1 材料与方法
1.1 试验动物和试验设计
1.2 试验饲粮和饲养管理
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | Ⅵ | |
| 原料 Ingredients | ||||||
| 苹果 Apple | 20.00 | 18.80 | 18.00 | 17.00 | 15.00 | 14.00 |
| 蜂蛹 Bee pupa | 8.30 | 6.40 | 6.60 | 6.40 | 7.20 | 6.80 |
| 蚕蛹干 Dried silkworm chrysalis | 6.20 | 7.80 | 6.40 | 7.00 | 6.60 | 5.60 |
| 蚯蚓干 Dried earthworm | 1.20 | 2.70 | 3.80 | 5.80 | 6.00 | 7.60 |
| 黑蚂蚁 Phyllostomus nigricollis | 25.00 | 33.00 | 35.00 | 36.20 | 37.80 | 39.60 |
| 黑水虻幼虫干 Dried black gadfly larvae | 15.00 | 10.40 | 7.80 | 6.00 | 4.40 | 2.10 |
| 面包虫干 Dried bread worms | 6.60 | 3.80 | 4.80 | 4.00 | 3.60 | 4.80 |
| 蟋蟀干 Dried crickets | 2.20 | 4.50 | 6.20 | 7.40 | 9.80 | 11.00 |
| 山楂干 Dried hawthorn | 5.50 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 3.50 | 3.60 | 3.50 |
| 土壤 Soil | 10.00 | 8.60 | 7.40 | 6.70 | 6.00 | 5.00 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels | ||||||
| 干物质 DM | 94.18 | 94.03 | 93.48 | 93.78 | 93.47 | 94.00 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 39.75 | 41.58 | 43.71 | 45.91 | 47.21 | 49.82 |
| 总能 GE/(MJ/kg) | 19.50 | 19.93 | 19.87 | 20.01 | 20.35 | 20.53 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 18.31 | 16.47 | 16.49 | 16.60 | 15.65 | 15.18 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 16.66 | 15.86 | 12.91 | 14.05 | 13.09 | 11.31 |
| 钙 Ca | 0.57 | 0.34 | 0.48 | 0.24 | 0.43 | 0.29 |
| 总磷 TP | 1.19 | 1.26 | 1.28 | 1.33 | 1.26 | 1.26 |
营养水平均为实测值。 | |
Nutrient levels were all measured values. |
1.3 样品采集和指标检测
1.3.1 体重和平均日采食量
1.3.2 粪便评分和水分含量
表2 粪便评分标准Table 2 Fecal score standard |
| 评分 Score | 评分标准 Score standard |
|---|---|
| 1 | 液状粪便 |
| 2 | 稠状软便伴成形软便 |
| 3 | 成形但软、黏;水分含量高 |
| 4 | 成形、较干燥但不硬、不黏,捡起后地面残留少 |
| 5 | 成形、坚硬或干燥易碎 |
1.3.3 血液生化和抗氧化指标
1.3.4 营养物质表观消化率
1.4 数据统计与分析
2 结果
2.1 饲粮CP水平对成年马来穿山甲体重和平均日采食量的影响
表3 饲粮CP水平对成年马来穿山甲体重和平均日采食量的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary crude protein level on body weight and average daily feed intake of adult Manis javanica |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | Ⅵ | ||
| 初重 IBW/kg | 6.92±0.73 | 6.84±0.74 | 6.86±0.70 | 6.88±0.71 | 6.90±0.76 | 6.86±0.75 | 0.999 |
| 末重 FBW/kg | 6.94±0.76 | 6.85±0.76 | 6.85±0.69 | 6.85±0.75 | 6.95±0.78 | 6.87±0.71 | 0.999 |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 220.62±9.53 | 226.40±9.29 | 228.72±7.20 | 229.38±10.24 | 228.32±10.17 | 223.52±11.37 | 0.954 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),相同小写字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01), while with the same small letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮CP水平对成年马来穿山甲粪便评分和水分含量的影响
表4 饲粮CP水平对成年马来穿山甲粪便评分和水分含量的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary crude protein level on fecal score and moisture content of adult Manis javanica |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | Ⅵ | ||
| 粪便评分 Fecal score | 3.48±0.04 | 3.63±0.12 | 3.59±0.10 | 3.47±0.16 | 3.50±0.13 | 3.50±0.15 | 0.911 |
| 粪便水分含量 Fecal moisture content/% | 65.02±1.47 | 62.53±1.99 | 63.79±1.57 | 63.73±2.63 | 63.40±2.38 | 64.88±1.79 | 0.943 |
2.3 饲粮CP水平对成年马来穿山甲血浆生化指标的影响
表5 饲粮CP水平对成年马来穿山甲血浆生化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary crude protein level on plasma biochemical indices of adult Manis javanica |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | Ⅵ | ||
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 89.82±1.55 | 96.23±2.48 | 97.11±3.22 | 88.92±3.03 | 97.35±1.71 | 91.40±2.44 | 0.060 |
