCKSIKG
YKGGYCAKGGFVCKCY
抗菌 [25]

2 生物活性肽对动物肠道健康的调控机制

外源性因素如病原微生物、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)等进入宿主的肠道常诱发肠道功能紊乱、炎症甚至宿主死亡[26-27]。肠道屏障的完整性对于维持肠道健康至关重要。生物活性肽可通过改善动物肠道形态和黏膜功能、增强肠道免疫和抗氧化功能、调节肠道菌群及代谢产物等途径改善动物肠道健康。

2.1 改善肠道形态和黏膜功能

肠道机械屏障由肠绒毛、肠隐窝、肠上皮细胞(intestinal epithelial cell,IEC)及IEC间紧密连接(tight junctions,TJs)构成。生物活性肽可通过改善肠道形态如绒毛高度(villus high,VH)、隐窝深度(crypt depth,CD)以及绒毛高度/隐窝深度(villus high/crypt depth,V/C),增强肠道机械屏障功能[28]。饲粮添加天蚕素、大豆活性肽等可不同程度提高小肠VH和V/C,降低CD,改善家禽肠道结构[29-30]。饲喂抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptide,AMP)的仔猪空肠与对照组相比具有更高的VH和V/C[31-32]。饲喂甜味二肽的犊牛和羔羊小肠VH也有所改善[33-34]
IEC由吸收细胞、杯状细胞(goblet cell,GC)和少量内分泌细胞组成。生物活性肽可通过促进IEC的增殖、迁移能力增强肠道屏障功能,缓解肠道屏障功能损伤[35-36]。贺光祖[37]发现,丙氨酰谷氨酰胺二肽(Ala-Gln)可促进猪小肠上皮细胞IPEC-J2的DNA合成并促进其增殖。杜宝龙[38]发现,L-亮氨酸二肽(L-Leu-L-Leu)可促进鸡IEC的生长和增殖,同时抑制IEC的凋亡。Jeong等[39]发现,牛乳铁蛋白肽可加速大鼠IEC-6的DNA合成并促进其增殖,还可通过局部黏着斑激酶和桩蛋白的磷酸化增强IEC-6的细胞黏附和扩散能力。Sun等[34]发现,甜味肽阿斯巴甜在体内可通过上调细胞周期蛋白(cyclin)、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(cyclin-dependent kinase,CDX)并加速羔羊的IEC增殖,同时提高胰高血糖素、胰岛素样生长因子-1(insulin like growth factor-1,IGF-1)和胰高血糖素样肽-2受体(glucagon like peptide-2 receptor,GLP-2R)的分泌;在体外,胰高血糖素样肽-2(glucagon like peptide-2,GLP-2)的处理可通过促进IGF-1途径加速空肠IEC增殖。Chen等[18]研究指出,LPS暴露会抑制人正常结直肠细胞系和IEC-6的迁移,而酪蛋白肽(YFYPEL)可通过抑制肌醇磷脂-3激酶(phosphoinositide-3 kinase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)通路增强IEC的迁移,改善大鼠的坏死性小肠结肠炎。
生物活性肽还可通过调控TJs相关蛋白表达维持肠道正常形态。TJs蛋白主要包括跨膜蛋白[封闭蛋白(claudin)和闭合蛋白(occludin)及闭锁小带蛋白(ZO)家族],其中claudin和occludin的胞外链参与调节不同类型离子、分子的扩散[40];ZO参与介导跨膜蛋白与细胞支架蛋白之间的互作和TJs的定位[41]。TJs蛋白参与调节细胞旁通透性,TJs蛋白缺失会引起肠道黏膜炎症的发生。Eissa等[42]发现,肠嗜铬细胞衍生肽儿茶酚抑素(catestatin)可显著增加葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)诱导的结肠炎小鼠结肠中claudin-1、occludin和ZO-1的mRNA表达水平。TJs蛋白受丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)/细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinase,ERK)通路的调控。Lemieux等[43]发现,丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase,MEK)/ERK通路的激活参与抑制IEC-6分化,降低TJs蛋白表达。Suzuki等[44]发现,白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-6能依赖MEK/ERK通路和PI3K通路增加调节肠道细胞分化的尾部型同源盒转录因子2(caudal type homeobox 2,CDX2)的表达,并诱导claudin-2表达。Zhai等[45]发现,天蚕素可通过下调MEK/ERK通路,上调CDX2表达水平,从而增强IPEC-J2中claudin-1、occludin和ZO-1的表达。齐珂珂等[46]发现,猪GLP-2可通过ERK1/2调节IPEC-J2中claudin-1、occludin和ZO-1的表达。
IEC可通过释放黏蛋白(mucin,MUC)、激素和消化酶等化学物质至肠绒毛,构成肠道化学屏障。生物活性肽主要通过调节GC及其分泌的MUC保护肠道黏膜。Ko等[47]发现,抗菌肽能够增加肉鸡肠道的GC数量,显著增强肠道黏膜免疫力。Bescucci等[48]发现,cathelicidin相关抗菌肽(mCRAMP)的缺乏会导致小鼠肠道黏膜GC丢失和上皮损伤,并增强鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染。Khan等[49]发现,虾肽可显著恢复环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,CTX)处理后小鼠肠道GC和黏膜完整性,并提高MUC-2的相对表达水平。Lyu等[50]也发现,发酵蛋奶肽能增加结肠炎小鼠肠道中的MUC-2水平,有利于修复黏膜损伤。Schwerdtfeger等[51]发现,血管活性肠肽(vasoactise intestinal peptide,VIP)可调节小鼠回肠GC的产生,当拮抗VIP受体时,回肠GC数量会显著降低。

