动物营养学报 >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 4: 2633 - 2647

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.227

研究论文

混合比例、菌剂和压实密度对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响

  • 张相伦 , 1 ,
  • 张正 2 ,
  • 李俊玲 3 ,
  • 杨赵军 4 ,
  • 盛清凯 1 ,
  • 刘晓牧 1 ,
  • 赵国朵 1 ,
  • 赵红波 , 1, *
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  • 1 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所,山东省畜禽疫病防治与繁育重点实验室,农业农村部畜禽生物组学重点实验室,济南 250100
  • 2 山东省农业科学院农作物种质资源研究所,济南 250100
  • 3 山东省畜产品质量安全中心,济南 250100
  • 4 山东美事达农牧科技有限公司,济南市反刍动物营养与饲料重点实验室,济南 251400
*赵红波,研究员,硕士生导师,E-mail:

张相伦(1990—),男,山东莒县人,副研究员,博士,从事反刍动物营养研究。E-mail:

Copy editor: 武海龙

收稿日期: 2023-11-02

  网络出版日期: 2024-04-15

基金资助

山东省现代农业产业技术体系牛产业创新团队(SDAIT-09-04)

山东省科技型中小企业创新能力提升工程(2022TSGC2071)

山东省科技型中小企业创新能力提升工程(2022TSGC1288)

山东省农业科学院农业科技创新工程(CXGC2023A23)

山东省农业重大技术协同推广计划(SDNYXTTG-2023-26)

山东省农业重大技术协同推广计划(SDNYXTTG-2023-12)

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Effects of Mixing Ratio, Microbial Preparation and Packing Density on Fermentation Quality and Nutritional Value of Mixed Silage of Corn Straw and Peanut Vine

  • ZHANG Xianglun , 1 ,
  • ZHANG Zheng 2 ,
  • LI Junling 3 ,
  • YANG Zhaojun 4 ,
  • SHENG Qingkai 1 ,
  • LIU Xiaomu 1 ,
  • ZHAO Guoduo 1 ,
  • ZHAO Hongbo , 1
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  • 1 Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji’nan 250100, China
  • 2 Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji’nan 250100, China
  • 3 Shandong Animal Product Quality and Safety Center, Ji’nan 250100, China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Feed of Ji’nan, Shandong Meishida Agriculture and Husbandry Technology Limited Company, Ji’nan 251400, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-11-02

  Online published: 2024-04-15

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摘要

本试验旨在研究混合比例、菌剂和压实密度对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响。试验分为2部分,试验1研究混合比例和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响。将玉米秸秆和花生秧按5个混合比例(4∶0、3∶1、2∶2、1∶3、0∶4)进行混合,每个比例下设4个组,分别为对照组(CON组,喷洒无菌生理盐水)、植物乳杆菌组(LP组,喷洒1×106 CFU/g植物乳杆菌)、粪肠球菌组(EF组,喷洒1×106 CFU/g粪肠球菌)、植物乳杆菌+粪肠球菌组(LP+EF组,喷洒5×105 CFU/g植物乳杆菌+5×105 CFU/g粪肠球菌),每组3个重复,厌氧发酵60 d。试验2研究压实密度和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响。将玉米秸秆和花生秧按3∶1比例混合后,按不同压实密度(300、450、600 kg/m3)进行发酵,每个压实密度下设4个组(同试验1),每组3个重复,厌氧发酵60 d。试验1结果表明:1)随着花生秧比例的提高,有机物、中性洗涤纤维和水溶性碳水化合物含量显著降低(P<0.05),粗蛋白质含量显著升高(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,EF和LP+EF组的中性洗涤纤维含量显著降低(P<0.05),EF组的氨态氮含量显著降低(P<0.05)。2)混合比例对乳酸菌和霉菌数量无显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,LP、EF和LP+EF组的乳酸菌数量显著升高(P<0.05),LP+EF组的霉菌数量显著降低(P<0.05)。3)混合比例为2∶2组的玉米赤霉烯酮含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),混合比例为3∶1和2∶2组的赭曲霉毒素含量显著低于混合比例为4∶0组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,LP+EF组的玉米赤霉烯酮含量显著降低(P<0.05)。4)混合比例为2∶2组的pH显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),混合比例为3∶1组的乳酸含量显著高于混合比例为2∶2组(P<0.05),混合比例为3∶1组的乙酸含量显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),混合比例为3∶1组的丁酸含量显著低于混合比例为4∶0组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,LP+EF组的pH显著降低(P<0.05),乳酸含量显著升高(P<0.05);EF组的乙酸含量显著降低(P<0.05)。试验2结果表明:1)压实密度为600 kg/m3组的有机物、粗蛋白质含量显著低于压实密度为300 kg/m3组(P<0.05),水溶性碳水化合物含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);随着压实密度的增加,氨态氮含量显著降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,EF组的有机物含量显著升高(P<0.05),LP+EF组的粗蛋白质含量显著升高(P<0.05)。2)压实密度对乳酸菌和霉菌数量无显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,LP和LP+EF组的乳酸菌数量显著升高(P<0.05),LP、EF和LP+EF组的霉菌数量显著降低(P<0.05)。3)压实密度为450和600 kg/m3组的玉米赤霉烯酮和伏马毒素含量显著高于压实密度为300 kg/m3组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,LP+EF组的玉米赤霉烯酮含量显著降低(P<0.05)。4)压实密度对pH无显著影响(P>0.05)。压实密度为600 kg/m3组的乳酸含量显著高于压实密度为300 kg/m3组(P<0.05),压实密度为300 kg/m3组的乙酸和丁酸含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。综合各项指标,推荐玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮的适宜混合比例为3∶1,菌剂为植物乳杆菌和粪肠球菌联合添加,压实密度为450~600 kg/m3。

关键词： 玉米秸秆; 花生秧; 混合青贮; 菌剂; 压实密度

本文引用格式

张相伦 , 张正 , 李俊玲 , 杨赵军 , 盛清凯 , 刘晓牧 , 赵国朵 , 赵红波 . 混合比例、菌剂和压实密度对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024 , 36(4) : 2633 -2647 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.227

