1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
1.3 试验饲粮和饲养管理
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 低能饲粮 Low energy diet |
|---|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | ||
| 玉米 Corn | 28.40 | 29.30 |
| 小麦 Wheat | 10.00 | 10.00 |
| 面粉 Flour | 15.00 | 15.00 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal (46%) | 32.35 | 32.21 |
| 棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal (46%) | 3.00 | 3.00 |
| 豆油 Soybean oil | 7.57 | 6.81 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 1.28 | 1.28 |
| L-赖氨酸硫酸盐 L-Lys·H2SO4 (70%) | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met (98%) | 0.34 | 0.34 |
| L-苏氨酸 L-Thr (98%) | 0.19 | 0.19 |
| 缬氨酸 Val | 0.12 | 0.12 |
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride (60%) | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 0.47 | 0.47 |
| 氯化钠 NaCl | 0.23 | 0.23 |
| 维生素预混料 Vitamin premix1) | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 矿物元素预混料 Mineral premix2) | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels3) | ||
| 代谢能 Metabolic energy/(MJ/kg) | 13.60 | 13.43 |
| 粗蛋白质 Crude protein | 22.50 | 22.50 |
| 粗脂肪 Ether extract | 9.37 | 8.66 |
| 钙 Calcium | 0.70 | 0.70 |
| 总磷 Total phosphorus | 0.52 | 0.52 |
| 可消化赖氨酸 Digestible lysine | 1.30 | 1.30 |
| 可消化蛋氨酸 Digestible methionine | 0.66 | 0.66 |
1)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The vitamin premix provided the following per kilogram of diets:VA 8 000 IU,VD3 1 000 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 0.5 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 9.60 mg,VB6 3.5 mg,VB12 10 μg,烟酸 niacin 35 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.55 mg,生物素 biotin 0.18 mg。 2)矿物元素预混料为每千克提供 The mineral premix provided the following per kilogram of diets:Fe 80 mg,Cu 8 mg,Mn 100 mg,Zn 80 mg,I 0.7 mg,Se 0.3 mg. 3)代谢能、可消化赖氨酸、可消化蛋氨酸为计算值,粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、钙和总磷为实测值。 Metabolic energy, digestible lysine and digestible methionine were calculated values, while crude protein, ether extract, calcium and total phosphorus were measured values. |
1.4 样品采集与指标测定
1.4.1 饲粮营养水平
1.4.2 生长性能
1.4.3 血清生化指标
1.4.4 器官指数
1.4.5 肠道校正长度和指数
1.4.6 胰腺消化酶活性
1.4.7 肝脏TG含量
1.4.8 盲肠微生物区系
1.5 数据处理与统计分析
2 结果
2.1 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡生长性能的影响
表2 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of low energy diet supplemented with emulsifier on growth performance of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 对照组 Control group | 低能组 Low energy group | 乳化剂组 Emulsifier group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 平均体增重 ABWG/(g/只) | 21~28 | 513.92±9.13a | 466.13±6.95b | 536.50±16.61a | 0.002 |
| 29~35 | 608.85±10.96 | 565.63±23.69 | 598.33±10.79 | 0.182 | |
| 36~42 | 674.48±42.55 | 723.61±24.68 | 709.03±18.70 | 0.517 | |
| 21~42 | 1 797.25±50.11 | 1 755.36±10.82 | 1 843.86±26.23 | 0.204 | |
| 平均采食量 AFI/(g/只) | 21~42 | 2 664.10±100.77 | 2 654.26±107.65 | 2 781.70±121.87 | 0.672 |
| 饲料转化率 FCR | 21~42 | 1.48±0.02 | 1.51±0.05 | 1.51±0.04 | 0.868 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡器官指数的影响
表3 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡器官指数的影响Table 3 Effects of low energy diet supplemented with emulsifier on organ indexes of broilers% |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 低能组 Low energy group | 乳化剂组 Emulsifier group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 肌胃指数 Gizzard index | 1.03±0.06 | 1.02±0.05 | 1.03±0.07 | 0.995 |
| 腺胃指数 Gland stomach index | 0.36±0.02 | 0.32±0.02 | 0.32±0.01 | 0.225 |
| 肝脏指数 Liver index | 2.00±0.11 | 2.10±0.10 | 1.85±0.12 | 0.299 |
| 腹脂指数 Abdominal adipose index | 1.34±0.10b | 1.66±0.11a | 1.68±0.07a | 0.038 |
| 脾脏指数 Spleen index | 0.13±0.01 | 0.13±0.01 | 0.14±0.01 | 0.787 |
2.3 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响
表4 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响Table 4 Effects of low energy diet supplemented with emulsifier on serum biochemical indexes of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 低能组 Low energy group | 乳化剂组 Emulsifier group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 总胆固醇 TCHO/(mmol/L) | 3.39±0.12 | 3.50±0.09 | 3.53±0.16 | 0.730 |
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) | 0.66±0.07 | 0.63±0.07 | 0.63±0.09 | 0.959 |
| 葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) | 12.65±0.20 | 12.69±0.46 | 12.41±0.62 | 0.896 |
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 16.32±0.47 | 15.82±0.50 | 15.70±0.62 | 0.687 |
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 22.66±0.94b | 27.19±1.32ab | 27.42±1.50a | 0.027 |
| 尿素氮 UN/(mmol/L) | 1.85±0.18a | 1.09±0.19b | 1.66±0.23ab | 0.041 |