2.2 增强肠道抗氧化功能

生物活性肽可通过抑制活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)生成、增强抗氧化酶活性、降低丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量等方式增强肠道抗氧化功能,保护肠道细胞免受氧化损伤[52]。Liu等[13]发现,卵转铁蛋白肽(IRW和IQW)处理可通过增强超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPx)的活性缓解DSS诱发的小鼠肠道氧化应激。Zhao等[53]发现,黄蜂毒液肽(MPX)可降低小鼠血清中参与产生ROS的髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)活性,减少对肠道屏障的氧化损伤。González-Solé等[54]发现,猪肠黏膜酶解肽能显著增加仔猪空肠内SOD-2的表达。Xie等[29]发现,菌丝霉素(plectasin)、天蚕素可增强肉鸡肠道抗氧化系统,提高肠道SOD活性,降低肠道MDA含量。Zhao等[55]证明,植物复合肽可通过显著上调蛋鸡肠道的谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GST)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase,GSR)、GPx等抗氧化应激相关基因的表达,降低肠道MDA含量,缓解肠道氧化损伤。
生物活性肽增强肠道抗氧化功能受多种细胞信号通路调节。Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白1(Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-associated protein 1,Keap1)/核因子红细胞系2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)/抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant response element,ARE)是机体防御氧化应激的调控系统,Nrf2是参与调节细胞氧化应激转录因子,Keap1能够促进Nrf2的降解并维持其正常水平[56]。当细胞受到氧化应激时,ARE会诱导Keap1与Nrf2分离,出核转运后的Nrf2与小肌肉神经纤维肉瘤蛋白形成异二聚体并作用于ARE,从而激活细胞抗氧化酶基因的表达[56]。抗氧化肽可通过正向促进Keap1和Nrf2的分离并促进Nrf2的出核,实现对机体抗氧化功能的提升。Han等[57]发现,金枪鱼籽肽(LCRD和LCGEC)的结构中有多个氨基酸参与构成Keap1残基的氢键,而Keap1的多个氨基酸残基也参与与LCRD和LCGEC的互作,因此研究者推测该2种肽具有抗氧化活性;进一步研究发现,在紫外损伤下细胞中的Keap1、Nrf2转录上调,抗氧化酶转录下调,而LCRD和LCGEC能够恢复Keap1、Nrf2的正常表达水平,显著提高细胞SOD、GPx活性并显著降低MDA含量。Gu等[58]发现,大豆抗氧化肽lunasin能通过PI3K/Akt/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)/Nrf2/ARE通路减少内皮细胞中ROS,上调血红素加氧酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)生成,抑制线粒体凋亡,降低过氧化氢(H2O2)诱导的氧化损伤。Pepe等[59]发现,β-酪蛋白肽也能够通过激活Nrf2/ARE通路,降低H2O2处理后的体外IEC中的ROS水平,提高SOD表达。Pepe等[19]还发现,β-乳球蛋白肽处理可显著降低H2O2诱导的IEC-6中的ROS产生,且能通过激活Nrf2/ARE通路上调HO-1、醌氧化还原酶1(quinone oxidoreductase 1,NQO1)、SOD等细胞保护酶;另外,β-乳球蛋白肽还可通过降低Ras相关C3肉毒毒素底物1的激活和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase,NOX)的活性,减少小鼠肠系膜动脉中还原型辅酶Ⅱ(NADPH)活性和血管紧张素II对血管收缩的影响[19]
核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)/诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)通路与氧化应激密切相关。NF-κB是由p65、p50、C-Rel、p105和p100等蛋白构成的异二聚体[60]。在无外部刺激时,核转录因子-κB抑制因子(inhibitor of NF-κB,IκB)蛋白抑制剂与其结合并阻止其核易位;而在外部刺激诱导下,NF-κB会活化并激活iNOS表达,引起机体线粒体异常、促炎因子水平增高、细胞能量代谢改变和ROS增加[61]。De Mejia等[62]发现,lunasin及其样肽能够抑制RAW 264.7巨噬细胞体外模型中ROS的产生,通过阻断NF-κB/iNOS降低LPS激活的巨噬细胞内IL-1β、IL-6、一氧化氮(NO)等炎症因子水平。该实验室还提出NF-κB可能通过3种方式被抑制:1)阻断激活IκB激酶复合体的通路;2)干扰IκB蛋白磷酸化、泛素化和降解;3)阻断NF-κB二聚体的核转运[62]。有研究指出,基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)基因表达上调与机体抗氧化相关,但关于生物活性肽与该通路的报道大多集中于皮肤老化方面的研究[52]。尽管许多研究揭示了生物活性肽及相关通路对肠道抗氧化方面的积极作用,但具体机制有待阐述,对其他体内外模型的研究亦待开展。