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of mixing ratio, microbial preparation and packing density on fermentation quality and nutritional value of mixed silage of corn straw and peanut vine. This study contained two experiments. Experiment 1 studied the effects of mixing ratio and microbial preparation on fermentation quality and nutritional value of mixed silage of corn straw and peanut vine. The corn straw and peanut vine were mixed based on 5 mixing ratios (4∶0, 3∶1, 2∶2, 1∶3 and 0∶4), with 4 groups in each ratio, involving control group (CON group, spraying sterile physiological saline), Lactobacillus plantarum group (LP group, spraying 1×106 CFU/g Lactobacillus plantarum), Enterococcus faecalis group (EF group, spraying 1×106 CFU/g Enterococcus faecalis) and Lactobacillus plantarum+Enterococcus faecalis group (LP+EF group, spraying 5×105 CFU/g Lactobacillus plantarum+5×105 CFU/g Enterococcus faecalis). Each group contained 3 replicates, and anaerobic fermentation for 60 days. Experiment 2 studied the effects of packing density and microbial preparation on fermentation quality and nutritional value of mixed silage of corn straw and peanut vine. The corn straw and peanut vine were mixed at a ratio of 3∶1, and fermented with different packing densities (300, 450 and 600 kg/m3), with 4 groups in each density (same as experiment 1). Each group contained 3 replicates, and anaerobic fermentation for 60 days. The results of experiment 1 showed as follows: 1) with the increased of peanut vine proportion, the organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and water-soluble carbohydrate contents were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the crude protein content was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the neutral detergent fiber content in EF and LP+EF groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the ammonia nitrogen content in EF group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) The mixing ratio had no significant effects on the lactic acid bacteria and mold numbers (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the lactic acid bacteria number in LP, EF and LP+EF groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the mold number in LP+EF group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 3) The zearalenone content in mixing ratio of 2∶2 group was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05), and the ochratoxin content in mixing ratio of 3∶1 and 2∶2 groups was significantly lower than that in mixing ratio of 4:0 group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the zearalenone content in LP+EF group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 4) The pH in mixing ratio of 2∶2 group was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05), the lactic acid content in mixing ratio of 3∶1 group was significantly higher than that in mixing ratio of 2∶2 group (P<0.05), the acetic acid content in mixing ratio of 3∶1 group was significantly lower than that in other groups (P<0.05), and the butyric acid content in mixing ratio of 3∶1 group was significantly lower than that in mixing ratio of 4∶0 group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the pH in LP+EF group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the lactic acid content was significantly increased (P<0.05); the acetic acid content in EF group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The results of experiment 2 showed as follows: 1) the organic matter and crude protein contents in packing density of 600 kg/m3 group were significantly lower than those in packing density of 300 kg/m3 group (P<0.05), and the water-soluble carbohydrate content was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05); with the increased of packing density, the ammonia nitrogen content was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the organic content in EF group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the crude protein content in LP+EF group was significantly increased (P<0.05). 2) The packing density had no significant effects on the lactic acid bacteria and mold numbers (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the lactic acid bacteria number in LP and LP+EF groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the mold number in LP, EF and LP+EF groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 3) The zearalenone and fumonin contents in packing density of 450 and 600 kg/m3 groups were significantly higher than those in packing density of 300 kg/m3 group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the zearalenone content in LP+EF group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 4) The packing density had no significant effect on pH (P>0.05). The lactic acid content in packing density of 600 kg/m3 group was significantly higher than that in packing density of 300 kg/m3 group (P<0.05), and the acetic acid and butyric acid contents in packing density of 300 kg/m3 group were significantly higher than those in other groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, comprehensive all indexes, the recommended mixing ratio, microbial preparation and packing density of mixed silage of corn straw and peanut vine are 3∶1, combination of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecalis, 450 to 600 kg/m3, respectively.

Key words： corn straw; peanut vine; mixed silage; microbial preparation; packing density

青贮饲料是反刍动物重要的饲料原料,其发酵品质与动物生长密切相关[1]。近年来,随着我国秸秆饲料化利用进程的持续推进,研究如何利用青贮技术提高秸秆的饲用价值成为关注的热点问题。玉米秸秆是常用的饲料原料,通常以发酵(黄贮)或干玉米秸的形式被用于牛羊养殖,其可溶性糖含量较高,但蛋白质含量偏低[2]。花生是我国重要的油料与经济作物,其副产物花生秧蛋白质含量高,但含糖量低,不适宜单独作为青贮原料,通常晾晒后用于生产,但受天气等因素影响,晾晒储存期间易滋生霉菌造成养分流失[3]。将玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮,不仅可以促进二者营养互补,而且可以提高发酵品质。近年来,玉米花生带状复合种植模式成为我国农业农村部主推技术之一[4],此模式下玉米和花生的生长期基本一致,秸秆可同期收获,研究玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮发酵技术对于促进秸秆饲料化利用具有重要意义。青贮原料的营养成分、菌剂和压实密度等是生产优质青贮饲料的重要参数。Zeng等[5]研究了玉米大豆带状复合种植模式下混合青贮效果,发现混合青贮较单一原料青贮明显改变了微生物菌群,提高了乳酸产量和发酵品质。Franco等[6]在猫尾草和草甸羊茅草混合青贮试验中发现,添加甲酸和乳酸菌、提高压实密度可促进乳酸菌繁殖,提高发酵品质。Guo等[7]研究报道,添加植物乳杆菌和糖蜜可降低玉米和青稞秸秆混合青贮的pH、乙酸和丁酸产量,改善发酵品质。目前,关于玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮的研究报道还较少,混合青贮的适宜发酵参数及营养价值尚不明确,限制了玉米秸秆和花生秧的利用。基于此,本研究以玉米秸秆和花生秧为研究对象,通过研究混合比例、菌剂和压实密度等因素对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响,明确发酵关键技术参数,以期为我国秸秆资源的高效利用提供数据支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

青贮原料玉米秸秆(玉米品种为甜糯1号,刈割期为乳熟期)和花生秧(花生品种为花育36,刈割期为荚果成熟期)均为山东省农业科学院济阳试验示范基地新鲜刈割的秸秆。选用的青贮发酵袋规格为23 cm×40 cm,聚乙烯材料,装有单向排气阀。青贮发酵瓶为玻璃材质,容积为750 mL,瓶盖内有硅胶圈,密封性好。菌剂:植物乳杆菌,活菌数为1×1010 CFU/g;粪肠球菌,活菌数为1×1011 CFU/g。