| 球蛋白 GLB/(g/L) | 6.34±0.86b | 11.36±1.56a | 11.73±1.46a | 0.017 |
2.4 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡肠道校正长度和指数的影响
表5 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡肠道校正长度和指数的影响Table 5 Effects of low energy diet supplemented with emulsifier on intestinal correction length and indexes of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 低能组 Low energy group | 乳化剂组 Emulsifier group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 十二指肠指数 Duodenal index/% | 0.54±0.02 | 0.64±0.03 | 0.61±0.03 | 0.069 |
| 空肠指数 Jejunum index/% | 0.98±0.07 | 1.12±0.04 | 1.00±0.05 | 0.168 |
| 回肠指数 Ileal index/% | 0.76±0.05 | 0.83±0.04 | 0.76±0.04 | 0.398 |
| 十二指肠校正长度 Duodenal correction length/(cm/kg) | 11.15±0.94 | 11.27±0.57 | 10.84±0.61 | 0.912 |
| 空肠校正长度 Jejunum correction length/(cm/kg) | 29.48±2.21 | 26.18±1.64 | 24.94±1.68 | 0.232 |
| 回肠校正长度 Ileal correction length/(cm/kg) | 28.70±2.03 | 25.57±1.52 | 23.56±1.83 | 0.157 |
2.5 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡肝脏TG含量的影响
表6 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡肝脏TG含量的影响Table 6 Effects of low energy diet supplemented with emulsifier on liver TG content of broilersmmol/g prot |
| 项目 Item | 对照组 Control group | 低能组 Low energy group | 乳化剂组 Emulsifier group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 甘油三酯 TG | 0.06±0.01ab | 0.08±0.01a | 0.05±0.01b | 0.022 |
2.6 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡胰腺消化酶活性的影响
表7 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡胰腺消化酶活性的影响Table 7 Effects of low energy diet supplemented with emulsifier on pancreatic digestive enzyme activities of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 低能组 Low energy group | 乳化剂组 Emulsifier group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| α-淀粉酶 α-amylase/(U/mg prot) | 164.69±33.25 | 178.10±36.82 | 171.98±35.02 | 0.964 |
| 胰蛋白酶 Trypsin/(U/mg prot) | 123.00±21.44b | 158.22±11.36ab | 214.89±33.33a | 0.048 |
| 脂肪酶 Lipase/(U/g prot) | 546.09±52.63 | 632.79±97.79 | 602.34±90.78 | 0.757 |
2.7 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡盲肠微生物区系的影响
2.7.1 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡盲肠微生物多样性的影响
图1 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡盲肠微生物多样性的影响A:Shannon指数;B:Observed_features指数;C:Faith_pd指数;D:Chao1指数;E:Simpson指数;F:beta多样性,基于Bray-Curtis距离的主坐标分析。*:差异显著(P<0.05);ns:差异不显著(P>0.05)。 Fig.1 Effects of low energy diet supplemented with emulsifier on cecal microbial diversity of broilers A: Shannon index; B: Observed_features index; C: Faith_pd index; D: Chao1 index; E: Simpson index; F: beta diversity, PCoA based on Bray-Curtis distance. * significant difference (P<0.05); ns: no significant difference (P>0.05). |
2.7.2 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡盲肠微生物门水平相对丰度的影响
图2 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡盲肠微生物门水平相对丰度的影响A:盲肠微生物门水平相对丰度前20门;B~H:盲肠微生物门水平相对丰度差异。 Other:其他;Chlamydiae:衣原体门;Chlorobi:绿菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝藻门;Crenarchaeota:泉古菌门;Armatimonadetes:装甲菌门;Planctomycetes:浮霉菌门;Verrucomicrobia:疣微菌门;Nitrospirae:硝化螺旋菌门;Chloroflexi:绿弯菌门;Gemmatimonadetes:芽单胞菌门;Acidobacteria:酸杆菌门;Tenericutes:软壁菌门;Actinobacteria:放线菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Bacteroidetes:拟杆菌门。 数据柱标相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下图同。 Fig.2 Effects of low energy diet supplemented with emulsifier on relative abundances of cecal microorganism at phylum level of broilers A: top 20 relative abundance of cecal microorganism at phylum level; B to H: differences in relative abundance of cecal microorganism at phylum level. Value columns with the same small letter mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.7.3 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡盲肠微生物属水平相对丰度的影响
图3 低能饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉鸡盲肠微生物属水平相对丰度的影响A:盲肠微生物属水平相对丰度前20门;B~H:盲肠微生物属水平相对丰度差异。Other:其他;Rubrobacter:红色杆菌属;Subdoligranulum:罕见小球菌属;Achromobacter:无色杆菌属;Clostridium:梭菌属;Butyricicoccus:丁酸球菌属;Helicobacter:螺杆菌属;Sutterella:萨特氏菌;Blautia:经黏液真杆菌属;Phascolarctobacterium:考拉杆菌属;Bifidobacterium:双歧杆菌属;Ruminococcaceae_Ruminococcus:瘤胃菌科_瘤胃球菌属;Lactobacillus:乳杆菌属;Coprococcus:粪球菌属;Oscillospira:颤螺菌属;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Faecalibacterium:普拉梭菌;Barnesiella:巴恩斯氏菌属;Bacteroides:拟杆菌属;Unclassified:未分类。 Fig.3 Effects of low energy diet supplemented with emulsifier on relative abundance of cecal microorganism at genus level of broilers A: top 20 relative abundance of cecal microorganism at genus level; B to H: differences in relative abundance of cecal microorganism at genus level. |

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