2.3 增强肠道免疫力

生物活性肽发挥免疫功能的机制主要集中在调节炎症、激活招募免疫细胞和调节免疫活性物质等途径[63]。肠道免疫屏障主要由IEC、淋巴组织、淋巴细胞及其分泌物构成,如免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin,Ig)、细胞因子等免疫物质。Ig具有抑菌、中和病毒等特性,是体液免疫重要组成部分。IgA抗体是重要体液免疫因子之一,在抗炎方面发挥重要作用,是肠道免疫反应的相对敏感指标[64]。饲粮中添加天蚕素可显著提高产肠毒素大肠杆菌(enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli,ETEC)感染仔猪空肠黏膜的分泌型免疫球蛋白A(secretory immunoglobulin A,sIgA)含量以及血清中的IgA、IgG含量[31],提示生物活性肽可能通过直接激活全身及局部免疫反应对抗肠道疾病,保护肠道健康。IL的功能与调节免疫反应相关,如IL-6参与刺激B细胞激活和T细胞增殖。高涯[65]发现,乳源活性三肽VPP(Val-Pro-Pro)可显著降低DSS诱导炎症小鼠肠道中促炎因子IL-6、IL-8和IL-1β含量。Li等[66]发现,阿拉斯加鳕鱼肽可增加与肠黏膜免疫相关的sIgA、IgA和IL-10的分泌从而改善CTX诱导小鼠的小肠黏膜免疫。干扰素(interferon,IFN)是由宿主响应病原体入侵而合成并释放的信号蛋白,IFN-αIFN-γ的mRNA表达水平与肠道炎症呈正相关[67]。转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)参与拮抗T细胞和B细胞的凋亡、巨噬细胞的活化以及IL-1、IL-6等炎症介质的表达。大豆肽可下调小肠内IFN-αIFN-γ等促炎因子表达及上调抗炎因子TGF-β的表达,促进蛋鸡的肠道健康[55]。Jiménez等[68]揭示了糖巨肽(glycomacropeptide,GMP)可负向调节过敏原对脾脏肥大细胞的激活,其可能是通过减少由Ig Fc段受体交联诱导的皮肤肥大细胞脱颗粒,减轻皮肤过敏反应,但这种机制在肠道中是否一致有待研究。NF-κB在受到外源信号刺激时会被激活并启动相关基因表达和促进细胞因子的释放。MAPK包括c-Jun N端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)、ERK和p38蛋白等,参与介导不同的细胞信号转导通路,其中p38 MAPK通路参与活化促炎因子[69]。Ding等[70]发现,大肠杆菌细菌素microcin J25能通过下调MAPK和NF-κB通路,降低NF-κB和p38蛋白的磷酸化,减少肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、IL-6、IL-1β和IL-22等促炎因子分泌。Zhao等[53]发现,MPX可抑制肠出血性大肠杆菌(enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli,EHEC)O157∶H7株感染IPEC-J2的p38蛋白表达,显著降低IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α的mRNA表达。Ming等[71]发现,GMP可通过调节NF-κB和MAPK通路降低促炎因子IL-6、IL-17、IL-23、IL-1βTNF-α等基因表达。Xiang等[72]发现,在CTX诱导下小鼠的NF-κB通路受到抑制,IκBα和p65的磷酸化水平显著降低,回肠IL-2、IFN-γIL-4和IL-10的mRNA相对表达量显著降低,而牡蛎肽可以逆转上述不良影响。Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)4/髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88)/NF-κB是机体调控免疫炎症反应的关键通路之一。TLR是由一种参与识别病原体相关的跨膜蛋白受体,其胞内段的MyD88是参与信号传导的转接蛋白[73]。研究表明,在LPS刺激下巨噬细胞可通过激活TLR4产生和释放细胞因子。Shin等[74]研究蜘蛛毒液肽对LPS诱导的RAW 264.7细胞的炎症反应的影响发现,促炎因子iNOS、环氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)、IL-1βTNF-α等表达被抑制,并指出这种调节可能与TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路抑制相关。此外,Zhang等[32]发现,感染ETEC的仔猪饲喂抗菌肽WK3后显著降低空肠黏膜内IL-1αTLR4和MyD88表达。Shi等[75]发现,内源性四肽AcSDKP(acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro)可通过减少MEK/ERK通路激活从而抑制IEC中促炎因子的表达,改善DSS诱导的炎症性肠病。由此可见,生物活性肽可能通过调控MAPK/ERK、TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路干预肠道免疫,减少炎症因子分泌,从而减轻动物的肠道炎症反应。