1.2 试验设计

试验分为2部分,试验1研究混合比例和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响。试验在2022年7月份开展,将玉米秸秆、花生秧分别切短粉碎至1~2 cm,按不同混合比例(4∶0、3∶1、2∶2、1∶3、0∶4)将二者混合,每个混合比例下设4个组,分别为对照组(CON组,喷洒无菌生理盐水)、植物乳杆菌组(LP组,喷洒1×106 CFU/g植物乳杆菌)、粪肠球菌组(EF组,喷洒1×106 CFU/g粪肠球菌)、植物乳杆菌+粪肠球菌组(LP+EF组,喷洒5×105 CFU/g植物乳杆菌+5×105 CFU/g粪肠球菌),每组设3个重复,每个重复装袋1 kg,封口后用真空泵将袋内空气排出,于室温下避光发酵60 d,之后开袋取样测定常规营养成分含量、微生物数量、霉菌毒素含量及发酵指标。
试验2研究压实密度和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响。试验在2022年10月份开展,将玉米秸秆、花生秧分别切短粉碎至1~2 cm,根据试验1结果,将二者按3∶1比例混合,按300、450、600 kg/m3压实密度进行发酵,每个压实密度下设4个组,分别为对照组(喷洒无菌生理盐水)、植物乳杆菌组(LP组,喷洒1×106 CFU/g植物乳杆菌)、粪肠球菌组(EF组,喷洒1×106 CFU/g粪肠球菌)、植物乳杆菌+粪肠球菌组(LP+EF组,喷洒5×105 CFU/g植物乳杆菌+5×105 CFU/g粪肠球菌),每组设3个重复,分别填装于发酵瓶中,封口后置于室温下避光发酵60 d,之后开瓶取样测定常规营养成分含量、微生物数量、霉菌毒素含量及发酵指标。
试验1和试验2的玉米秸秆、花生秧营养成分见含量表1。
表1 玉米秸秆和花生秧营养成分含量(干物质基础)

Table 1 Nutrient contents of corn straw and peanut vine (DM basis)%

项目
Items		 干物质(鲜样基础)
DM (fresh sample basis)		 有机物
OM		 粗蛋白质
CP		 粗脂肪
EE		 中性洗涤纤维
NDF		 酸性洗涤纤维
ADF
试验1 Experiment 1
玉米秸秆 Corn straw 23.05 92.68 9.92 3.57 59.66 28.05
花生秧 Peanut vine 21.31 84.64 14.87 2.00 46.76 32.03
试验2 Experiment 2
玉米秸秆 Corn straw 24.42 91.35 9.47 3.28 62.39 29.18
花生秧 Peanut vine 21.76 82.36 13.91 1.98 48.97 33.32

实测值

Measured values.

1.3 样本采集及测定指标

1.3.1 营养成分

发酵前和发酵后,分别取各组各重复新鲜样本制备风干样本,干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)和粗脂肪(EE)含量采用AOAC(1990)[8]方法测定,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量采用Van Soest等[9]方法测定,氨态氮(NH3-N)含量采用苯酚-次氯酸钠比色法[10]测定,水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量采用蒽酮硫酸比色法[11]测定。

1.3.2 微生物数量

采集各组各重复的新鲜样本20 g,加入180 mL无菌生理盐水,充分搅拌后匀浆,然后将此溶液依次稀释10~107倍。采用平板计数法测定微生物数量,乳酸菌采用MRS琼脂培养基进行计数,霉菌采用马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基进行计数。

1.3.3 霉菌毒素含量

采用间接竞争酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法测定各组各重复的新鲜样本中霉菌毒素(玉米赤霉烯酮、黄曲霉毒素、呕吐毒素、伏马毒素和赭曲霉毒素)含量,检测步骤参照试剂盒说明书,试剂盒购自山东绿都生物科技有限公司。

1.3.4 发酵指标

发酵结束后,准确称取各组各重复的新鲜样本20 g,加入180 mL蒸馏水,匀浆60 s后用4层纱布过滤,立即使用pH计(HI9025,意大利Hanna Instruments)测定pH。另取新鲜样本20 g,加入180 mL去离子水,匀浆后通过4层纱布和滤纸过滤,所得的液体分装后保存待测。乳酸含量采用对羟基联苯法[12]测定;采用高效气相色谱仪(GC-2010,日本岛津公司)测定挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量,包括乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量。

1.4 数据统计

数据经Excel 2019整理后,采用SPSS 21.0软件中的单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)对各组数据进行统计分析,采用一般线性模型(general linear model,GLM)过程对主效应作用及主效应间的交互作用进行统计分析。多重比较采用Tukey法进行,结果以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 混合比例和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响

2.1.1 混合比例和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮营养成分含量的影响

混合比例为1∶3、0∶4组在发酵期间颜色变黑、品质差,青贮效果不理想,剔除后对其他组进行分析。由表2可见,随着花生秧比例的提高,混合青贮的OM、NDF、WSC含量显著降低(P<0.05),CP含量显著升高(P<0.05);混合比例为2∶2组的EE含量显著低于混合比例为4∶0组(P<0.05),混合比例为2∶2组的NH3-N含量显著高于混合比例为4∶0组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,EF和LP+EF组的NDF含量显著降低(P<0.05),EF组的NH3-N含量显著降低(P<0.05)。混合比例和菌剂的交互作用对EE含量影响显著(P<0.05)
表2 混合比例和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮营养成分含量的影响

Table 2 Effects of mixing ratio and microbial preparation on nutrient content of mixed silage of corn straw and peanut vine