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 41.19±3.27 | 48.56±2.48 | 42.41±2.11 | 42.13±2.08 | 44.02±1.91 | 38.16±3.27 | 0.147 |
| 丙氨酸氨基转移酶 ALT/(U/L) | 43.21±2.57 | 41.01±1.55 | 50.45±7.98 | 55.51±7.46 | 39.37±5.67 | 42.80±2.53 | 0.359 |
| 碱性磷酸酶 ALP/(U/L) | 125.24±11.36 | 115.45±8.03 | 116.61±7.89 | 113.10±12.89 | 128.52±16.51 | 107.20±8.40 | 0.882 |
| 乳酸脱氢酶 LDH/(U/L) | 209.73±16.75 | 223.47±12.31 | 224.61±8.63 | 195.96±26.22 | 202.84±14.35 | 214.17±20.07 | 0.826 |
| 尿素氮 UN/(mmol/L) | 9.10±0.73 | 9.39±0.13 | 11.73±0.91 | 11.00±0.88 | 10.23±0.71 | 9.61±0.47 | 0.192 |
| 葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) | 4.89±0.25 | 5.06±0.20 | 5.17±0.50 | 5.45±0.19 | 5.98±0.13 | 5.25±0.32 | 0.155 |
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) | 0.93±0.13 | 0.96±0.09 | 1.16±0.11 | 0.96±0.08 | 0.90±0.08 | 0.81±0.06 | 0.227 |
| 胆固醇 CHOL/(mmol/L) | 3.44±0.43 | 3.75±0.37 | 4.81±0.67 | 4.03±0.42 | 3.99±0.29 | 4.40±0.37 | 0.335 |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.98±0.11 | 1.11±0.10 | 1.45±0.19 | 1.19±0.11 | 1.20±0.10 | 1.37±0.11 | 0.156 |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 1.71±0.17 | 2.28±0.27 | 2.50±0.46 | 2.26±0.21 | 2.62±0.17 | 2.69±0.36 | 0.225 |
| 脂肪酶 LIP/(U/L) | 40.23±4.67 | 36.18±3.81 | 51.70±9.30 | 40.26±3.28 | 34.64±4.88 | 31.31±2.65 | 0.272 |
2.4 饲粮CP水平对成年马来穿山甲血清抗氧化指标的影响
表6 饲粮CP水平对成年马来穿山甲血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary crude protein level on serum antioxidant indices of adult Manis javanica |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | Ⅵ | ||
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) | 161.10±34.07 | 194.53±26.02 | 171.05±16.09 | 186.55±33.04 | 142.86±40.92 | 156.25±36.69 | 0.871 |
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) | 52.72±4.13 | 56.95±3.35 | 52.32±5.76 | 57.36±3.39 | 45.82±5.08 | 44.23±3.57 | 0.183 |
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mL) | 41.93±2.43ABab | 36.03±0.85Cc | 45.48±1.38Aa | 37.81±1.11Bb | 44.50±1.30ABa | 37.55±1.19Bb | <0.001 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GPx/(U/mL) | 792.09±23.41 | 740.86±38.84 | 692.91±40.88 | 700.52±49.07 | 684.16±34.17 | 688.35±31.33 | 0.291 |
| 氧化型谷胱甘肽 GSSG/(nmol/mL) | 23.54±2.00 | 25.26±1.78 | 22.58±1.64 | 23.58±0.75 | 25.60±2.45 | 25.15±0.86 | 0.761 |
| 还原型谷胱甘肽 GSH/(μmol/mL) | 1.35±0.06 | 1.35±0.02 | 1.28±0.06 | 1.21±0.02 | 1.28±0.09 | 1.28±0.08 | 0.568 |
2.5 饲粮CP水平对成年马来穿山甲营养物质表观消化率的影响
表7 饲粮CP水平对成年马来穿山甲营养物质表观消化率的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary crude protein level on nutrient apparent digestibility of adult Manis javanica% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | Ⅵ | ||
| 干物质 DM | 86.05±0.64 | 84.47±0.50 | 86.52±0.62 | 86.22±0.31 | 86.73±0.74 | 86.38±0.45 | 0.093 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 88.16±0.70 | 85.70±0.46 | 88.71±0.67 | 87.89±0.69 | 87.06±0.93 | 87.51±0.47 | 0.059 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 98.68±0.10 | 98.69±0.09 | 98.38±0.11 | 98.27±0.08 | 98.21±0.18 | 98.41±0.23 | 0.093 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 68.29±1.35ab | 67.64±1.08b | 70.19±2.40ab | 73.57±1.19ab | 75.10±1.58a | 71.87±2.00ab | 0.022 |
| 总能 GE | 91.79±0.22 | 90.47±0.51 | 91.63±0.55 | 90.90±0.54 | 90.44±0.61 | 89.91±0.34 | 0.070 |

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