2.4 调控肠道菌群及其代谢产物

肠道共生菌附着在宿主肠道表面黏膜层上,稳定的肠道微生物区系构成生物屏障,与宿主持续互利互作。抗菌肽因其富含赖氨酸、精氨酸等正电荷残基,可靶向病原菌,破坏菌膜完整性以发挥抑菌功能[76]。此外,抗菌肽还可通过抑制代谢、翻译等过程间接抑制细菌生长[77]。生物活性肽能够改善肠道菌群和创造肠道微生态条件对动物产生有益影响,直接体现为增加肠道有益菌、减少肠道有害菌的定植[12]。例如:Poudel等[78]发现,合成肽Peptiva参与调节仔猪断奶后菌群演变过程。与传统抗生素饮食相比,添加抗菌肽的饲粮能够降低仔猪盲肠有害的大肠杆菌总活菌数,提高有益的乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)数量[31]。Choi等[79]发现,肉鸡饲粮添加抗菌肽也能降低粪便中的厌氧细菌数量和梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium butyricum)等有害菌丰度。刘春雨等[80]发现,牦牛骨胶原蛋白肽可促进小鼠肠道中双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)和乳酸杆菌的增殖,可能会改变肠道菌群的代谢功能。朱艳等[81]发现,发酵豌豆蛋白肽可通过促进小鼠肠道益生菌生产布劳特氏菌(Blautia producta)和毛螺菌属(Lachnospira)的增殖,降低变形杆菌属(Proteus)丰度和肠道菌群多样性,改善肠道菌群紊乱。Xiang等[72]发现,牡蛎肽可恢复由CTX导致的小鼠肠道菌群结构改变,还可通过提高另枝菌属(Alistipes)和乳杆菌属的丰度改善肠道健康。
肠道菌群与动物疾病密切相关,肠道菌群主要是通过其代谢产物改善和治疗肠道疾病。短链脂肪酸(short chain fat acid,SCFA)是肠道菌群最主要的代谢产物,其不仅对免疫抗炎、抗氧化和抗菌等均有调节作用,还可调节肠道菌群平衡,保护肠黏膜。已有报道指出,由梭状芽孢杆菌产生的SCFA能够通过减少肝脏中iNOS表达和促进十二指肠中褪黑素合成来提高机体抗氧化力[82]。Han等[57]发现,金枪鱼抗氧化肽处理后的小鼠粪便中梭状芽孢杆菌丰度和SCFA含量均增加,SCFA可通过抑制含NOD样受体家族pyrin域蛋白3炎症小体调控的TNF-αIL-6的表达从而抑制ROS的积累。Mu等[12]指出,源自乳A1 β-酪蛋白的阿片肽BCM-7能够与IEC和神经元内的阿片受体结合,其可能通过影响β-酪蛋白对SCFA的调控间接改善肠道状况。Sun等[83]发现,卵黏蛋白水解肽在体外不支持双歧杆菌的生长,在动物肠道中可能通过被不同双歧杆菌菌株或肠道其他菌群降解为SCFA,从而促进肠道健康。吲哚丙酸(indolepropionic acid,IPA)也是肠道菌群的重要代谢产物之一,其可以消除自由基,并与肠道内梭状芽孢杆菌合成的GST协同发挥抗氧化作用。金枪鱼抗氧化肽处理还能通过增加小鼠粪便中IPA含量和梭菌丰度,提高机体抗氧化力[57]