项目
Items		 混合比例 Mixing ratio SEM 混合比例
Mixing ratio		 SEM 菌剂
Microbial preparation		 SEM P值 P-value
4∶0 3∶1 2∶2 混合
比例
Mixing
ratio		 菌剂
Microbial
prepar-
ation		 混合比例×
菌剂
Mixing
ratio×
microbial
preparation
菌剂 Microbial preparation 4∶0 3∶1 2∶2 CON LP EF LP+
EF
CON LP EF LP+
EF		 CON LP EF LP+
EF		 CON LP EF LP+
EF
有机物
OM/%		 91.04a 90.60a 91.21a 91.06a 89.03b 88.94b 89.22b 89.19b 86.98c 87.41c 87.30c 87.38c 0.26 90.98a 89.09b 87.27c 0.08 89.02 88.98 89.24 89.21 0.09 <0.001 0.097 0.185
粗蛋白质
CP/%		 11.45d 11.58d 11.64d 11.53d 12.40c 12.47c 12.85bc 12.80bc 13.58a 13.29ab 13.45ab 13.42ab 0.14 11.55c 12.63b 13.43a 0.07 12.47 12.45 12.65 12.58 0.08 <0.001 0.280 0.336
粗脂肪
EE/%		 2.68b 3.31a 3.41a 3.39a 3.28a 2.95ab 2.98ab 3.16ab 3.01ab 2.72b 2.75b 2.95ab 0.06 3.20a 3.09ab 2.85b 0.08 2.99 2.99 3.05 3.17 0.09 0.013 0.464 0.021
中性洗
涤纤维
NDF/%		 51.04a 49.53ab 50.37ab 48.70abc 47.56bcd 47.64bcd 46.23cde 46.23cde 44.61def 43.59ef 42.39f 42.45f 0.50 49.91a 46.92b 43.26c 0.30 47.74a 46.92ab 46.33b 45.79b 0.34 <0.001 0.004 0.463
酸性洗
涤纤维
ADF/%		 28.08 27.70 28.12 27.72 28.73 28.80 27.80 27.95 28.97 27.76 27.64 27.60 0.13 27.91 28.32 27.99 0.21 28.59 28.09 27.85 27.76 0.24 0.354 0.095 0.488
氨态氮
NH3-N/
(g/kg)		 1.42cd 1.41cd 1.47cd 1.49bcd 1.73abcd 1.45cd 1.34d 1.55bcd 2.14a 1.95ab 1.74abcd 1.87abc 0.05 1.45b 1.52b 1.93a 0.05 1.76a 1.60ab 1.52b 1.64ab 0.05 <0.001 0.027 0.215
氨态氮/总氮
NH3-N/
TN/(g/kg)		 77.36abc 76.28abc 78.86abc 80.73abc 87.17abc 72.46bc 65.16c 75.72abc 98.68a 91.74ab 81.06abc 87.01abc 1.82 78.31b 75.13b 89.62a 2.27 87.74a 80.16ab 75.03b 81.15ab 2.63 <0.001 0.020 0.225
水溶性碳
水化合物
WSC/(g/kg)		 57.59a 54.59ab 54.10ab 53.80ab 44.54bcd 44.39bcd 44.32bcd 51.10abc 40.00cd 38.11d 38.13cd 37.67d 1.34 55.02a 46.09b 38.48c 1.27 47.38 45.7 45.52 47.52 1.47 <0.001 0.667 0.500

CON:对照;LP:植物乳杆菌;EF:粪肠球菌;LP+EF:植物乳杆菌+粪肠球菌。同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

CON: control; LP: Lactobacillus plantarum; EF: Enterococcus faecalis; LP+EF: Lactobacillus plantarum+Enterococcus faecalis. In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.1.2 混合比例和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮微生物数量的影响

由表3可见,混合比例对乳酸菌和霉菌数量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,LP、EF和LP+EF组的乳酸菌数量显著升高(P<0.05),LP+EF组的霉菌数量显著降低(P<0.05)。混合比例和菌剂的交互作用对乳酸菌和霉菌数量无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表3 混合比例和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮微生物数量的影响

Table 3 Effects of mixing ratio and microbial preparation on microbial number of mixed silage of corn straw and peanut vinelog10(CFU/mL)

项目
Items		 混合比例 Mixing ratio SEM 混合比例
Mixing ratio		 SEM 菌剂
Microbial preparation		 SEM P值 P-value
4∶0 3∶1 2∶2 混合
比例
Mixing
ratio		 菌剂
Microbial
prepar-
ation		 混合比例×
菌剂
Mixing
ratio×
microbial
preparation
菌剂 Microbial preparation 4∶0 3∶1 2∶2 CON LP EF LP+EF
CON LP EF LP+
EF		 CON LP EF LP+
EF		 CON LP EF LP+
EF
乳酸菌
Lactic acid
bacteria		 6.02b 6.67b 6.69ab 6.85a 6.06b 7.10a 6.96a 7.07a 6.04b 7.07a 6.98a 7.01a 0.08 6.56 6.80 6.77 0.08 6.04b 6.95a 6.88a 6.98a 0.09 0.070 <0.001 0.891
霉菌
Mould		 3.09a 2.79abc 2.60abc 2.36bc 3.06a 2.91ab 2.85abc 2.68abc 2.99a 2.80abc 3.02a 2.33c 0.03 2.71 2.88 2.79 0.06 3.05a 2.83a 2.82a 2.46b 0.03 0.117 <0.001 0.161

2.1.3 混合比例和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮霉菌毒素含量的影响

由表4可见,混合比例为2∶2组的玉米赤霉烯酮含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);混合比例为3∶1和2∶2组的赭曲霉毒素含量显著低于混合比例为4∶0组(P<0.05),且混合比例为2∶2组显著低于混合比例为3∶1组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,LP+EF组的玉米赤霉烯酮含量显著降低(P<0.05);菌剂对其他霉菌毒素含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。混合比例和菌剂的交互作用对赭曲霉毒素含量影响显著(P<0.05)。
表4 混合比例和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮霉菌毒素含量的影响

Table 4 Effects of mixing ratio and microbial preparation on mycotoxin contents of mixed silage of corn straw and peanut vineμg/kg

项目
Items		 混合比例 Mixing ratio SEM 混合比例
Mixing ratio		 SEM 菌剂
Microbial preparation		 SEM P值 P-value
混合
比例
Mixing
ratio		 菌剂
Microbial
prepar-
ation		 混合比例×
菌剂
Mixing
ratio×
microbial
preparation
4∶0 3∶1 2∶2
4∶0 3∶1 2∶2 CON LP EF LP+
EF
CON LP EF LP+
EF		 CON LP EF LP+
EF		 CON LP EF LP+
EF
玉米赤
酶烯酮
Zearalenone		 13.61ab 12.72ab 11.86ab 12.10ab 13.03ab 13.45ab 12.95ab 10.12b 17.66a 15.82ab 15.48ab 12.03ab 0.46 12.57b 12.39b 15.25a 0.68 14.77a 13.99ab 13.43ab 11.42b 0.79 0.011 0.037 0.711
黄曲霉毒素
Aflatoxin		 0.34 0.35 0.41 0.32 0.43 0.41 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.35 0.39 0.32 0.01 0.36 0.39 0.35 0.02 0.37 0.37 0.39 0.33 0.02 0.193 0.111 0.347
呕吐毒素
Deoxynivalenol		 78.40 80.71 80.36 71.02 72.31 74.73 76.94 75.30 79.43 66.06 78.49 78.54 1.37 77.62 74.82 75.63 2.45 76.71 73.83 78.60 74.95 2.83 0.711 0.658 0.402
伏马毒素
Fumonisin		 16.92 18.59 19.65 14.72 18.01 18.18 18.24 19.68 19.53 15.63 13.92 16.04 2.73 17.47 18.53 16.28 1.19 18.15 17.47 17.27 16.81 1.38 0.425 0.920 0.535
赭曲霉毒素
Ochratoxin		 2.77ab 3.44a 2.88ab 2.27abc 2.56ab 2.17abc 1.74bc 2.54ab 1.55bc 0.99c 1.55bc 1.73bc 0.13 2.84a 2.25b 1.46c 0.15 2.29 2.20 2.06 2.18 0.17 <0.001 0.800 0.043