此外,肠道菌群及其代谢产物还是肠道-器官轴联系的纽带。肠-脑轴与动物肠道疾病密切相关[84]。如产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)感染所致的鸡坏死性肠炎可激活家禽多巴胺通路并影响其生活行为[85-86]。生物活性肽中的激素肽能够通过影响肠-脑轴的下丘脑垂体肾上腺,协调肠道内分泌细胞产生和释放激素。多数激素肽发挥作用可能需要SCFA的介导。SCFA是调控肠-脑轴的信号分子之一,能通过抑制组蛋白脱乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase,HDAC)或激活G蛋白偶联受体影响机体其他组织器官[87]。Shimizu等[88]发现,食欲肽的作用机制是通过激活2种G蛋白偶联受体(食欲肽受体1、食欲肽受体2)参与哺乳动物的摄食行为。Larraufie等[89]发现,SCFA通过抑制HDAC刺激动物肠分泌细胞产生肽YY(PYY)和胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon like peptide-1,GLP-1)等,调节动物摄食和能量平衡。有报道称,生物活性肽还能通过肠-皮肤轴参与过敏反应的调节。Jiménez等[68]发现,GMP能在卵清蛋白致敏前和致敏期间显著增加大鼠肠道内乳杆菌属、双歧杆菌、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)数量,通过改善肠道微生态达到治疗皮肤过敏的效果。生物活性肽参与肠-骨轴主要表现在对机体钙吸收的影响。Guo等[90]发现,鸭蛋清肽能通过调节大鼠肠道菌群组成和激活Wnt/β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)通路,激活骨相关基因侏儒相关转录因子2和骨保护素的表达,改善卵巢切除诱发的骨质疏松模型。Cheng等[91]发现,抗菌肽LL-37可通过激活Akt/Wnt/β-catenin信号通路促进人根尖乳头干细胞的迁移和牙/成骨分化。生物活性肽在肠-肝轴和肠-肺轴靶点中的功能也显示了其改善动物相关疾病的潜力。Shi等[92]发现,黄酒发酵肽可通过肠-肝轴提高高脂血症小鼠肠道菌群多样性和拟杆菌属等关键类群丰度,改善高脂血症小鼠肝脏脂质沉积和代谢异常症状。Abdelgawad等[93]发现,暴露于超生理氧气的新生小鼠肠道内抗菌肽表达受到抑制,肠道微生物群组成发生改变,而小鼠口服补充抗菌肽后肠道菌群区系恢复,肺损伤修复,表明抗菌肽可能介导肠-肺轴改善动物肺状况。肠道菌群与肠-乳轴密切关联。Hu等[94]发现,金黄色葡萄球菌感染引起的乳房炎小鼠血乳屏障通透性增加,而产SCFA菌丰度的增加能改善乳房炎严重程度,提示了肠道菌群防御乳房炎的潜在作用,但生物活性肽能否通过肠-乳轴改善动物乳腺状况暂未报道。