2.1.4 混合比例和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮pH及有机酸含量的影响

由表5可见,混合比例为2∶2组的pH显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),混合比例为3∶1组的乳酸含量显著高于混合比例为2∶2组(P<0.05),混合比例为3∶1组的乙酸含量显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),混合比例为3∶1组的丁酸含量显著低于混合比例为4∶0组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,LP+EF组的pH显著降低(P<0.05),乳酸含量显著升高(P<0.05);EF组的乙酸含量显著降低(P<0.05)。混合比例和菌剂的交互作用对乳酸和乙酸含量影响显著(P<0.05)。
表5 混合比例和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮pH及有机酸含量的影响

Table 5 Effects of mixing ratio and microbial preparation on pH and organic acid contents of mixed silage of corn straw and peanut vine

项目
Items		 混合比例 Mixing ratio SEM 混合比例
Mixing ratio		 SEM 菌剂
Microbial preparation		 SEM P值 P-value
混合
比例
Mixing
ratio		 菌剂
Microbial
prepar-
ation		 混合比例×
菌剂
Mixing
ratio×
microbial
preparation
4∶0 3∶1 2∶2
4∶0 3∶1 2∶2 CON LP EF LP+
EF
CON LP EF LP+
EF		 CON LP EF LP+
EF		 CON LP EF LP+
EF
pH 4.11abcd 3.80d 3.79d 3.81d 4.04abcd 3.92cd 3.93bcd 3.89cd 4.20abc 4.25ab 4.09abcd 4.26a 0.03 3.88b 3.95b 4.20a 0.03 4.12a 3.99ab 3.99ab 3.94b 0.04 <0.001 0.014 0.105
乳酸
Lactic acid/
(g/kg DM)		 74.88abc 78.03ab 79.43ab 81.55a 72.08abc 84.14a 77.87ab 62.11bc 55.92c 79.01ab 69.19abc 80.76ab 1.64 74.05ab 78.47a 71.22b 1.89 67.63b 74.81ab 75.49ab 80.39a 2.18 0.038 0.004 0.002
乙酸
Acetic acid/
(g/kg DM)		 48.71a 26.24c 28.03bc 28.81bc 26.38c 26.37c 25.94c 25.65c 31.14bc 34.75abc 24.54c 43.21ab 1.46 32.95a 26.09b 33.41a 1.60 35.41a 29.12ab 26.17b 32.56ab 1.84 0.005 0.010 0.001
丙酸
Propionic
acid/
(g/kg DM)		 3.70 3.80 3.73 3.88 4.41 3.85 4.74 3.36 3.84 4.26 3.90 3.71 0.14 3.78 4.09 3.93 0.27 3.98 3.97 4.13 3.65 0.32 0.724 0.752 0.784
丁酸
Butyric acid/
(g/kg DM)		 0.056a 0.052ab 0.031abc 0.042abc 0.023abc 0.014c 0.032abc 0.017bc 0.054a 0.037abc 0.030abc 0.031abc 0.003 0.045a 0.022b 0.038ab 0.005 0.044 0.034 0.031 0.030 0.006 0.012 0.342 0.535

2.2 压实密度和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响

2.2.1 压实密度和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮营养成分含量的影响

由表6可见,压实密度为600 kg/m3组的OM、CP含量显著低于压实密度为300 kg/m3组(P<0.05),WSC含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);随着压实密度的增加,混合青贮的NH3-N含量显著降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,EF组的OM含量显著升高(P<0.05),LP+EF组的CP含量显著升高(P<0.05);菌剂对其他营养成分含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。压实密度和菌剂的交互作用对NDF和ADF含量影响显著(P<0.05)。
表6 压实密度和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮营养成分的影响

Table 6 Effects of packing density and microbial preparation on nutrient content of mixed silage of corn straw and peanut vine

项目
Items		 压实密度 Packing density/(kg/m3) SEM 压实密度
Packing density/(kg/m3)		 SEM 菌剂
Microbial preparation		 SEM P值 P-value
300 450 600 压实
密度
Packing
density		 菌剂
Microbial
prepar-
ation		 压实密度×
菌剂
Packing
density×
microbial
preparation
菌剂 Microbial preparation 300 450 600 CON LP EF LP+
EF
CON LP EF LP+
EF		 CON LP EF LP+
EF		 CON LP EF LP+
EF
有机物
OM/%		 90.21b 90.34ab 90.71a 90.47ab 90.30ab 90.05b 90.47ab 90.31ab 90.16b 90.26ab 90.20b 90.29ab 0.04 90.43a 90.28ab 90.23b 0.05 90.22b 90.22b 90.46a 90.36ab 0.05 0.011 0.008 0.062
粗蛋白质
CP/%		 11.78ab 11.71ab 11.68ab 12.11a 11.53ab 11.66ab 11.68ab 11.85ab 11.37b 11.41b 11.75ab 11.65ab 0.04 11.82a 11.68ab 11.54b 0.06 11.56b 11.59ab 11.70ab 11.87a 0.07 0.016 0.024 0.432
粗脂肪
EE/%		 2.66 2.50 2.47 3.07 2.98 2.95 3.02 2.76 2.65 2.70 3.08 3.14 0.07 2.68 2.93 2.89 0.11 2.76 2.72 2.86 2.99 0.13 0.238 0.469 0.394
中性洗
涤纤维
NDF/%		 49.99ab 49.60ab 51.63ab 56.55ab 54.37ab 51.39ab 57.22a 49.32ab 52.34ab 51.88ab 48.66b 49.35ab 0.61 51.94 53.08 50.56 0.82 52.23 50.96 52.50 51.74 0.95 0.118 0.680 0.004
酸性洗
涤纤维
ADF/%		 29.10 28.94 29.35 31.60 31.37 29.68 31.36 28.60 30.12 30.14 28.56 29.20 0.24 29.75 30.25 29.50 0.34 30.20 29.59 29.76 29.80 0.40 0.307 0.736 0.006
氨态氮
NH3-N/
(g/kg)		 1.56ab 1.53abc 1.54abc 1.59a 1.36cde 1.44abcd 1.39bcde 1.40bcde 1.28de 1.23e 1.28de 1.25e 0.02 1.56a 1.40b 1.26c 0.02 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.42 0.02 <0.001 0.955 0.553
氨态氮/总氮
NH3-N/
TN/(g/kg)		 82.92a 81.49a 82.42a 82.26a 73.91abc 77.50ab 74.23abc 73.99abc 70.27bc 67.56c 68.20c 67.20c 1.07 82.27a 74.91b 68.31c 0.89 75.70 75.52 74.95 74.48 1.03 <0.001 0.831 0.666
水溶性碳
水化合物
WSC/(g/kg)		 56.05bc 56.71bc 55.58bc 58.62abc 58.44abc 51.99c 57.52bc 62.79ab 64.88ab 61.12abc 65.67ab 68.74a 1.09 56.74b 57.68b 65.10a 1.59 59.79 56.61 59.59 63.38 1.83 0.002 0.103 0.865