3 生物活性肽在畜禽肠道健康中的应用

生物活性肽在畜禽肠道健康上的应用主要体现在:通过改善肠道形态结构、肠道免疫状况以及调控肠道菌群等途径改善肠道相关疾病。

3.1 生物活性肽在猪肠道健康中的应用

生物活性肽主要应用于仔猪上。断奶应激会导致肠道形态损伤、肠道微生物区系紊乱,断奶后腹泻(post-weaning diarrhoea,PWD)易发[95-96]。Haynes等[97]发现,饲粮添加抗炎肽(Ala-Gln)可缓解LPS诱导的仔猪肠道损伤,提高仔猪免疫和抗氧化能力,缓解仔猪断奶应激。林培文[98]发现,抗氧化肽菜籽肽可通过提高断奶仔猪血清总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)以及GPx和CAT活性,增加粪便中乳杆菌属的相对丰度和数量,缓解PWD。左倩[99]发现,大豆肽可通过显著改善肠道形态,增强肠道免疫和抗氧化功能,从而改善仔猪断奶应激。Peng等[100]发现,饲粮添加内源性肽重组猪β-防御素2能够改善十二指肠和空肠形态,降低仔猪盲肠食糜和黏膜中致病菌群的多样性及陪伴粪球菌(Coprococcus comes)、柳枝螺杆菌(Helicobacter canadensis)和莫雷梭菌(Solobacterium moorei)等致病菌的数量,且5 g/kg水平抑制PWD效果最佳,过高剂量可能会抑制益生菌存活。Yu等[101]发现,添加1.0和2.0 mg/kg的microcin J25能显著降低仔猪血清内D-乳酸和LPS含量以及二胺氧化酶(diamine oxidase,DAO)活性,保护肠道屏障和维持肠道通透性,改善PWD。microcin J25还能显著增加仔猪粪便中的SCFA,减少仔猪粪便中大肠杆菌数量和增加乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌数量,改善宿主肠道组成和提高代谢能力。大多数可溶性抗菌肽进入肠道后易被降解限制了其功能发挥,而将靶分子共价结合于固定载体上的技术能保证肽对肠道水解更强的抵抗性和稳定性。Liu等[102]发现,通过固定化抗菌肽能够增加断奶仔猪十二指肠和空肠的VH和V/C,显著提高空肠ZO-1、occludin表达量,显著降低血清LPS和D-乳酸含量,增加肠道菌群物种多样性和丰富度,并降低希氏乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus hilgardii)的相对丰度。
ETEC是PWD致病菌之一,其通过定植于小肠并释放肠毒素刺激腹泻。有报道以ETEC K88为体内模型揭示了生物活性肽对仔猪肠道的保护作用。Wu等[31]研究表明,天蚕素AD(cecropin AD,CAD)能增加断奶公猪肠道VH、V/C和空肠sIgA表达水平,显著降低盲肠大肠杆菌数量,提高乳酸菌的总活菌数,恢复ETEC K88感染仔猪的增重、采食量和饲料效率。Zhang等[32]发现,饲喂线性Trpzip样β发夹抗菌肽WK3能减少ETEC K88感染仔猪盲肠中肠球菌属(Enterococcus)数量,显著降低空肠黏膜内IL-1αTLR4和MyD88表达水平,改善SOD活性以增强抗氧化能力。Rong等[103]发现,GMP可显著减少ETEC K88感染仔猪肠道的致病菌并改善空肠形态,降低血清中的DAO活性、D-乳酸含量以及回肠sIgA含量,缓解ETEC K88诱导的屏障损伤和急性炎症反应。
猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(transmissible gastroenteritis virus,TGEV)通过在IEC复制诱导肠道形态受损并引起肠道菌群失衡,导致幼龄仔猪严重腹泻、呕吐和脱水。Liang等[104-105]发现,抗菌肽APB13能够显著改善仔猪空肠的VH、CD和V/C,降低肠道有害菌如链状杆菌(Bacillus catenulus)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)和链球菌属(Streptococcus)的丰度,提高有益菌乳杆菌属和瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)的丰度,并提高小肠胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、麦芽糖酶和蔗糖酶等消化酶的活性,减轻TGEV引起的不良影响。