2.2.2 压实密度和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮微生物数量的影响

由表7可见,压实密度对乳酸菌和霉菌数量无显著影响(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,LP和LP+EF组的乳酸菌数量显著升高(P<0.05),LP、EF和LP+EF组的霉菌数量显著降低(P<0.05)。压实密度和菌剂的交互作用对乳酸菌和霉菌数量无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表7 压实密度和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮微生物数量的影响

Table 7 Effects of packing density and microbial preparation on microbial number of mixed silage of corn straw and peanut vinelog10(CFU/mL)

项目
Items		 压实密度 Packing density/(kg/m3) SEM 压实密度
Packing density/(kg/m3)		 SEM 菌剂
Microbial preparation		 SEM P值 P-value
300 450 600 压实
密度
Packing
density		 菌剂
Microbial
prepar-
ation		 压实密度×
菌剂
Packing
density×
microbial
preparation
菌剂 Microbial preparation 300 450 600 CON LP EF LP+
EF
CON LP EF LP+
EF		 CON LP EF LP+
EF		 CON LP EF LP+
EF
乳酸菌
Lactic acid bacteria		 5.92c 6.63abc 6.52abc 6.71abc 6.00c 7.08abc 6.55abc 7.23ab 6.21bc 7.35ab 7.43a 7.25ab 0.10 6.44 6.71 7.06 0.18 6.04b 7.02a 6.83ab 7.06a 0.20 0.066 0.006 0.892
霉菌
Mould		 3.10ab 2.44abc 2.41abc 2.06c 3.13ab 2.62abc 2.48abc 2.29abc 3.28a 2.78abc 2.42abc 2.22bc 0.06 2.50 2.63 2.67 0.10 3.17a 2.61b 2.43b 2.19b 0.12 0.451 <0.001 0.978

2.2.3 压实密度和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮霉菌毒素含量的影响

由表8可见,压实密度为450和600 kg/m3组的玉米赤霉烯酮和伏马毒素含量显著高于压实密度为300 kg/m3组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,LP+EF组的玉米赤霉烯酮含量显著降低(P<0.05);菌剂对其他霉菌毒素含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。压实密度和菌剂的交互作用对霉菌毒素含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表8 压实密度和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮霉菌毒素含量的影响

Table 8 Effects of packing density and microbial preparation on mycotoxin contents of mixed silage of corn straw and peanut vineμg/kg

项目
Items		 压实密度 Packing density/(kg/m3) SEM 压实密度
Packing density/(kg/m3)		 SEM 菌剂
Microbial preparation		 SEM P值 P-value
300 450 600 压实
密度
Packing
density		 菌剂
Microbial
prepar-
ation		 压实密度×
菌剂
Packing
density×
microbial
preparation
菌剂 Microbial preparation 300 450 600 CON LP EF LP+
EF
CON LP EF LP+
EF		 CON LP EF LP+
EF		 CON LP EF LP+
EF
玉米赤
酶烯酮
Zearalenone		 7.96cde 7.37cde 6.33de 5.16e 14.51a 10.96abcd 13.43ab 8.86bcde 14.60a 13.66ab 14.10a 11.66abc 0.61 6.71b 11.94a 13.51a 0.50 12.36a 10.66ab 11.29a 8.56b 0.57 <0.001 0.001 0.463
黄曲霉毒素
Aflatoxin		 0.33 0.31 0.31 0.35 0.33 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.31 0.36 0.38 0.41 0.01 0.33 0.36 0.37 0.01 0.32 0.35 0.35 0.37 0.02 0.146 0.201 0.600
呕吐毒素
Deoxynivalenol		 66.89 62.62 64.54 66.93 67.54 65.93 66.18 62.62 65.13 63.16 66.10 65.05 0.97 65.24 65.57 64.86 1.95 66.52 63.90 65.60 64.87 2.26 0.968 0.866 0.969
伏马毒素
Fumonisin		 10.31bc 8.42c 11.31abc 10.18bc 15.92abc 16.43ab 13.82abc 14.14abc 18.95a 14.80abc 16.45ab 14.95abc 0.62 10.06b 15.08a 16.29a 0.76 15.06 13.22 13.86 13.09 0.88 <0.001 0.389 0.484
赭曲霉毒素
Ochratoxin		 2.64 2.88 2.62 2.40 2.06 2.41 2.18 2.25 2.72 2.65 2.68 2.61 0.10 2.64 2.22 2.66 0.20 2.47 2.65 2.50 2.42 0.23 0.248 0.912 0.996

2.2.4 压实密度和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮pH及有机酸含量的影响

由表9可见,压实密度和菌剂对pH无显著影响(P>0.05);压实密度为600 kg/m3组的乳酸含量显著高于压实密度为300 kg/m3组(P<0.05),压实密度为300 kg/m3组的乙酸和丁酸含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。菌剂对乳酸和VFA含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。压实密度和菌剂的交互作用对乳酸和丁酸含量影响显著(P<0.05)。
表9 压实密度和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮pH及有机酸含量的影响

Table 9 Effects of packing density and microbial preparation on pH and organic acid contents of mixed silage of corn straw and peanut vine

项目
Items		 压实密度 Packing density/(kg/m3) SEM 压实密度
Packing density/(kg/m3)		 SEM 菌剂
Microbial preparation		 SEM P值 P-value
300 450 600 压实
密度
Packing
density		 菌剂
Microbial
prepar-
ation		 压实密度×
菌剂
Packing
density×
microbial
preparation
菌剂 Microbial preparation 300 450 600 CON LP EF LP+
EF
CON LP EF LP+
EF		 CON LP EF LP+
EF		 CON LP EF LP+
EF
pH 3.77 3.75 3.74 3.76 3.74 3.73 3.75 3.77 3.77 3.74 3.75 3.76 0.01 3.76 3.75 3.76 0.01 3.76 3.74 3.75 3.76 0.01 0.579 0.191 0.491
乳酸
Lactic acid/
(g/kg DM)		 58.64b 59.01b 58.25b 63.34ab 60.70ab 63.97ab 63.53ab 60.86ab 64.86ab 63.56ab 67.37a 62.75ab 0.56 59.81b 62.27ab 64.63a 0.70 61.40 62.18 63.05 62.32 0.81 <0.001 0.559 0.028
乙酸
Acetic acid/
(g/kg DM)		 24.26a 22.75abc 23.07abc 23.31ab 20.65bc 22.27abc 21.04abc 21.35abc 21.04abc 21.27abc 21.65abc 19.86c 0.26 23.35a 21.33b 20.96b 0.34 21.98 22.10 21.92 21.51 0.39 <0.001 0.732 0.249
丙酸
Propionic acid/
(g/kg DM)		 3.65 3.76 3.50 3.28 3.32 3.35 3.14 3.20 3.65 3.15 3.00 3.27 0.08 3.55 3.25 3.27 0.15 3.54 3.42 3.21 3.25 0.17 0.297 0.499 0.900
丁酸
Butyric acid/
(g/kg DM)		 0.034ab 0.016bc 0.036a 0.031ab 0.023abc 0.025abc 0.020abc 0.012c 0.023abc 0.018abc 0.022abc 0.022abc 0.001 0.029a 0.020b 0.021b 0.002 0.027 0.019 0.026 0.021 0.002 0.004 0.077 0.020

3 讨论

3.1 混合比例和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响

3.1.1 混合比例和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮营养成分含量的影响

青贮是指在密闭厌氧条件下,利用乳酸菌发酵产生乳酸,抑制其他腐败微生物的活动,从而达到饲料长期保存的目的。青贮原料的营养成分、添加菌剂等参数是影响发酵品质的重要因素[13]。本研究发现,当玉米秸秆和花生秧混合比例为1∶3、0∶4时,青贮颜色变黑、发生腐败,进行了剔除,说明在本试验条件下该混合比例不适宜制作混合青贮。青贮的营养成分含量是评价青贮质量的一项重要指标。本研究发现,随着花生秧比例的提高,混合青贮的OM、EE、NDF、WSC含量降低,CP含量升高。营养成分分析表明,与玉米秸秆相比,花生秧的OM、EE、NDF、WSC含量偏低[14],因此混合青贮的营养成分变化与玉米秸秆和花生秧混合比例有关。NH3-N主要是由微生物分解利用植物的蛋白质和氨基酸产生,NH3-N含量反映青贮中蛋白质的降解程度[5]。本研究发现,花生秧比例为50%时,混合青贮的NH3-N含量显著提高,说明高比例花生秧不利于饲料中蛋白质的保存;单独添加粪肠球菌和联合添加植物乳杆菌和粪肠球菌降低了NDF含量,单独添加粪肠球菌降低了NH3-N含量。已有报道表明,乳酸菌剂能够促进青贮中有机酸的产生,水解植物的可消化细胞壁部分,因此造成纤维的分解[15]。而且乳酸菌可以竞争性地抑制腐败微生物对青贮中蛋白质的分解作用,从而降低NH3-N含量。

3.1.2 混合比例和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮微生物数量的影响

微生物分析表明,各混合比例组的乳酸菌和霉菌数量差异不显著。与玉米秸秆相比,花生秧中的WSC含量较低[14],而WSC是乳酸菌发酵的重要底物,本研究结果说明花生秧占比50%以下时不影响混合青贮中乳酸菌的生长。添加乳酸菌制剂可以提高混合青贮中乳酸菌数量,以植物乳杆菌和粪肠球菌联合添加组最高,同时霉菌数量显著降低。这说明额外添加乳酸菌制剂可以促进混合青贮中的乳酸菌快速繁殖,进而抑制霉菌等有害微生物的生长,这与前人的研究结果[16-17]一致。

3.1.3 混合比例和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮霉菌毒素含量的影响

饲料中霉菌毒素是由各种真菌产生的有毒的次级代谢产物,包括玉米赤霉烯酮、黄曲霉毒素、呕吐毒素、伏马毒素、赭曲霉毒素等,其对动物生长及繁殖带来不利因素[18]。本试验结果表明,混合青贮中各项霉菌毒素含量均未超出国家《饲料卫生标准》[19]的要求,说明玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮可用于畜禽生产。研究发现,混合比例和菌剂对混合青贮的玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素、赭曲霉毒素含量影响显著。玉米赤霉烯酮和伏马毒素是由镰刀菌属真菌产生的次级代谢产物,主要污染玉米、小麦等;赭曲霉毒素是由曲霉属和青霉属的多种真菌产生的一种霉菌毒素,主要污染谷物、花生等作物[20]。本试验结果表明,随着花生秧比例的提高,玉米赤霉烯酮含量升高,但赭曲霉毒素含量降低,推测混合发酵过程中添加高比例花生秧可能导致镰刀菌的滋生,曲霉和青霉等生长受抑制,造成霉菌毒素含量发生变化。本研究还发现,添加乳酸菌制剂可降低混合青贮中的玉米赤霉烯酮含量,以植物乳杆菌和粪肠球菌联合添加组最低,较对照组降低22.68%。利用微生物降解饲料中霉菌毒素一直是研究的热点,已有研究报道植物乳杆菌、乳球菌等对玉米赤霉烯酮具有较好的降解和吸附能力[21-22],这与本研究结果一致,说明添加乳酸菌制剂可减少青贮过程中霉菌毒素的产生。