3.2 生物活性肽在家禽肠道健康中的应用

生物活性肽在肉鸡生产中的应用较为广泛。Salavati等[106]发现,芝麻粕肽可通过提高肉鸡小肠VH,提高盲肠乳酸菌数量和降低盲肠大肠杆菌数量,改善肠道健康。Jiang等[107]发现,饲粮添加80~120 mg/kg的大豆肽可提高肉仔鸡小肠V/C及肠黏膜GC数量,增加肠上皮淋巴细胞和IgA形成细胞的数量,增强肠道免疫力。Zhao等[55]发现,饲粮添加脱壳豆粕和大豆复合活性肽能显著提高育雏期蛋鸡的小肠V/C、肠黏膜TJs蛋白claudin-3、occludin、ZO-1和抗氧化酶SODGSTGSRGPx的基因表达水平,并改善盲肠菌群组成,且最佳剂量为4.5 g/kg。Ma等[108]发现,饲粮添加真菌防御素plectasin能够提高21日龄白羽肉鸡空肠的VH和V/C,显著降低空肠MDA含量。Zhang等[109]也发现,plectasin能够通过提高回肠三叶肽因子2(trefoilfactor 2,TFF2)、ZO-1、claudin-3表达改善黄羽肉鸡的肠道结构,抑制回肠大肠杆菌增殖和IL-17、IL-22、IFN-α、IFN-γ、IL-1β、IL-6等促炎细胞因子分泌,保护肠道健康。Xie等[29]发现,饲粮添加plectasin、天蚕素组合能够改善肉鸡肠道黏膜形态,降低肠内IL-17AIFN-α炎症因子表达,且有提高SOD活性、T-AOC以及微生物丰度和多样性的趋势。王建[110]发现,蜜蜂肽Api-PR19不仅能改善艾拔益加(AA)肉鸡的肠道肠绒毛组织形态,增加小肠对营养物质的吸收,并促进小肠sIgA表达,增强小肠免疫,而且能减少盲肠有害微生物的数量,维持肠道微生态平衡,提高动物生产性能。Wang等[111]发现,抗菌肽sublancin能够改善产气荚膜梭菌诱导的坏死性肠炎肉鸡十二指肠和空肠形态,降低回肠中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量,且效果优于林可霉素。Osho等[30]发现,饲粮添加大豆活性肽可通过改善空肠VH,上调TJs蛋白claudin-1、occludin、ZO-1和ZO-2表达及IgA分泌水平,缓解球虫诱导的黄羽肉鸡肠道屏障功能损伤。除了作为饲粮添加剂,生物活性肽还可通过禽蛋羊膜注射途径改善新生雏鸡肠道健康。Hou等[17]研究发现,通过羊膜注射鸭蛋蛋清多肽VSEE(Val-Ser-Glu-Glu)可增加雏鸡十二指肠绒毛表面积,促进肠道钙吸收,优化肠道微生物结构,增加肠道内双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌的丰度并限制潜在的致病细菌。
生物活性肽在鸭、鹅上的研究相对较少。Li等[112]发现,在鹌鹑饲粮中添加0.12 g/kg的昆虫毒液肽蜂毒素能显著提高其十二指肠和空肠中claudin-1、occludin、ZO-1的表达水平,显著增强空肠和回肠中MUC-2的表达,显著增加盲肠内科、属水平的拟杆菌丰度。陆辉等[113]发现,伴大豆球蛋白水解肽能提高肌肉注射感染大肠杆菌O78麻鸭肠道黏膜sIgA表达水平,预防胃肠疾病。He等[114]研究表明,酵母抗菌肽能促进鹅的生长性能,降低饲料转化率,并提出这种营养保留可能与肠道环境调节机制相关。蒋书东等[115]分析发现,皖西白鹅肠道中神经肽VIP阳性细胞在空肠回肠中的分布显著多于十二指肠,且多数在肠肌层内而少量在肠黏膜中,暗示VIP可能与鹅肠道健康密切相关。