3.1.4 混合比例和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮pH及有机酸含量的影响

青贮饲料的pH和有机酸含量是评价发酵品质的重要指标。本研究发现,当花生秧比例提高至50%时,混合青贮的pH升高,乳酸含量降低。乳酸主要是由乳酸菌发酵葡萄糖产生,其含量通常与发酵品质呈正相关[16]。已有报道表明,花生秧的WSC含量低于玉米秸秆[13],随着花生秧比例的提高,青贮过程中乳酸菌可用的发酵底物逐渐减少,造成乳酸产量的降低,pH升高。乙酸是由异型发酵乳酸菌发酵产生,异型发酵的速度慢、易造成营养损失;丁酸是由腐败菌和酪酸菌分解蛋白质、葡萄糖等产生,与青贮饲料的品质呈负相关[16]。本试验中,花生秧比例为25%时混合青贮的乙酸和丁酸含量最低,继续提高花生秧比例乙酸和丁酸含量升高,说明适当提高混合青贮中花生秧比例可能促进乳酸菌的同型发酵,抑制腐败微生物的作用。菌剂方面,添加乳酸菌制剂可以降低混合青贮的pH,提高乳酸产量,降低乙酸产量,以植物乳杆菌和粪肠球菌联合添加效果最佳,这与前人的研究报道[3]一致,植物乳杆菌和粪肠球菌均为同型发酵乳酸菌,联合添加可以促进玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮的同型发酵过程。

3.2 压实密度和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响

3.2.1 压实密度和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮营养成分的影响

目前,关于压实密度对青贮营养成分的研究结果尚存在争议。Blajman等[23]报道,将压实密度由450 kg/m3提高至550 kg/m3后,玉米青贮的DM和NH3-N含量降低,对CP和粗纤维含量无显著影响。Gallo等[24]研究发现,压实密度(364和503 kg/m3)对玉米青贮的DM、OM、CP、粗纤维等含量均无显著影响。路桂聪等[25]报道,提高压实密度(700~900 kg/m3)降低了狼尾草青贮的CP含量,提高了NDF含量。由于各研究采用的青贮原料和压实密度不一致,造成研究结果存在差异。本研究发现,随着压实密度的升高,混合青贮的OM、CP和NH3-N含量降低,WSC含量提高。压实密度升高后,植物细胞的破碎率提高,营养物质流出增加,乳酸菌利用营养物质进行发酵后,抑制了腐败微生物的作用,降低了NH3-N的产生。菌剂方面,单独添加粪肠球菌和联合添加植物乳杆菌和粪肠球菌分别提高了青贮的OM和CP含量。已有报道表明,乳酸菌剂能够促进青贮中有机酸的产生,水解植物的可消化细胞壁部分,因此造成纤维的分解[15]。而且乳酸菌可以竞争性地抑制腐败微生物对青贮中蛋白质的分解作用,从而降低NH3-N含量。

3.2.2 压实密度和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮微生物数量的影响

本研究发现,压实密度对混合青贮中乳酸菌和霉菌数量均无显著影响,但添加乳酸菌剂可提高不同压实密度下青贮的乳酸菌数量,并能同步减少霉菌数量。这说明提高混合青贮中乳酸菌数量主要还是以添加乳酸菌剂为主,增加压实密度并不影响乳酸菌的繁殖[26],而且添加乳酸菌制剂可以有效促进乳酸菌繁殖,进而达到抑制霉菌滋生的作用[16]。

3.2.3 压实密度和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮霉菌毒素含量的影响

本研究发现,压实密度由300 kg/m3提高至450 kg/m3以上后,混合青贮的玉米赤霉烯酮和伏马毒素含量均升高,但压实密度为450和600 kg/m3组之间无显著差异。与本研究不一致的是,Gallo等[24]发现玉米青贮的黄曲霉毒素B1、伏马毒素含量不受压实密度(364和503 kg/m3)的影响。王旭哲[27]发现提高压实密度(500和600 kg/m3)可一定程度上降低全株玉米青贮中玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素含量。玉米赤霉烯酮和伏马毒素均由镰刀菌属真菌产生,本研究及前人研究均发现,提高压实密度并不影响青贮中霉菌数量[15,26]。因此本研究推测,提高压实密度虽然对霉菌数量无影响,但高密度下混合青贮的营养物质含量更丰富,可能一定程度上促进霉菌代谢产生毒素,继续提高压实密度后因受空气含量、乳酸菌繁殖等影响,霉菌代谢过程受抑制,因此霉菌毒素含量维持不变。本研究还发现,添加乳酸菌制剂可降低青贮中玉米赤霉烯酮含量,以植物乳杆菌和粪肠球菌联合添加组最低,较对照组降低30.74%。这与试验1的研究结果基本一致,进一步验证了添加乳酸菌制剂可以减少霉菌毒素产生。

3.2.4 压实密度和菌剂对玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮pH及有机酸含量的影响

本研究发现,随着压实密度的增加,混合青贮的乳酸含量升高,乙酸和丁酸含量逐渐降低,这与前人研究结果类似。这说明增加压实密度能够减少青贮中残存的氧气,进而缩短青贮过程中的有氧呼吸阶段,促进乳酸菌的厌氧发酵[23,28]。菌剂方面,添加乳酸菌制剂不影响混合青贮pH及有机酸含量,说明添加乳酸菌制剂对不同压实密度下的玉米秸秆和花生秧混贮发酵品质无显著影响。

4 结论

① 玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮可以提高青贮营养价值,减少霉菌毒素产生,适宜混合比例为3∶1。添加菌剂能够改善混合青贮的发酵品质,以植物乳杆菌和粪肠球菌联合添加为宜。
② 适宜压实密度可以减少玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮的营养成分损失,改善发酵品质,以450~600 kg/m3为宜。添加菌剂能够提高混合青贮的营养价值,减少霉菌毒素产生,以植物乳杆菌和粪肠球菌联合添加为宜。
③ 综合的各项指标,推荐玉米秸秆和花生秧混合青贮的混合比例为3∶1,菌剂为植物乳杆菌和粪肠球菌联合添加,压实密度为450~600 kg/m3。

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