3.3 生物活性肽在反刍动物肠道健康中的应用

生物活性肽在反刍动物中的应用相对较少,且多数研究集中在灌胃或皮下注射试验。高涯[65]发现,灌服乳源活性肽可降低哺乳犊牛血液促炎因子含量,提高产SCFA的有益菌的相对丰度,从而缓解哺乳犊牛肠道炎症。Taylor-Edwards等[116]发现,皮下注射GLP-2可增加荷斯坦犊牛的小肠VH和小肠隐窝内的5-溴-2'-脱氧尿苷(BrdU)标记,同时增加肠道血流,有利于改善小肠隐窝增殖状况和黏膜形态。Connor等[117]分别对有无感染牛艾美耳球虫的犊牛进行免疫染色评估发现,受感染的犊牛回盲肠蛋白质酪氨酸硝化程度高出3倍以上,而GLP-2治疗能分别将回肠和盲肠的硝化程度分别降低47%和69%,说明GLP-2可有效减少犊牛回盲肠部硝基氧化应激损伤。Walker等[118]发现,皮下注射GLP-2能够提高牛艾美耳球虫病感染犊牛肠道claudin-4、occludin和ZO-1的基因表达水平,通过增强肠道屏障功能改善病原体诱导的腹泻。Connor等[119]发现,GLP-2还可通过减少腹泻、改善肠道形态、降低血浆炎症水平及减少MARVEL结构域包含2(MARVEL domain containing 2,MARVELD2)、occludin、ZO-1和GPx2等肠道细胞重塑和损伤修复基因的表达,改善副隐孢子虫感染犊牛的肠道健康。部分生物活性肽与反刍动物消化道中的瘤胃菌群和肠道菌群密切相关,是作为反刍动物饲粮添加剂应用的良好选择。Liu等[120]研究发现,以1∶1比例混合重组猪防御素和苍蝇抗菌肽作为饲粮添加剂时,添加抗菌肽组的羔羊瘤胃中纤维杆菌属(Fibrobacter)、厌氧弧菌属(Anaerovibrio)、解琥珀酸菌属(Succiniclasticum)等丰度提高,而琥珀酸弧菌属(Succinivibrio)、月形单胞菌属(Selenomonas)等丰度降低;添加抗菌肽组羔羊瘤胃微生物多样性增加,并且在增加厌氧菌的同时抑制病原菌,最终促进羔羊营养吸收并改善其生长性能。秦龙[121]发现,在羔羊饲粮中添加人工合成抗菌肽CC31能够提高羔羊盲肠内菌群丰度和多样性,提高乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌等有益菌定植,降低有害的梭菌属数量,且单体肽的效果优于串联肽。Xie等[122]发现,饲粮添加大豆肽能够提高奶牛的抗氧化能力和免疫力,提高瘤胃有益菌的丰度,降低粪球菌属(Coprococcus)丰度。

4 小结与展望

生物活性肽来源广泛、功能丰富的特性使其在畜牧业中得到了积极应用,但针对生物活性肽在调控肠道健康方面的作用仍有较大研究空间。目前,对部分生物活性肽的功能和调控机制研究仍停留在体外细胞模型或鼠类模型上,在畜禽动物模型上的空白有待填补。生物活性肽、动物肠道菌群及其代谢产物以及肠道-微生物群-代谢产物-器官轴的互作是治疗动物肠道或其他器官疾病的潜在靶点,但其具体调节作用和相关机制有待阐述。此外,生物活性肽生产成本高、饲用稳定性差、生物利用度较低以及生物安全性研究缺乏等问题也限制了其规模化推广。因此,通过完善生物活性肽生物合成的工业化体系、纳米载体靶向递送以及与其他替抗产品复配等途径以进一步优化其肠道健康调节作用或许是未来可行的研究方向。
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